The açaí berry has grown in popularity for dieters and the health conscious. The berry contains high levels of antioxidants. The main anthocyanins are cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. The berries also contain vitamins and nutrients that help boost energy and alertness, and fatty acids that help maintain normal cholesterol levels. As a result of the health benefits of the constituents, the berries are chosen for obtaining the active ingredients by extraction. The solids left over after extraction still contain nutrients and useful components. There is a possibility of fermenting this residual and creating an açaí berry wine. Açaí berry wine is another new product on the market. The extracts and the wine are analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In an effort to utilize every part of the berry, the residual from the extract is also successfully fermented. Pilot plant studies are conducted utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide, an ethanol entrainer to increase its solubility, and subcritical water to extract components from freeze dried açaí berry. There is much potential and flexibility in the process, which effectively extracted lipids from the berry leaving behind anthocyanins without solvent residue.

Decorticated flax contains a significant amount of shive content, which limits applications of flax fibre. Separation of shives from the fibre is essential to improve the quality of flax fibre. Pneumatic method and a Sorter were implemented to meet the above objective. Terminal velocities of individual flax fibre and shive particles were investigated and their width, length, and mass were recorded. A sorting method was used for separation of short and long fibre for two grades of fibre: Grade 1 and Grade 2, with initial fibre purities of 51% and 15%, respectively. The ranges of terminal velocities for shive and fibre particles were 1.13 to 4.09 m/s and 0.51 to 1.07 m/s, respectively, which were significantly different. Fibre purity of approximately 80% for Grade 1 and 66% for Grade 2 were recorded from sorting, which were a significant improvement when compared to the initial purities. This study demonstrated the potential of the pneumatic and sorting methods for improving fibre quality. With the increase in resistant strains of microorganisms to antibiotics, researchers have started to explore plant parts to discover new antimicrobials. Since medieval times all portions of plants were used medicinally. Plant tissues, including stems, possess secondary metabolites (SMs), which have known antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate: the presence of antimicrobial compounds in stem extracts of canola, flax, hemp, and sweet clover; and study sorption-desorption behavior of their powdered stem material. GC-MS analysis of all extracts showed the presence of many SMs, including fatty acids, terpenoids, steroids, and sterols, etc. Many of the SMs found in the extracts have previously shown antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of organisms according to literature. Water sorption isotherms of stems showed a typical IUPAC Type II sigmoid curve similar to natural fibres. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of canola and sweet clover was significantly higher than flax and hemp at 95% RH, which were all higher than the fibre saturation point of wood (27%). The preliminary investigation via GC-MS showed promising results and water absorptivity results of stems can be used as the initial key property for many applications. / October 2015

Dans le cadre de cette recherche, la production de biocharbon par pyrolyse est étudiée à des conditions visant sa valorisation comme biochar (amendement pour le sol), tout en considérant son potentiel comme charbon vert (pour bioénergie ou transformations subséquentes). La production du charbon de biomasse s'est effectuée à l'aide de deux réacteurs à lits fixes de types batch, d'une capacité de 1 et 25 gb.hlbatch, respectivement. Le panic érigé (Panicum virgatum) est la biomasse lignocellulosique qui a été utilisée dans le cadre des tests. Les facteurs de production étudiés sont principalement la température (300, 400 et 500 °C) pour un court temps de résidence en réacteur (2,5 et 5 min) et l'effet de l'usage du CO2 plutôt qu'un environnement plus conventionnel d'azote. L'effet de ces facteurs est étudié par rapport aux caractéristiques