Antioxidants are molecules capable of stabilizing and preventing oxidation. Certain peptides, protein hydrolysates, have shown antioxidant capacities, which are obtained once liberated from the native protein structure. Soy protein isolates (SPI) were enzymatically hydrolyzed by pepsin and pancreatin mixtures. The soy protein hydrolysates (SPH) were fractionated with sequential ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane steps. Heat pre-treatment of SPI at 95 degrees celsius (C) for 5 min prior to enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated for its effect on peptide distribution and antioxidant capacity. SPH were subjected to UF with a 10 kDa molecular weight cut off (MWCO) polysulfone membrane. UF permeate fractions (lower molecular weight than 10 kDa) were fractionated by NF with a thin film composite membrane (2.5 kDa MWCO) at pH 4 and 8. Similar peptide content and antioxidant capacity (α=0.05) were obtained in control and pre-heated SPH when comparing the respective UF and NF permeate and retentate fractions produced. FCR antioxidant capacities of the SPH fractions were significantly lower than their ORAC antioxidant capacities, and the distribution among the UF and NF fractions was generally different. Most UF and NF fractions displayed higher antioxidant capacities when compared to the crude SPI hydrolysates, showing the importance of molecular weight on antioxidant capacity of peptides. The permeate fractions produced by NF at pH 8 displayed the highest antioxidant capacity, expressed in terms of Trolox equivalents (TE) per total solids (TS): 5562 μmol TE/g TS for control SPH, and 5187 μmol TE/g TS for pre-heated SPH. Due to the improvement in antioxidant capacity of peptides by NF at pH 8, the potential for NF as a viable industrial fractionation process was demonstrated. Principal component analysis (PCA) of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) data for UF and NF peptide fractions, followed by multi-linear regression analysis, was assessed for its potential to monitor and identify the contributions to ORAC and FCR, two in vitro antioxidant capacity assays, of SPH during membrane fractionation. Two statistically significant principal components (PCs) were obtained for UF and NF peptide fractions. Multi-linear regression models (MLRM) were developed to estimate their fluorescence and PCA-captured ORAC (ORAC-FPCA) and FCR (FCR-FPCA) antioxidant capacities. The ORAC-FPCA and FCR-FPCA antioxidant capacities for NF samples displayed strong, linear relationships at different pH conditions (R-squared>0.99). Such relationships are believed to reflect the individual and relative combined contributions of tryptophan and tyrosine residues present in the SPH fractions to ORAC and FCR antioxidant capacities. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool for the assessment of fundamental parameters of antioxidant capacities captured by ORAC and FCR assays.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-12T17:29:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação José Tiago Pereira Barbosa.pdf: 1750358 bytes, checksum: e01d971ee45a1ab67fd25d7981b87383 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by NUBIA OLIVEIRA (nubia.marilia@ufba.br) on 2016-09-12T18:21:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação José Tiago Pereira Barbosa.pdf: 1750358 bytes, checksum: e01d971ee45a1ab67fd25d7981b87383 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T18:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação José Tiago Pereira Barbosa.pdf: 1750358 bytes, checksum: e01d971ee45a1ab67fd25d7981b87383 (MD5) / CAPEs / A proteína texturizada de soja possui alto conteúdo protéico e é usualmente utilizada como alternativa na substituição de uma porção de carne. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar três procedimentos de decomposição úmida, visando determinação multielementar (Ca, K, Mg, P, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni e Zn) em amostras de proteína texturizada de soja por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). Nos procedimentos usando chapa aquecedora (PC) e bloco digestor (PB) foi utilizada a mistura de HNO3 e H2O2, enquanto que para o procedimento com forno de microondas focalizadas (PF) foi necessária a introdução também de H2SO4. As figuras analíticas de mérito, tais como precisão, limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ) e efeito de matriz, foram avaliadas para os procedimentos propostos. As concentrações de Al, Cd, Co e Pb, encontraram-se abaixo do LOQ dos procedimentos para as amostras. A exatidão foi verificada com material de referência certificado e por comparação com método de referência da AOAC. Além disso, foi otimizado um sistema miniaturizado de análise por injeção em fluxo visando a determinação de ferro nos digeridos com o reagente 1,10- fenantrolina e os resultados foram concordantes com o método de referência. / The texturized soy protein is a good source of protein and is usually used as an alternative to meat. The aim of this study was the evaluation of three wet decomposition procedures for multi-element analytical determination (Ca, K, Mg, P, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni e Zn) in texturized soy protein samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). In procedures using hot plate (PC) and heating block (PB), a mixture of HNO3 and H2O2 was used, whereas for decomposition in a focused-microwave-oven (PF), the use of H2SO4 was necessary. The analytical figures of merit of the developed analytical procedures such as precision, accuracy and matrix effect, were statistically assessed. The concentrations of Al, Cd, Co and Pb were found below oh the LOQ. The accuracy of the results was demonstrated using one certified reference material (spinach leaves NIST 1570a) and comparison with recommended AOAC official method. Moreover, a flow injection analysis microsystem for determination of iron with 1,10-phenantroline was optimized and the results were concordant with those obtained with the reference method.

