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Abstract This study is made up of five chapters. The purpose of this study is to analyze sorcery figures and actions in the famous novel title of Ming Dynasty. Chapter one presents the studying motivations, the methodology and the scope of the study and the literature review. In chapter two are the typological explorations of the sorcery figures in title of Ming Dynasty as far as their status, personalities, specialties, and religious attributes are concerned. Chapter three focuses on sorcerers¡¦ cultural types, and discusses their relations to Chinese cultures and society. Moreover, the relationship of the sorcerers¡¦ social status and the sorcerers themselves to the politics and society of the Ming Dynasty has also been discussed. Chapter four presents a whole discussion of the sorcery in the Ming Dynasty. Discussions begin from the definitions of sorcery, then to the analyses of the types and contents of sorcery in the Ming Dynasty, and finally, by means of representative figures, to the explorations of the interactive relationship between sorcery, religion and sorcery figures. Chapter five concludes the main points of the previous four chapters. Moreover, also presented in this chapter are the combination of sorcery and sorcerers with the lives of the people in the Ming Dynasty and the co-existent relationship between sorcery and Confucianists Buddhism and Taoism

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古巫在中國先秦社會與文化中具有重要的地位，本論文及透過對古巫作系統的考察， 旨在藉以了解古巫的特質及其對先秦文化的貢獻． 本論文以文獻資料分析為主，配合部分田野調查．所使用文獻資料主要為經書、子書 ，並及部分偽書與神話傳說資料；另亦參考近人及國外漢學家的相關論著，以了解其 研究方法． 故本論文參用多種理論與方法，除從歷史的觀點（宏觀）說明先秦巫者的基本觀念及 其在先秦歷史中的演變外，又以功能分析方法（微觀）分類說明先秦巫者的各項職能 及其貢獻；而為了彰顯中國巫的特質，也使用比較研究法，以古巫與今日大陸邊區民 族的薩滿及台灣的乩童略作比較，並使用外國人類學家研究各地區的巫所得結果加以 比較研究． 本論文共分六章，首章「導言」，說明研究動機、目的、範圍、方法、資料來源、前 人研究結果及研究內容等．第二章「先秦時代巫之基本觀念」，說明巫之字義、巫者 產生方式、條件及形象與特質等．第三章「先秦時代巫之流變及其主要活動範圍」， 說明古巫之源起及其在先秦時代的發展暨分化情形，並扼要敘述其活動範圍．第四章 「先秦時代巫之職能」，凡有祭祀、祈雨、卜筮、醫病、解夢及除災邪等．第五章「 巫與先秦文化之關係」，說明巫的地位，及其與宗教、科學、藝術、學術思想等的關 係．第六章「結論」，綜結各章所論，確定巫在先秦社會與文化中的重要性及其影響 ． 從本論文的研究結果，可知先秦巫者職能極多，在先秦社會上扮演一重要的角色，故 能創造及傳承古文化．其貢獻至大，影響亦極深遠，在中國古文化中確實佔有極其重 要的地位．

The diploma thesis deals with witchcraft and other mystic phenomena in conception of Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard. It is focused especially on the notion of witchcraft in connection with magic, shamanism and oracles. It describes relation of all these phenomena towards religious belief and various attitudes towards them. It defines respective practices and explains differences between them. Last but not least, it introduces usual reactions to them. Via concrete situation it also shows interconnection of all described phenomena and presents them as a coherent and logical system.

This diploma thesis has two aims. The first one is exploration of "Grid/Group Theory" as it was presented by its author Mary Douglas in "Cultural Bias" (1978). According to this theory the thinking in the idiom of witchcraft is a product of an perception of specific social structure by an individual. The crux of this thesis should be comparation of social structure of few African societies with their cosmologies according to the empirical materials. It should proof the validation of the theory and also show some dificulties which the student must face during the application. The second aim is description of witchcraft and sorcery phenomenon and attempt to determine its essence or function for society.

Neste trabalho buscou-se estudar a Inquisição portuguesa em dois períodos distintos. Primeiramente, objetivou-se compreender o período, a partir de 1720, no qual ocorreram os picos da repressão do Santo Ofício português em relação a práticas de feitiçaria, sendo justamente os feiticeiros o objeto do estudo. Pretendeu-se analisar a visão e os procedimentos da Inquisição no tocante a esse tipo de práticas e crenças. O segundo objetivo do trabalho consistiu em analisar o período de declínio da instituição inquisitorial, após a década de 70 do século XVIII, interessando, por um lado, o esforço de manutenção da Inquisição e, por outro, a descrença em relação às atuações dos feiticeiros e seus poderes. Pretendeu-se apreender diálogos existentes entre a autoridade oficial (católica) e o lado extra-oficial (feiticeiros), bem como entender o posicionamento da Inquisição posta entre esses que contatavam o sagrado sem o intermédio eclesiástico e os ilustrados, cujas luzes da razão vinham se desenrolando ao longo dos Setecentos. / This work aimed to study the Portuguese Inquisition in two distinct moments. In a first moment, it aimed to understand the period starting at 1720, in which occurred the peaks of the Holy Offices repression to practices of sorcery, being sorcerers the object of study. It was intended to analyze the points of view and procedures of the Inquisition concerning such practices and beliefs. The second objective was to assess the period of decline of the inquisitorial institution, after the 1770s, interesting, on one hand, the Inquisitions effort to maintain herself and, on the other hand, a disbelief concerning the actions of sorcerers and their powers. It was intended to capture the dialogues between the official (Catholic) and unofficial (sorcerers) sides, as well as to understand the positioning of the Inquisition put between those who contacted the sacred without the ecclesiastical intermediate, and the enlightenment men, whose lights of reason had been unfolding along the 18th century.

Esta pesquisa investiga, através dos documentos da Inquisição de Zaragoza entre 1497 e 1700 as práticas heréticas dos réus homens qualificados por aquele tribunal como supersticiosos, portanto, praticantes de diversos tipos de magia necromancia, curandeirismo, exorcismo entre outras práticas mágicas. Através de objetos mágicos da necromancia, e dos temas pertencentes diversas de suas práticas mágicas, inclusive com o uso de papéis e textos que lhes dão suporte sobretudo a Clavícula Salomonis e o Livro de São Cipriano a magia masculina é construída sobre um campo específico de ação: o da magia material na qual o benefício individual é o único objetivo a ser alcançado. O diabo é não só um revelador dos conflitos entre o bem e o mal, mas também mostra os discursos dos hereges e as pedagogias da Inquisição e da Igreja. / This research investigates, through documents related to the Inquisition of Zaragoza that took place between 1497 and the 1700, the heretical practice of men held guilty by that Court, which considered them as superstitious. Such men were, therefore, practitioners of diverse types of magic necromancy, cunning practices, exorcism among other magical practices. Through the objects of necromancy, and the themes of many different magic practices, including the use of papers and texts that supported them specially the Clavícula Salomonis and the Book of São Cipriano male magic buildt itself on a specific field of action: the material magic in wich individual benefits are the unique aim to be reached. The devil is not just a revealer of conflicts between good and evil, but also shows the discourses of heretics, and the Inquisition and Church pedagogies.