physico-chimiques des biocharbons obtenus. Un suivi des produits pyrolytiques complémentaires (bio-huile et gaz) a aussi été effectué. Des extractions de biocharbon par Soxhlet (à l'aide de dichlorométhane) ont été analysées par GC-MS et ont permis l'identification d'une multitude de produits présents dans les biocharbons. Les conditions spécifiques utilisées pour la pyrolyse, entre autres la convection forcée avec taux de chauffe rapide à 300 °C — N2 à l'aide du réacteur 1 glbatch, ont présenté des rendements et propriétés de biocharbon avantageux pour l'amélioration de la productivité du procédé de torréfaction (en comparaison avec des travaux rapportés, notamment ceux de Gilbert et al. [2009]). Les analyses des extractions de charbons de biomasse ainsi que des bio-huiles (par GC-MS), produites à l'aide du réacteur 25g/batch, ont permis d'observer des différences significatives dans les composés obtenus lors de l'usage de CO2 vs N2. Plusieurs composés observés dans les extraits de biocharbons, produits en atmosphère de N2, se retrouvent en quantités moindres dans les extraits de biocharbons produits en atmosphère de CO2 pour des températures communes. À titre d'exemple, le furfural, un composé aromatique commun provenant de la dégradation des glucides, s'est retrouvé uniquement dans les extraits de biocharbons en présence de N2 vs CO2, à 400 °C. Parmi l'ensemble des conditions étudiées (pour les 2 réacteurs), uniquement le naphtalène et des dérivés du naphtalène sont observés comme hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, et ce, uniquement suivant les traitements à 500 °C. L'étude de l'usage du CO2 comme gaz d'entrée en réacteur mena à des différences significatives pour l'ensemble des températures étudiées, et ce, tant pour les biocharbons que pour les produits liquides et gazeux. À 300 °C, en environnement de CO2 comparé à N2, il est possible d'observer une production de bio-huile significativement plus faible (18,0 vs 24,6 %; CO2 vs N2 pour P<0,002), ce qui représente un résultat cohérent avec l'obtention de biocharbon au contenu en composés volatils significativement plus élevé obtenu aux mêmes conditions (0,29 vs 0,35 g composés volatils - biocharbotig biomasse originale; CO2 vs N2 pour P=0, I ). De plus, à 500 °C, un contenu en cendres de biocharbon significativement plus faible a été observé en environnement de CO2 vs N2 (P<0,06). [symboles non conformes]

COSTA, Ana Karoline de Oliveira. Aspectos físico-químicos e nutricionais da amêndoa e óleo de coco de babaçu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) e avaliação sensorial de pães e biscoitos preparados com amêndoas. 2014. 68 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T23:11:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_akocosta.pdf: 2147548 bytes, checksum: dd9a749311c9b23ac8451bd56d17171a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-04T18:03:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_akocosta.pdf: 2147548 bytes, checksum: dd9a749311c9b23ac8451bd56d17171a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_akocosta.pdf: 2147548 bytes, checksum: dd9a749311c9b23ac8451bd56d17171a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Babassu is the generic name given to oil palm belonging to the Palmae family and members of the genera and Orbignya Attalea. It is native of the transition zone between the cerrado and the Amazon rainforest. The potential use of babassu in several activities are large, since food and clothing until alternative energy elements. View of these facts, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition of almond, evaluate chemical, physical and physico-chemical aspects of babassu coconut oil removed by different methods of extraction and prepare bread and biscuit with ground almonds. The kernels of babassu coconut used in this study were from the city of Ipaporanga in the central hinterland of Ceará. By milling the bran (OpAM) was obtained laboratory oils. Babassu nut oil was removed by extraction with hot solvent (Soxhlet) (OpES) by hydraulic pressing (OpPH) and the solvent cold (Blight and Dyer) (OpEF). Two artisanal samples from the states of Pará (OpP) and Maranhão (OPM) were acquired. The chemical composition of the OpAM and its water activity were analysed. Samples OpPH, OpEF, OpM and OpP were analyzed for fatty acid composition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test, acid value, Rancimat