Orientador: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_AngelaMoraes_D.pdf: 4341295 bytes, checksum: a6815c55cbc9aed051c39caf022ef41c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos nanocompósitos de amido de milho, gelatina, isolado protéico de soja, quitosana e argila montmorilonita para aplicação em embalagens alimentícias. Para avaliar o efeito da concentração de argila montmorilonita sódica (MMT) e isolado protéico de soja (IPS) nas propriedades mecânicas e de barreira de nanocompósitos de amido de milho e gelatina foi adotado um delineamento composto central rotacional 22, incluindo os quatro pontos axiais e quatro pontos centrais, resultando em 12 experimentos, aplicável à metodologia de superfície de resposta. O único parâmetro que exerceu influência aumentando a resistência à tração dos nanocompósitos, foi a concentração de MMT (L), cuja resistência média à tração foi de 70,63 MPa. O alongamento dos filmes, por sua vez, foi influenciado pela concentração de IPS, atingindo valo médio de 6,64%. A permeabilidade ao vapor de água, encontrada para os nanocompósitos, foi de 9,92 gmm/m2dkPa, enquanto que o parâmetro que exerceu maior influência na solubilidade (18,61%) dos mesmos foi à concentração de MMT. Com relação à opacidade os filmes apresentaram valores entre 4,81 e 28,98%. Pelas técnicas de difração de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, foi verificada a formação de estrutura intercalada e esfoliada dos nanocompósitos. Ensaios preliminares mostraram que pelo método utilizado na elaboração dos filmes, não foi possível obter nanocompósitos de amido de milho, gelatina, IPS, quitosana e MMT. Desta forma, foram elaborados nanocompósitos de amido de milho, gelatina, quitosana e argila montmorilonita sódica, avaliando-se diferentes concentrações dos dois últimos componentes pelo uso de um delineamento composto central rotacional 22, incluindo os quatro pontos axiais e quatro pontos centrais, resultando em 12 experimentos. Verificou-se que com o aumento da concentração de MMT houve uma diminuição na resistência mecânica e alongamento dos filmes. A formulação que apresentou maior resistência à tração (78,27 MPa) e alongamento (5,83%) continha 1,09% de quitosana e 1,5% de MMT, em relação à massa total de gelatina e amido. O valor médio da permeabilidade ao vapor de água dos nanocompósitos investigados foi de 10,85 gmm/m2dkPa. Com o aumento da concentração de quitosana e MMT houve uma diminuição na solubilidade dos filmes, sendo o valor médio encontrado de 15,04%. Pela técnica de difração de raios-X, observou-se que, com o aumento da concentração de argila, a estrutura dos filmes tornou-se amorfa. As micrografias obtidas pela microscopia eletrônica de transmissão confirmaram a formação de estrutura intercalada/esfoliada da argila. Este estudo mostrou que as propriedades funcionais dos nanocompósitos de amido de milho e gelatina podem ser modificadas pela variação na concentração de MMT, IPS e quitosana, tornando promissora a utilização destes materiais para embalagem / Abstract: Nanocomposites of maize starch, gelatin, soy protein isolate, chitosan and montmorillonite clay were developed for application in food packaging. To evaluate the effect of the sodium montmorillonite clay (MMT) and soy protein isolate (IPS) concentration in the mechanical properties and in the barrier of nanocomposites of maize starch and gelatin, it was adopted a rotational central composed delineation 22, including the four axial points and four central points, resulting in 12 experiments, applicable to the response surface methodology. The only parameter that exerted influence increasing the tensile strength of the nanocomposites, was the MMT (L) concentration, which average resistance to the traction was 70,63 MPa. The films elongation was influenced by the IPS concentration, having reached average value of 6,64%. The water vapor permeability, found for the nanocomposites, was 9,92 gmm/m2dkPa, while the parameter that exerted greater influence in the solubility (18.61%) of the same ones was the MMT concentration. Regarding to the haze, the films presented values between 4,81 and 28,98%. By the X-ray diffraction techniques and electronic microscopy of transmission, it was verified the formation of intercalated and exfoliated structure of the nanocomposites. Preliminary analyzes had shown that by the method used in the elaboration of the films, it was not possible to get nanocomposites of maize starch, gelatin, IPS, chitosan and MMT. Therefore, nanocomposites of starch of maize, gelatin, chitosan and montmorillonite sodium clay had been elaborated, evaluating different concentrations of the last two components through the use of a rotational central composite design 22, including the four axial points and four central points, resulting in 12 experiments. It was verified that with the increase of the MMT concentration there was a reduction in the mechanical resistance and elongation of the films. The formularization that presented a greater tensile strength (78,27 MPa) and elongation (5.83%) contained 1.09% of chitosan and 1.5% of MMT, in relation to the total mass of gelatin and starch. The average value of the water vapor permeability of the investigated nanocomposites was 