In the last three decades, the global economy has witnessed an ambivalent phenomenon of integration through disintegration. Whilst the amount of regional and global trade dramatically increased, vertical specialisation prompted the outsourcing of manufacturing, assembling, and other business functions regionally and globally. The slicing up of value chains and the consequent surge in trade of intermediate goods drew the attention of scholars interested in the economic, social, and environmental consequences of this phenomenon. Yet, most of the literature on value chains has concentrated on the institutional and market linkages between firms in developed economies and delocalised suppliers in the global South. Conversely, less attention has been paid to the rise in South-South trade that accompanied the development of South- South and regional value chains. The following chapters provide new evidence on the opportunities and constraints that participation in value chains across North-South, South-South, and regional trajectories entails for local suppliers in developing countries. This is achieved by means of a mixed-methods approach that combines firm-level export data with over 100 semi-structured interviews across the Kenyan leather sector. On the one hand, results show how North-South value chains are characterised by more profitable and stable relationships between buyers and local suppliers. Nonetheless, whilst defined by higher product and process standards, linkages with developed economies appear to prevent rather than encourage local value addition. On the other hand, South-South value chains are governed by instability and distrust underpinned by pressures to reduce prices and lack of upgrading opportunities. Like the global South, regional value chains are characterised by fierce competition and low profitability. Even so, they often constitute an alternative for small suppliers willing to venture into new products and functions. Particularly, the local and regional markets represent an upgrading platform for innovative firms whose low capital endowments prevent them from accessing premium North-South value chains. In this case, industrial policy and entrepreneurship play a crucial role in enabling smallholders to upgrade in a competitive environment.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between two phenomena which are much-disputed and whose mechanisms and processes are interlaced with each other: trade and human development. The focus is a specific type of South-South trade; interregional trade in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as international trade to and from Sub-Saharan Africa.A quantitate method, using a deductive approach, was utilized in this study. The quantitative research data was accessed from the World Bank database and the human development reports of the UNDP. The data was processed in regressions and the level of co-variation (a term used in this paper as the statistical relation between data) between the variables is established and shown through the unit of measurement r².The results tend to indicate that the level of statistical co-variation between interregional trade and international trade in various commodities and human development in Sub-Saharan Africa exist but are varied. Interregional trade does not seem to have a stronger co-variation with human development than general international trade despite the structural viewpoint of the academic field. Interestingly, the commodity traded with does have a varied impact on the level of co-variation with human development.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-30T11:28:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Cleidi Dinara Gregori_.pdf: 258372 bytes, checksum: ac116cbb21e9a72bfb0efe349692caf0 (MD5) Cleidi Dinara Gregori_.pdf: 258372 bytes, checksum: ac116cbb21e9a72bfb0efe349692caf0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T11:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Cleidi Dinara Gregori_.pdf: 258372 bytes, checksum: ac116cbb21e9a72bfb0efe349692caf0 (MD5) Cleidi Dinara Gregori_.pdf: 258372 bytes, checksum: ac116cbb21e9a72bfb0efe349692caf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Nenhuma / A partir dos anos 1990, o Brasil ampliou os fluxos de comércio e seus parceiros comerciais, especialmente no que diz respeito às relações Sul-Sul. O país tem fortalecido sua relação comercial com esses países mais do que a tradicional relação Norte-Sul. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o perfil do comércio, por grau de intensidade tecnológica, entre o Brasil e a América do Sul, o Brasil e a África e o Brasil e o Sul da Ásia, no período 2000-2015. A classificação por intensidade tecnológica adotada nesta pesquisa foi a proposta pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Concluiu-se que as exportações nacionais, na relação comercial Sul-Sul, caracterizaram-se por produtos de média-alta e de baixa intensidades tecnológicas e não por produtos primários, ao contrário do que foi observado nas exportações do Brasil para o mundo nos anos 2000. Assim, o comércio Sul-Sul é uma oportunidade para os países em desenvolvimento ampliarem as suas exportações e obterem benefícios pelas transferências tecnológicas. / Since the 1990s, Brazil has expanded trade flows and its trading partners, especially in relation to South-South relations. The country has strengthened its trade relationship with these countries more than the traditional North-South relationship. The objective of the study was to analyze the profile of trade, by degree of technological intensity, between Brazil and South America, Brazil and Africa and Brazil and South Asia, in the period 2000-2015. The classification by technological intensity adopted in this research was proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It was concluded that the national exports, in the South-South trade relationship, were characterized by medium-high products and low technological intensities and not by primary products, contrary to what was observed in exports from Brazil to the world in the years 2000. South-South trade is thus an opportunity for developing countries to expand their exports and benefit from technology transfers.