induction period and color measurement. Cookie and bread with almond babaçu in its composition have been developed. The acceptance was evaluated by means of a structured hedonic scale of nine categories. OpAM has 2% protein, 49.5% fat, 42.4% carbohydrates and water activity of 0.67. No statistical differences were found between the techniques of extraction of babassu coconut that presents as major oil fatty acids saturated fatty acids, especially lauric (41,55%), myristic (14.58%) and the unsaturated oleic (15, 73%). No samples tested positive in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test. Also showed low levels of acidity. The babassu coconut oil showed good oxidative stability, high induction period. The samples tended to green and yellow colors, according to the parameters of the CIELAB scale. Cookie and biscuits prepared with ground almonds showed excellent sensory acceptance, taking the bread a slightly higher score. / Babaçu é o nome genérico dado às palmeiras oleaginosas pertencentes à família Palmae e integrantes dos gêneros Orbignya e Attalea. É nativo da zona de transição entre o cerrado e a floresta amazônica. As possibilidades de aproveitamento do babaçu em diversas atividades são amplas, da alimentação e vestuário até elementos energéticos alternativos. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a composição centesimal de amêndoa, avaliar os aspectos químicos, físicos e físico-químicos do óleo de coco babaçu removido pelos diferentes métodos de extração e elaborar pão e biscoito com a amêndoa ralada. As amêndoas de coco babaçu utilizadas neste trabalho foram provenientes da cidade de Ipaporanga, no sertão central do estado do Ceará. Através de moagem foi obtido um farelo (OpAm) do qual foram extraídos os óleos laboratoriais. O óleo de coco babaçu foi removido por extração com solvente a quente (Soxhlet) (OpES), por prensagem hidráulica (OpPH) e com solvente a frio (Blight e Dyer) (OpEF). Foram adquiridas duas amostras artesanais dos estados de Pará (OpP) e Maranhão (OpM). Analisou-se a composição centesimal de OpI e sua atividade de água. As amostras OpES, OpPH, OpEF, OpP e OpM foram submetidas a análises de composição de ácidos graxos, teste de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, índice de acidez, período de indução por Rancimat e medição de cor. Foram desenvolvidos biscoito e pão com a amêndoa do coco babaçu em sua composição. A aceitação foi avaliada por meio de uma escala hedônica estruturada de nove categorias. OpAm apresenta 2% de proteínas, 49,5% de lipídios, 42,4% de carboidratos e atividade de água de 0,67. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as técnicas de extração do óleo de coco babaçu que apresenta como ácidos graxos majoritários os saturados, destacando-se o láurico (41,55%), o mirístico (14,58%) e o insaturado oleico (15,73%). Nenhuma amostra apresentou resultados positivos no teste de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico. Apresentaram ainda baixos índices de acidez. O óleo de coco babaçu apresentou boa estabilidade oxidativa, com alto período de indução. As amostras apresentaram tendência às cores verde e amarela, segundo os parâmetros da escala CIELAB. Pão e biscoito elaborados com a amêndoa ralada apresentaram excelente aceitação sensorial, tendo o pão uma nota ligeiramente maior.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-10-02T23:06:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-06T23:52:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T23:52:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / A Moringa ole?fera Lam ? uma ?rvore de origem indiana com v?rias utilidades nas ?reas farmac?utica, de combust?veis, purifica??o de ?gua e principalmente aliment?cia. A planta tem um melhor desenvolvimento em locais de clima seco. A cultura do uso como alimento ? muito ampla em alguns pa?ses africanos e, com efetiva expans?o nos pa?ses latinos e asi?ticos, devido ao seu rico valor nutricional. Neste trabalho foram realizadas a determina??o de macro e micro nutrientes da parede interna e externa da casca, e sementes de duas ?rvores de moringa de mesma esp?cie, mas de localidades diferentes, existentes na UFRN e EAJ para se determinar os teores de umidade, cinzas, prote?nas, gorduras, carboidratos, fibras e metais. Fazer uma compara??o entre estas e tamb?m com outras an?lises feitas com a mesma planta de outras localidades. As duas amostras foram divididas em tr?s partes cada: parede interna e a externa da casca, e sementes, onde foram pulverizadas e mantidas em recipientes de polietileno. Depois do preparo das amostras, foram realizadas as determina??es de umidade e cinzas, lip?deos por extra??o com Soxhlet, prote?nas, pelo m?todo Kjeldahl. Fibras, com o equipamento para determinar fibras. Alguns metais (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K, Se, Si, Na e Zn) por ICP-OES, al?m de fazer FTIR-ATR e TG/DSC. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um ?timo teor de lip?deos nas sementes (29,26 ? 35,83%), enquanto que na parede interna e externa das cascas, os teores foram baixos em compara??o com as sementes (0,4 ? 1,2 %). Os teores de prote?nas tiveram um alto valor nas sementes (30,46 - 34,57%), enquanto que as paredes internas e externas das cascas tiveram um teor bem mais baixo (3,54 ? 6,53%). Os teores de fibras das sementes (64,19 ? 70,76%), da parte interna e externa (72,18 ? 85,59%). Os teores de carboidratos tiveram um alto valor na parede interna e externa da casca (70,89 ? 82,72%), enquanto que nas sementes os teores foram baixos (19,41 ? 29,09%). Os metais encontrados nas sementes das duas amostras foram Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na e Zn e os metais encontrados na parede interna e externa da casca foram Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na Si e Zn. A m?dia dos resultados das an?lises foi submetida ao teste t Student em par, com 95 % de signific?ncia para saber se h? diferen?a significativa ou n?o. Os resultados encontrados s?o importantes para compara??es com pesquisas futuras, de ?rvores de mesma esp?cie de outras localidades e ambientes diferentes e, tamb?m, para ser elaborada uma tabela nutricional da casca e sementes de moringa para usos futuros. / The Moringa oleifera Lam is a tree of Indian origin with several utilities in the areas of pharmaceutics, fuels, water purification and mainly food. The plant has a better development in dry climates. The culture of use as food is very broad in some African countries and with widespread expansion in Latin and Asian countries because of its rich nutritional value. In this work were realized the determination of macro and micronutrients of the internal and external wall of the bark, and seeds of two Moringa trees of the same species, but of different localities, existents in the UFRN and EAJ to determine the contents of moisture, ash, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber and metals. Make a comparison between these and, if possible, compare with other analyzes made with the plant from other locations. The two samples were divided into three parts each: internal and external wall of the shell, and seeds, where they were sprayed and kept in polyethylene containers. After preparation of the samples, were carry out moisture and ash determinations, lipid extraction by Soxhlet, Proteins, by the Kjeldahl method. Fibers, with the equipment to determine fibers. Some metals (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K Se, Si, Na e Zn) by ICP-OES, in addition to making FTIR-ATR and TG/DSC. The results obtained showed an optimum lipid content in the seeds (29,26 - 35.83 %), while in the inner and outer wall of the shells, the contents were low compared to seeds (0,4 ? 1,2 %). Protein contents had a high value in the seeds (30,46 and 34,57%), while the internal and external walls of the peels had a much lower content (3,54 ? 6,53%). The fiber contents of the seeds (64,19 ? 70,76%), of the internal and external wall (72,18 ? 85,59%). Carbohidrate contents had a high value in the internal and external part of the bark (70,89 ? 82,72%), while in the seeds the contents were low (19,41 ? 29,09%). The metals found in the seeds of the two samples were Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na and Zn and the metals found on the inside and outside of the bark were Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Si and Zn. The mean of the results of the analyzes was submitted to the paired Student t test, with 95% significance to know if there was a significant difference or not. The results found are important for comparisons with future research for camparisons with future research, of trees of the same species from other localities and different environments, and also to elaborate a nutritional table of seeds and moringa shells for future use.