10,85 gmm/m2dkPa. With the increase of the chitosan and MMT concentration there was a reduction in the solubility of the films, resulting in a average value of 15,04%. By the X-ray diffraction techniques, it was observed that, with the increase of the clay concentration, the structure of the films became amorphous. The micrographs obtained by the electronic microscopy of transmission confirmed the formation of intercalated/exfoliated structure of the clay. This study showed that the functional properties of the nanocomposites of maize starch and gelatin can be modified by the variation in the concentration of MMT, IPS and chitosan, becoming promising the use of these materials for packing / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T23:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dacanal_GustavoCesar_D.pdf: 5335260 bytes, checksum: a233ac2a96d8752da46e8dfb7a4554c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: processo de aglomeração de alimentos é muito utilizado quando se deseja aumentar as propriedades de instantaneização de pós obtidos pela secagem em spray dryer. Os produtos obtidos pela secagem em spray são normalmente caracterizados como sendo finos, coesivos e por apresentar difícil fluidização. Deste modo, torna-se conveniente utilizar leitos fluidizados, vibrados ou pulsados, que resultem em um aumento da movimentação das partículas e homogeneidade do leito durante a fluidização, permitindo aglomerar produtos em pó oriundos da secagem em spray dryer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as mudanças nas propriedades físicas de polpa de acerola e de proteína isolada de soja em pó após o processo de aglomeração em leito fluidizado cônico, e verificar os efeitos do uso de diferentes frequências de pulsação do ar fluidizante durante o processo de aglomeração. A pulsação do ar foi realizada por meio da rotação de uma válvula esfera, instalada abaixo da placa distribuidora de ar. As condições ótimas de processo e os perfis de aumento de tamanho de partículas foram obtidos por meio de planejamentos experimentais e de ensaios de cinéticas de aglomeração. As variáveis de processo estudadas foram o tempo de processo, velocidade e temperatura do ar fluidizante, vazão de líquido ligante, pressão de atomização, altura do bico aspersor e massa de amostra. O produto aglomerado foi caracterizado pelos testes de diâmetro médio e distribuição de tamanho de partículas, tempo de instantaneização, solubilidade, morfologia e conteúdo de umidade. Durante a aglomeração, as partículas da matéria prima coalescem, formando grânulos grossos. A morfologia das partículas também é alterada com o aumento de tamanho. A forma das partículas finas são circulares e compactas, enquanto os aglomerados tendem a ser mais alongados e apresentam superfície irregular. Os produtos aglomerados apresentaram melhores propriedades de instantaneização, ou maior dispersabilidade em água, em relação à matéria-prima, proveniente da secagem em spray dryer / Abstract: Fluid bed agglomeration is commonly used to improve the instant properties of spray-dried food powders. However, the fluidization of spray-dried particles is characterized by cracks and channels. Vibration or pulsation systems are frequently attached in the fluid bed equipments in order to improve the bed homogeneity and to allow the particles fluidization using lower fluidizing air flow. The aim of this work was to study the physical property modifications of soy protein isolate powder and acerola powder produced by a wetagglomeration process in a conical fluid bed, using fluidizing air pulsation for some runs. The equipment used was a batch-fluidized bed equipped with a rotating spherical valve installed below the air distribution plate that promotes the fluidizing air pulsation. Experimental designs and agglomeration kinetics were achieved in order to evaluate the optimal operational conditions and to study the particles growing behavior. The process variables studied were process time, fluidizing air temperature and velocity, atomized binder flow, atomization pressure, nozzle height and mass of sample. The product transformations were determined by an analysis of the particle diameter, size distribution, morphology and moisture content. During agglomeration, the raw particles coalesce, resulting in the formation of granules with increasing size, but morphological changes were also verified. The shape of the raw powder particles were circular and compact, while the agglomerated particles were elongated, wrinkled and showed tight solid bridges. The fluidization of spray-dried particles was enhanced with the pulsation system, resulting in higher fluid bed homogeneity and agglomerated products with narrows particle size distribution. The consolidation of small granules results in an improvement in the instant properties, increasing product wetting and dispersability in water / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientador: Flavia Maria Netto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:07:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diniz_AdrianaCeciliaPinto_D.pdf: 3167091 bytes, checksum: 9297804acc866f90492faf9a5227fad2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Em algumas aplicações em