Cette thèse a pour objet d'examiner cinq aspects de la relation entre le commerce Sud-Sud et la « nouvelle » géographie du commerce international en portant une attention toute particulière aux liens qui existent entre les BRICs (Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine) et l'Afrique sub-Saharienne (ASS) puis entre la Chine et l'ASS. La première partie s'attache à démontrer certaines caractéristiques relatives à la mutation des relations commerciales Sud-Sud. Dans le premier chapitre, l'hétérogénéité au sein même des BRICs est confirmée à partir d'un certain nombre de facteurs explicatifs des flux commerciaux bilatéraux avec l'ASS. Dans le second chapitre, les flux commerciaux Sud-Sud semble jouer un rôle déterminant dans la diversification géographique du commerce intra-Africain en termes de nouveaux partenaires commerciaux. Dans le troisième chapitre, l'idée d'une réorientation du commerce des ex-colonies depuis l'indépendance vers la Chine au détriment des anciennes puissances coloniales a été validée empiriquement. Quant à la deuxième partie, elle s'intéresse aux liens entre la politique économique extérieure et le commerce Sud-Sud. Les résultats du quatrième chapitre soulignent l'impact significatif de la « politique de la Chine unique » sur les flux commerciaux chinois et taiwanais par le biais de la diplomatie économique. Les estimations du cinquième chapitre confirment l'hétérogénéité des effets moyens et dans le temps des accords régionaux africains sur les échanges commerciaux selon la nature des partenaires, la forme des accords commerciaux ainsi que leur chevauchement. / This thesis emphasises five aspects of relations between South-South trade and « new » geography of international trade. We particularly pay attention to the links between BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) but also between China and SSA. The first part attempts to demonstrate some characteristics concerning the mutation of South-South trade relations. In the Chapter 1, the heterogeneity of BRICs is confirmed from some factors of bilateral trade flows with SSA. In the Chapter 2, the South-South trade flows play a significant role in the geographic diversification of intra-African trade in terms of new trading partners. In the Chapter 3, the assumption of a trade reorientation of ex-colonies since independence with China at the expense of former colonial powers has been empirically validated. The second part studies the linkages between the foreign economic policy and South-South trade. The findings of the Chapter 4 highlight the significant impact of the « One China policy » on Chinese and Taiwanese trade flows through the economic diplomacy. The estimates of the Chapter 5 confirm the heterogeneous average effects but also over time of the African trade agreements on trade according to the nature of trading partners, the kinds of trade agreements and their overlapping.

Si la coopération sino-africaine dans le sillage des indépendances nationales des années soixante a trouvé son ferment dans l’idéologie révolutionnaire et l’esprit de Bandung, il n’en est point question de la nouvelle phase qui s’ouvre à l’aube du XXIème siècle. En effet, les mutations internationales intervenues dans la charnière des deux siècles, le renouvellement des acteurs des deux côtés et les réalités endogènes propres à chaque partie, ont accéléré l’entrée dans une nouvelle ère où l’économie devient la pierre angulaire de la coopération. La naissance du FOCAC traduit la volonté de mieux coordonner les relations entre la Chine et l’Afrique, en même temps qu’elle donne la mesure de l’intensité et du volume de leurs échanges. Quelle est donc cette institution qui regroupe autant d’Etats ? Quels sont ses fondements théoriques? Et quelle réponse apporte-elle aux nombreux contempteurs de la présence chinoise en Afrique ? Telles sont les principales articulations de ce travail. / Whereas the China-Africa cooperation under the tough era of decolonization in 1960’s was strongly fostered by shared revolutionary ideology and Bandung spirit, that is not the case in the new phase in the early 21st century. Indeed, the deep changes occurred between the two centuries, the renewal of leaders within both sides and internal challenges faced by them, speeded up the entrance into a new era where economy becomes the cornerstone of their cooperation. The birth of FOCAC reveals the willingness to handle effectively the relationship between China and Africa, as well as it shows the intensity and the seize of their trade. What is that institution gathering together so many countries? What are its theoretical foundations? And what kind of response it provides to those who belittle China offensive in Africa? These are shortly, the main outlines of this work.