This thesis includes two main parts: I. Evaluation of techniques for oil (total lipid) quantification of chia and soybean seeds. This study evaluated ten different methods of seed oil quantification, including some methods that have not been applied to oilseeds before. The main aim of this study was to find one or more techniques that are easy, inexpensive, safe and fast with a small amount of ground seeds. The Soxhlet method was used as a standard to compared between techniques of oil quantification. The oil extraction by the Soxhlet method was evaluated with two solvents petroleum ether and acetone. There is not a statistically significant difference between petroleum ether and acetone solvents. No significant differences for the amount of oil recovered via the Soxhlet method were found between Medium Moisture Content (MMC > 10%) and Low Moisture Content (LMC < 4.0 %). The Folch technique provided higher percentages of oil extraction than Bligh and Dyer and hexane-isopropanol techniques. There is not a statistically significant difference (P =0.0844) between Soxhlet method and Folch method but less than the Soxhlet method. A supercritical fluid extraction (HCH) method provided a lower yield of oil extraction compared with the Soxhlet method for three varieties of bias samples. A Direct Transesterification (DT) method with LMC and MMC provided a statistically significant difference than the Soxhlet method. The DT with LMC produced higher yield than DT with MMC between samples but lower than the Soxhlet method. A Double Direct Transesterification (DDT) following Griffiths protocol provided more accurate results with the stir bar technique than sonication technique. 11 oilseeds bias samples (10 bias samples of soybean and one of chia) covering an oil content range of 15.4 to 32.6% showed, there is a significant difference between the Soxhlet and DDTG method and high oil quantification found with DDTG. A Double Direct Transesterification following Qiao et al. (2015) provided similar oil extraction to the Griffiths et al. (2010) method and also there is a significant difference between the Soxhlet and DDTQ method and higher oil recovered with DDTQ. The Bead Beating Extraction (BBE) protocol showed, there is a statistically significant difference ( P< 0.001) than the Soxhlet method. The BBE provided high oil quantification comparing with the Soxhlet method. The BBE provided the best results since it is the easiest, cheapest and fastest oil quantification method. A Nile red fluorescence technique yield no clear results. II. Characterization of oil and protein in mutant chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure heritability in chia plants of levels of oil and protein content and seed yield and (2) Compare differences between two locations over two years for oil and protein percentages in chia and seeds yield. A population of 180 M3 mutant individual chia plants was harvested and for which forty M4 chia seeds were planted based on seed composition characteristics, with six plants representing each characteristic (high and lower oil, protein, and density and high yield). The forty M4 chia seeds were planted, with two replications for two locations, have been chosen in Kentucky one on Spindletop farm and the other in Quicksand farm. The M5 progeny seeds from plants grown in Spindletop and Quicksand contained significantly (P < 0.05) more protein than did seeds from the M4 parents. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between locations where Quicksand obtain higher oil content than Spindletop. There was no significant difference between M5 parents seeds and M4 progeny seeds and higher yield kg/ha at Quicksand than Spindletop.

Le but de cette étude est de mettre en oeuvre une nouvelle méthode de prétraitement de la biomasse afin d’isoler les métabolites secondaires qui peuvent inhiber la fermentation des glucides pour la production d’éthanol cellulosique. Avec la tendance grandissante vers la production de cultures énergétiques, potentiels intrants pour d’éventuelles bioraffineries, il importe de vérifier la composition et le potentiel des extractibles provenant de ces plantes. Les processus d’extraction actuels s’opèrent en discontinu, par alternance de grandes quantités de solvants organiques puis aqueux, et nécessitent des temps d’opération longs et beaucoup d’énergie. À cet effet, une nouvelle procédure d’extraction utilisant comme matières premières une culture végétale à croissance rapide appartenant à l’espèce Salix, a été mise en oeuvre. La technique choisie emploie un solvant sous forme d’émulsion composé d’eau et de carbonate de diméthyle avec des proportions volumiques (82,5 – 17,5%), diminuant ainsi la consommation de solvant et permettant de produire un procédé d’extraction en continu. Le mélange hétérogène, biomasse et émulsion, exposé aux ultrasons a permis la réduction du temps d’extraction mais aussi l’énergie consommée de 6 fois, tout en augmentant le rendement d’extraction de 25 % et en préservant les composés thermolabiles

This diploma thesis deals with plant adaptogens (bioactive substances) in the plant Schisandra chinensis. The theoretical part is focused on characterization of the Schisandra genus, characterization of the Schisandra chinensis as a plant, its properties, occurrence and growing possibilities in the climate zone. Furthermore, The effects of these adaptogens on the organism and the prediction of possible use in food supplements are described. The experimental part deals with the extraction of fruits and leaves from plant Schisandra chinensis. Further, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b in the leaves extract was determined by UV – VIS spectrophotometry, whereby the optimal amount 3:1 of chlorophyll was confirmed for the plants growing in optimal conditions. Finally, the concentration of the adaptogen schisandrin A in the dried fruits was from different kind of extraction measured by HPLC. In all fruits, schisandrin A was confirmed, but the amount is different in each sample.