alimentos, a indução da geleificação a temperaturas altas pode ser indesejável. Alguns produtos de soja quando submetidos ao tratamento térmico, mesmo que moderado, desenvolvem sabores e aromas não desejáveis, limitando sua aplicação. A produção de géis a frio envolve essencialmente duas etapas: a formação de uma dispersão estável de agregados de proteína obtida após o aquecimento da solução protéica e a indução da geleificação por redução do pH ou adição de sal. Ao contrário da geleificação induzida pelo calor, no processo de geleificação a frio a etapa de ativação da proteína, a desnaturação térmica, não ocorre simultaneamente às etapas de agregação e geleificação, permitindo determinar as propriedades dos agregados após o aquecimento e as propriedades finais do gel. Embora géis termicamente formados de proteínas de soja tenham sido extensivamente estudados, pouco se conhece sobre a capacidade das proteínas de soja de formarem gel a frio. O presente estudo investigou o efeito do tratamento térmico na fase de produção do isolado protéico de soja (IPS) e o efeito da adição de CaCl2 na formação a frio de estrutura tipo gel de IPS. IPS foi obtido a partir de farinha desengordurada de soja comercial, e, após a etapa de neutralização, tratado a 60 ou 80oC por 15 ou 30 min., variando-se a concentração protéica (3 e 5%), para obtenção de isolados com agregados de diferentes propriedades físico-químicas. Géis foram obtidos a frio a partir de dispersões com 12 e 14% de proteína (p/p), com e sem a adição de CaCl2 (5 e 15 mM). A desnaturação protéica e agregação foram avaliadas por análises de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (CDV), turbidez, solubilidade em água, sulfidrila livre, hidrofobicidade superficial e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular. Os resultados indicaram desnaturação parcial, maior grau de agregação e aumento da massa molar dos agregados com o incremento da concentração da proteína no tratamento prévio dos IPSs. Os isolados não tratado termicamente e o tratado a 60ºC não formaram gel em nenhuma das condições experimentais utilizadas, enquanto para os IPSs tratados a 80ºC, os valores de G¿, G¿¿ e tan d foram característicos de um sólido viscoelástico, sugerindo a formação de uma matriz tridimensional estável, independente da adição de CaCl2. Os géis protéicos de soja induzidos a frio sem a presença de sal foram mais translúcidos, de estrutura menos porosa e maior capacidade de retenção de água (91,9 ¿ 82,5%) do que os obtidos com 15 mM de CaCl2. Os géis formados pela adição de 5 e 15 mM de CaCl2 foram mais opacos e consistentes do que os géis sem adição de sal. Porém, os géis formados pela adição de 15 mM CaCl2 foram mais esbranquiçados, indicando a formação de grandes agregados e com menor capacidade de retenção de água (51,2 ¿ 76,1%). Os resultados mostraram que os géis formados a frio dos IPSs tratados termicamente apresentaram características macroscópicas diferentes, atribuídas ao tipo de agregado formado na etapa de aquecimento e à quantidade de CaCl2 adicionada posteriormente. Por sua vez, o tipo de agregado formado na etapa de aquecimento teve influência principalmente da concentração de proteína e da temperatura de aquecimento. A adição de CaCl2 não foi determinante para a formação do gel, mas teve um importante papel em sua estruturação. Concluiu-se que a manipulação das condições térmicas pode conduzir à formação de agregados e géis de proteínas de soja com propriedades físico-químicas desejáveis / Abstract: The induction of gelation by high temperatures can be undesirable in some food applications. When submitted to the thermal treatment, that even moderate, some products of soy may develop not desirable flavors and aromas, limiting its application. The preparation of protein gels using cold-gelation consists of two steps: a stable dispersion of protein aggregation is obtained after heating of a solution of native proteins and gelation induced by lowering the pH or by adding salt. In contrast with the heatinduced gelation, the stage of activation of the protein in the cold-gelation process is previous to the stages of aggregation and gelation, what it allows to determine the properties of aggregates after heating and thereby control final gels properties. Although heat-induced gelation of soy protein has been extensively studied, little is known about the capacity of soy protein to form cold-set gel. The present study has investigated the effects that heat-treatment during soy protein isolates preparations (SPI) in the cold-set gelation by the addition of CaCl2. SPI was obtained from soy defatted flour and heated at 60 or 80°C after the neutralization step, followed of freeze-dried. Protein concentrations of 3 and 5% and heating times of 15 and 30 min were used in order to obtain aggregates with different physical properties. Cold-set gels were obtained from 12 and 14 % (w/w) of protein dispersions, with or without CaCl2 addition (5 and 15 mM). Denaturation followed by aggregation was verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), turbidity, water solubility, free sulfhydryl groups (SH), superficial hydrophobicity and size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). The results indicated higher aggregation degree