No description available.

Intresset för användningen av material från förnybara råvaror ökar. Produktionen av vedmassa och material i skogsindustrin genererar dagligen stora mängder biprodukter, särskilt bark. Barken innehåller många värdefulla komponenter som kan förädlas och öka värdet för barken, men först måste de separeras. Målet med denna undersökning var att separera dessa genom att jämföra två olika typer av extraktionsmetoder. Den första metoden använde programmerbar utrustning som namnges accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) och den andra använde manuell teknik som namnges Soxhlet extraktion. Syftet med undersökningen var att avgöra vilken extraktionsmetod som kan användas till att utvinna bark komponenter mest effektivt. Metoden ASE omfattar acetonextraktion och varmvattenextraktion där trycket var 100 bar, temperaturen 100oC och tiden drygt en timme. Soxhletextraktion omfattade enbart acetonextraktion under atmosfäriskt tryck, kontinuerlig värme och tiden 90 minuter. ASE-metoden gav fyra extrakt; acetonextrakt vid 100oC samt varmvattenextrakt vid 100oC, 140oC och 160oC.  Barken som studerades var uppdelad i två fraktioner, fuktig bark och torr bark. En beräkning av utbyte % utfördes efter varje extraktion. Extrakten från fuktig bark hade mörkare färg än extrakten från torr bark. Det uppmätes pH-värden för alla vattenextrakt och den som gav lägst pH var vattenextrakt som erhölls vid 160oC. Slutligen visade utbyteresultaten inga stora skillnader mellan de utförda ASE vattenextraktionerna exklusive extraktfärgen som kan vara en indikation till skillnad i extraherade molekyler. Användningen av sand under varmvattenextraktionerna gav inga förbättringar i extraktionsmetoden. / Interest in the use of materials from renewable sources is increasing. The production of wood pulp and materials in the forest industry generates large amounts of by- products daily, especially tree bark. Bark contains many valuable components which if separated can be used in various types of applications. The aim of this study was to compare two extraction methods. The first method used programmable equipment and is named accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and the second used manual technology and is named Soxhlet extraction.  The purpose of the study was to determine which extraction method can be used to extract bark components more efficiently. The ASE method included acetone extraction and hot water extraction where the pressure was 100 bar, the temperature 100oC and the time just over an hour. Soxhlet extraction involved only acetone extraction under atmospheric pressure, continuous heating, and a time of 90 minutes. The ASE method yielded four extracts: acetone extract at 100oC and hot water extract at 100oC, 140oC and 160oC.  The bark studied was divided into two parts, undried bark and dry bark. Total calculation of yield% was performed after each extraction. The extracts from undried bark had a darker color than the extracts from dry bark. The pH values were measured for all water extracts and the one that gave the lowest pH was obtained at 160oC. Finally, the extraction results did not show any major differences between the ASE water extractions performed excluding the extract color which may be an indication of difference in extracted molecules. The use of sand during the hot water extractions did not improve the extraction method.