and increased molar mass of aggregates when the protein concentration was enhanced to 5% in the pre-heating of the SPIs. The isolates without heat-treatment and the isolates heated at 60°C did not form gels in any of the experimental conditions utilized, while for the IPSs heated at 80ºC, the values of G¿, G¿¿ and tan d were characteristic of a viscous-elastic solid, suggesting the formation of a stable three-dimensional matrix, independent of CaCl2 addition. The cold-induced soy protein gels without the presence of salt were more translucent and with lower porous structure and higher water retention capacity (91.9 - 82.5%), than those obtained with 15 mM of CaCl2. The gels obtained by 5 and 15 mM of CaCl2 addition were opaque and more consistent that gels without the presence of salt. However, gels obtained by 15 mM of CaCl2 were whitened, indicating the formation of large aggregates with lower water retention capacity (51.2 - 76.1%). The results showed that the cold-set gels formed from heat treated SPIs exhibited different macroscopic characteristics, attributable to the type of aggregate formed in the heating step and to the quantity of posterior addition of CaCl2. At the same time, the type of aggregate formed in the heating step was mainly influenced by protein concentration and denaturation degree. The CaCl2 addition was not determining for gel formation but has an important role on his structure. It was concluded that manipulation of thermal conditions can lead to aggregates and soy protein isolate cold-set gels formation with desirable physicalchemical properties / Doutorado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Sonia Maria Alves Bueno / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Serracchiani_MarcelMafei_M.pdf: 2065791 bytes, checksum: 04a95a39ac0691a669c45efc9e3fc435 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A produção de proteínas recombinantes em plantas transgênicas tem se mostrado uma forma segura, eficiente e barata de obtenção em grande escala de várias proteínas de interesse, tais como vacinas, enzimas industriais, bioativos, biofarmacos e anticorpos e seus fragmentos. Contudo, para que a produção de proteínas recombinantes em plantas se torne viável é necessário o desenvolvimento de um processo de recuperação e separação da molécula alvo que seja eficiente e reprodutivo, pois a produção de biomoléculas em plantas transgênicas, assim como os métodos tradicionais de produção, apresentam componentes indesejáveis que devem ser removidos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a purificação de fragmentos Fab de IgG humana adicionados artificialmente (spiking) a extrato protéico de soja não transgênica utilizando-se a técnica de cromatografia de afinidade por íons metálicos imobilizados (IMAC). Estudou-se o efeito dos quelatos IDA-Ni(II) e TREN-Ni(II), dos sistemas tamponantes Tris-HCl, fosfato de sódio e Mes, na presença e na ausência de sal (NaCl) na purificação de fragmentos Fab. Primeiramente foram realizados experimentos cromatográficos com as proteínas nativas do extrato proteico do grão de soja. Dos resultados obtidos, selecionou-se, para o adsorvente agarose-TREN-Ni(II), o sistema tamponante Tris-HCl/Tris-HCl na ausência de NaCl, e para o adsorvente agarose-IDA-Ni(II), selecionou-se o sistema tamponante fosfato de sódio/acetato de sódio contendo NaCl. Estes sistemas tamponantes e adsorventes foram utilizados para purificação dos fragmentos Fab adicionados (spiking) ao extrato proteico de grãos de soja. Em agarose-TREN-Ni(II), os fragmentos Fab foram purificados por cromatografia negativa, obtendo-se 66% dos fragmentos Fab na etapa de flowthrough e lavagem, com um grau de pureza de 91% e fator de purificação de 1,4. Para o adsorvente agarose-IDA-Ni(II), os fragmentos Fab foram purificados por cromatografia tradicional (eluição a pH 5,8), obtendo-se alto grau de pureza do fragmento Fab purificados, com um fator de purificação de 2,5. Este estudo contribuiu para obter conhecimento de base para posterior aplicação da técnica de IMAC na purificação de proteínas recombinantes produzidas em sementes de plantas transgênicas / Abstract: The recombinant proteins production using transgenic plants have been considered a safe, efficient and cheap way of producing on large scale innumerous proteins of interest, such as vaccines, industrial enzymes, bioactives, biopharmaceuticals and antibody and it fragments. However, for the production of recombinant proteins in plants become viable is necessary to develop a process for recovery and separation of the target molecule that is efficient and reproductive, because the production of biomolecules in transgenic plants, as well as traditional production methods, have components reactions which must be removed. In this work, the purification of Fab fragments of human IgG added artificially (spiking) to extract non-transgenic soy protein, using the technique of affinity chromatography on immobilized metal ions (IMAC), was evaluated. The effect of chelating agents IDA-Ni(II) and TREN-Ni(II), and the buffers Tris, sodium phosphate and Mes, in presence and the absent of NaCl, was studied for the Fab purification. First, the chromatographic experiments with the native proteins of soybean extract were performed. From the results obtained, it was selected, for the adsorbent TREN-Ni(II), the buffers system Tris-HCl/Tris-HCl without NaCl, and for the adsorbent IDA-Ni(II), the buffer system sodium phosphate/ sodium acetate with NaCl was selected. These adsorbents and buffer systems were used for purification of Fab fragments added (spiking) to soybean extract proteins. In the agarose adsorbent TREN-Ni (II), Fab fragments were purified by negative chromatography, obtaining 66% of Fab fragments in flowthrough and wash steps with a purity of 91% and purification factor of 1.4. For the adsorbent agarose-IDA-Ni (II), Fab fragments were purified by traditional chromatography (elution at pH 5.8), obtaining a high purity of the purified FAB, with a purification factor of 2.5. This study contributed to obtain knowledge base for application of the technique on the IMAC purification of recombinant proteins produced in transgenic plant seeds / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

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Electrospinning of nanofibrous mats and scaffolds enables generation of scaffolding that is not only highly porous, but also has a structure that essentially mimics the natural basement membrane. As a result, the method has proliferated extensively, and is commonly used for diverse applications such as water filtration or tissue engineering, the latter of which may involve the use of natural or synthetic materials. Common laboratory scale electrospinning setups can be built inexpensively with merely a syringe pump, a high voltage supply, and an aluminum foil target. These systems, however, are limited to flat target surface geometries that span several centimeters. While a scaffold can be cut or folded to conform to a bone or other biological surface, spinning directly onto a surface with significant peaks and troughs results in poor fiber uniformity. Furthermore, if an alteration of fiber properties is preferred, the high voltage setup limits user access and customization of parameters during the spinning period. Finally, control of the electric field is compromised by the proximity of grounded electrical components. As its first aim, this project develops a robotic control system to enable custom coatings of arbitrary surfaces. By augmenting the traditional electrospinning system with a three-dimensional robotic control system, electric field focusing fibers, and additional aerodynamic forces terms ‘electroblowing’, the device can be produced across targets with strong topographic anisotropy. The second aim continues to enhance these attributes with biocompatible soy based scaffolds. Craniofacial implants are often complex in geometry, and conformal bandages are particularly hard to produce in these areas. Soy based scaffolds will be produced for 3D-printed replicas of these situations. Finally, the methods developed across this aim enables the development and use of a handheld electrospinning system that combines a coaxial high velocity air flow with the high voltage spinning element to reduce effects of operator error. The final goal of the thesis is to test whether fiber control successfully reduces effects of fiber anisotropy in vitro and to use the enhanced fiber control mechanisms to produce scaffolds with significant anisotropy, depositing aligned fibers at a target point to eventually enable generation of scaffolds with programmable variable spatial alignment similar to tendon. When completed, the systems described will enable custom production of coatings or scaffolds for functionality as scaffolding on medically relevant surfaces. Specifically, this means first, that scaffolds can be used with confidence to improve fixation even of non-cylindrical implants and enhance local tissue integration, and second, that implants can be customized with areas of ‘guidance’ fibers or local drug depots to either promote regeneration and population by surrounding tissue or mimic natural anisotropic cues necessary for mechanical or biological functionality. / Bioengineering

D. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality, Faculty of Human Sciences)|cVaal University of Technology / Main Purpose of the study: To evaluate the impact of soy protein feeding intervention over a period of six months on the nutritional status of an elderly (≥60 years old) community of Sharpeville, in which poverty, household food security and malnutrition were prevalent. Methods: An experimental design that had no control group but a comparison between hypercholesterolaemic (HC) and normocholesterolaemic (NC) groups was used with 134 randomly selected elderly respondents. The first stage involved a baseline survey which determined the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and nutritional status among participants. Measurements included biochemical indices (serum lipids, vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine), anthropometry (weight, height and waist circumference) and dietary intake using 24h-recall and 7-day dietary diversity questionnaire. Socio-demographic information gathered from previous studies on the same subjects was used. The second stage was the preparation, formulation, and implementation of a nutrition education programme to assess its impact on nutrition knowledge after the nutrition education intervention. The nutrition education was conducted in two sections, namely an exploratory study and an experimental study. An exploratory study was conducted to assess the nutrition education needs of the elderly and was followed by the experimental study, which assessed nutrition knowledge before and after the intervention. The third stage was the implementation of the 10 grams soy protein daily feeding intervention for a period of six months and evaluation of its impact on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and on nutritional status. Sensory tests, compliance and the same measurements conducted at baseline were used at follow-up (feeding intervention). A comparison of the findings of the baseline study and follow-up study was conducted. Also to provide deeper insight into the effect of soy on the risk factors for CVD and nutritional status, respondents were further stratified into HC and NC groups based on their LDL-C levels at baseline study and results were also presented as such. The data analyses included descriptive statistics and t-tests on SPSS version 21.0. Results: From the baseline study, the dietary intake results revealed a poor dietary intake which contributed to inadequate estimated average requirements (EAR) and adequate intakes (AI) of nutrients. A mainly carbohydrate-based diet was consumed with minimal intake of dairy and legumes despite a medium dietary diversity score. The anthropometric indices at baseline indicated over-nutrition based on the reported waist circumference 97.32±10.32 (80.6%) above substantial risk of CDL, obesity (75.3%) and hypertension (56.7%), with the highest percentages for both waist circumference of substantial risk and overweight/obesity found among the women (80.9% and 79.9% respectively) and for hypertension among the men (79.1%). For the biochemical results at baseline, the prevalence of risk factors for CVD was observed as abnormal mean serum lipids such as LDL-cholesterol (3.6±1.1), HDL-cholesterol (0.73±0.4), total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (7.9±2.9), triglyceride:HDL-cholesterol ratio (2.7±2.1) and homocysteine (17.1±9.2) in the total group. The women had high TC (5.2±1.1) indicating borderline risk of CVD as compared with men who had lower TC (4.5±0.8) and this was significantly different (p=0.049). The nutrition education programme was effective in increasing knowledge with an improvement of 14.5 percent from pre- (62.3%) to post-test (76.8%) for the total group which was statistically significant (p=0.000). The results for the soy protein feeding intervention, the dietary intake for the total group indicated a statistically significant decrease in energy intake (p=0.001), by about 20.4 percent form baseline to follow-up, while energy intake at baseline was already below the EAR. Also a statistically significant decrease was seen from baseline to follow-up for total dietary fat (p=0.004), cholesterol (p=0.008) and animal protein (p=0.000), with a statistically significant increase only on dietary folate (p=0.001) and iron (0.001). These dietary changes were also observed for the HC and NC groups after the intervention with only fat not decreasing significantly for the HC group. For the anthropometry indices, and hypertension no significant impact after the intervention for the total group and also for the HC and NC groups was observed. The biochemical results indicated a beneficial effect of the soy-based products on the following serum lipids: a significant improvement in LDL-C (p=0.000), HDL-C (p=0.000) and TC:HDL ratio (p=0.000) for the HC group while only TC:HDL ratio showed a significant improvement for the NC group after the intervention. However, high risk factors for CVD in this elderly group were still observed, with a significant decrease after the intervention of serum folate (p=0.000) below the recommended level and a significant increase in homocysteine (p=0.000) above the recommended level. Significant differences between the HC and NC groups were seen in TC, LDL-C, LDL:HDL-C ratio and TC:HDL-C ratio at the beginning of the intervention (baseline). However, at the end of the intervention (follow-up), significant differences were observed only in TC, LDL-C and homocysteine. Conclusion: Although the energy intake reduced significantly, only three of the micro-nutrients (pantothenate, Niacin and selenium) had a significant decrease between baseline and follow-up. Therefore the nutritional status of these elderly was not affected as it was also observed that there was no significant impact on anthropometric indices that took place. However this intervention had a significant impact on iron intake, which was one of the deficiencies identified amongst this elderly people from previous study. Also the nutrition education and a daily consumption of at least 10g of soy had a significant beneficial effect on LDL-C, HDL-C and TC:HDL ratio for the HC groups, thus reducing risk of CVD. Although soy had a beneficial effect on blood lipid profile no effect on hypertension was observed. The guideline of a 25g intake of soy should be encouraged as recommended by FDA as an effective cholesterol-lowering food item.

Embora a indústria da carne utilize a marinação em larga escala, o comportamento da penetração da salmoura em bifes massageados de carne bovina é pouco conhecido. O músculo Biceps femoris tem sido considerado pouco macio e suculento e apresentado grande variação de maciez intermuscular. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da marinação com adição de proteína hidrolisada de soja sobre a estrutura muscular de porções distintas do Biceps femoris e suas implicações sobre a qualidade de carne. No Capítulo 2, 3 e 4, seis músculos bovinos foram submetidos aos tratamentos: CONTROLE (bifes não massageados), CS (bifes massageados com salmoura) e SPHS (bifes massageados com salmoura adicionada de proteína hidrolisada de soja). No capítulo 2, os músculos foram divididos em duas porções: Origem (PO) e Inserção (PI), e os tempos de massageamento foram 30 e 60 min. No capítulo 3 e 4, os músculos foram divididos em três porções: Origem (PO), Inserção 1 (PI1) e Inserção 2 (PI2), e os bifes destas porções foram armazenados por 1 e 12 dias após equalização da salmoura, exceto os bifes CONTROLE que foram armazenados somente por 1 dia. As análises realizadas foram: mensuração da penetração da salmoura, determinação do melhor tempo de massageamento, pH, rendimento (REND), colágeno total (CT), composição centesimal, perdas por gotejamento (PPG), perdas por cocção (PPC), força de cisalhamento (FC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análises microbiológicas e sensoriais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, onde cada músculo representou um bloco. A análise de mensuração da penetração da salmoura demonstrou que os bifes SPHS, massageados por maior tempo (60 min), obtiveram maior absorção e retenção de salmoura ao longo da profundidade dos bifes. A PI2 apresentou menor quantidade de CT em comparação às demais, para o CONTROLE. Já os bifes CS e SPHS da PO e PI1 obtiveram menores quantidades de CT em comparação aos bifes destes mesmos tratamentos da PI2. Os bifes massageados não sofreram efeito de tempo de armazenamento e foram mais macios, suculentos e melhor pontuados para impressão global em comparação ao CONTROLE. O pH dos bifes se elevou com os tratamentos CS e SPHS e pareceu influenciar sobre o REND das porções de forma que, a PO obteve menor pH e maior REND, enquanto a PI resultou em maior pH e menor REND. Menores PPG, PPC e FC foram observados para os bifes CS e SPHS e o período de 12 dias de armazenamento permitiu que as PPC e FC diminuíssem. Respostas similares entre a maciez sensorial e objetiva foram observadas nas porções do músculo de forma que, as PIs foram mais macias do que a PO. A analise MEV demonstrou inchaço das fibras e diminuição dos espaços interfibrilares nos bifes massageados CS e SPHS. / Although meat industry uses marination in large-scale, the brine penetration behavior in tumbled steaks from bovines is little known. The Biceps femoris muscle has been considered little tender and juicy, and presented large range of intramuscular tenderness. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of marination added of hydrolyzed soy protein on the muscular structure of different portions from the Biceps femoris and its implication on beef quality. In Chapter 2, 3 and 4, steaks from six bovine muscles were submitted to the treatments: CONTROL (no tumbling or addition of brine), WTB (with tumbling and addition of brine), and WTB/HSP (with tumbling and addition of brine plus hydrolyzed soy protein). In Chapter 2, the muscles were divided in two portions: Origin (OP) and Insertion (IP), and the tumbling times were 30 and 60 min. In Chapter 3 and 4, the muscles were divided in three portions: Origin (OP), Insertion 1 (IP1) and Insertion 2 (IP2), and their steaks were stored for 1 and 12 days after equalization of brine, except to the CONTROL steaks that were only stored for 1 day. The analyses performed were: monitoring of brine penetration, pH, yield (YIE), total collagen (TC), proximate composition, drip loss (DL), cooking loss (CL), shear force (SF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microbiologic and sensory. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, where each muscle represented one block. The analysis of monitoring of the brine penetration showed that the WTB/HSP steaks, tumbled for largest time (60 min), had higher absorption and retention of brine along the depth of the steaks. The IP2 presented lower TC amount in relation to other portions, in CONTROL steaks. However, the WTB and WTB/HSP steaks from OP and IP1 had lower TC amount when compared to IP2, in these same treatments. The tumbled steaks were not affected by storing time and were tender, juicier and better scored for overall satisfaction with regard to CONTROL steaks. The pH of the steaks was elevated with the WTB and WTB/HSP treatments and appeared to influence the YIE of the portions, where OP had lower pH and higher YIE, while IP resulted in higher pH and lower YIE. Lower DL, CL and SF were observed for WTB and WTB/HSP steaks and the storing time of 12 days allowed that the CL and SF declined. Similar responses between sensory tenderness and SF were observed in the muscle portions, which IPs were tender than OP. The SEM analysis showed swelling of fibers and decrease of spaces between fibrils in tumbled WTB and WTB/HSP steaks