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ABSTRACT PRIVACY AND SEGREGATION AS A BASIS FOR ANALYZING AND MODELLING THE URBAN SPACE COMPOSITION OF THE LIBYAN TRADITIONAL CITY CASE STUDY: THE CITY OF GHADAMES Faraj Abubaker El-Agouri Ph.D., Department of City and Regional Planning Supervisor: Asoc. Dr. Baykan Gunay October, 296 pages The study examines the spatial and visual privacy in different areas within the walled city of Ghadames, where different ethnic communities live in distinct localities. Conceptual and theoretical notions of privacy are tested, whose ultimate value is further refinement of privacy regulation conceptually and operationally. Complexities of privacy as a concept and its regulation are clarified through theory and extracted spatio-cultural information about physical settings created by these communities. The space syntax and isovist field analysis are applied as an integrated methodology. The study demonstrates usefulness and adaptability of this integrated approach, which provides a fairly definitive interpretation (i.e. understanding) of physical settings of the city that residents as well as visitors perceive as regulating privacy, and where privacy fits into the user&rsquo / s perception. The structure of the thesis can be understood as consisting of three parts. Part one includes literature about privacy definition, functions, regulating mechanisms, framework within the context of culture as well as the interface between private and public spaces. Second part introduces theory of space syntax and concept of visibility graph analysis (Isovist field). It also introduces the case study of Ghadames, field survey and observations. It illuminates the inhabitants&rsquo / lifestyle, and show how they label spaces by function, gender and user identity. Part three analyses syntactically and visually the spatial structures for the whole walled city as well as the nine selected ethnic communities as embedded within the city and in isolation. In brief, this study attempts to observe and quantify physical settings as privacy regulation mechanisms that operate within context of culture. Mechanisms are the physical elements that facilitate or impede privacy regulation in the city and/or enable users themselves to regulate privacy through their own locales. The elements are composed of field characteristics and barriers. Field characteristics regulate privacy by perceptually altering the physical context through shape, size, orientation, and environmental conditions. Barriers regulate privacy physically and symbolically through walls, screens, objects, and symbols.

Este estudo trata da relação entre a comunicação visual urbana e sua percepção e uso pelos indivíduos em deslocamento pela cidade. A investigação concentrou-se na avaliação dos desempenhos estético e funcional da comunicação visual urbana em relação à influência que cada desempenho tem na apreensão do espaço construído segundo duas condições de mobilidade do transeunte ― a pé e de ônibus, e foi realizada através de um estudo de caso. Para tal, foram propostas três categorias de comunicação visual urbana: Comunicação de Ponto de Venda, Sinalização Urbana Pública e Mídia Exterior, elaborada uma metodologia a partir da Sintaxe Espacial e da Percepção Ambiental e selecionadas duas vias de Porto Alegre. A metodologia propõe o estudo do transeunte em dois aspectos: a identificação espacial do transeunte, utilizando a análise sintática do espaço urbano, e a percepção diferencial do transeunte, através da avaliação da percepção da qualidade visual do ambiente construído. Foram exploradas as hipóteses de que (1) de modo geral, as pessoas não prestam atenção à comunicação visual urbana, (2) existe uma percepção diferencial entre o transeunte em deslocamento a pé e o transeunte em deslocamento em ônibus, e (3) esta diferenciação incide sobre as categorias e os desempenhos da comunicação visual urbana. Os resultados mostram que desempenho estético influencia a percepção dos dois tipos de transeuntes, entretanto o desempenho funcional é especialmente relevante para os transeuntes de ônibus. / The present study deals with the relationship between urban visual communication and its perception and use by individuals in displacement across the city. The research focused on the evaluation of both aesthetic and functional performances of urban visual communication regarding the influence that each performance has in the apprehension of built space in two conditions of mobility of passers-by: on foot and by bus, and was carried out through a study case. For this purpose, three categories of urban visual communication were proposed: Point of Purchase Communication, Urban and Public Signaling and Outdoors Media; a methodology based on Space Syntax and Environmental Perception was developed and two itineraries in Porto Alegre were selected. The methodology proposes the study of the passer-by under two aspects: space identification of the passer-by, using syntactic analysis of urban space; and differential perception of the passer-by, assessing the perception of the visual quality of built environment. Hypotheses have been explored that (1) in general, people do not pay attention to urban visual communication, (2) there is a differential perception between passers-by in displacement on foot and passers-by in displacement by bus, (3) this differentiation focuses on the categories and performances of urban visual communication. Results show that aesthetic performance influences the perception of the two types of passers-by. However, functional performance is especially relevant to the passer-by in displacement by bus.

A copresença corresponde ao conjunto de pessoas que compartilham um espaço comum - não necessariamente interagindo entre si - e o seu estudo procura entender como o espaço que as permeia interfere na maneira como elas se movem, param, encontram outras pessoas e tem seu comportamento regulado pela presença de outros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi, portanto, explicar os padrões da copresença em ruas a partir de seus atributos espaciais, buscando, especificamente, identificá-los e hierarquizá-los. Para isso, o fenômeno foi abordado a partir da análise dos padrões espaciais estabelecidos em segmentos de rua de loteamentos residenciais dispersos de cidades médias brasileiras, fazendo uso da análise configuracional da forma urbana – especificamente sintaxe espacial – e das diferenciações espaciais promovidas pelas atividades urbanas e pela permeabilidade física e visual entre espaços públicos e privados. Tinha-se como questão de pesquisa: quais as características espaciais influentes para a copresença em espaços públicos de loteamentos residenciais dispersos? A hipótese era que a copresença, nesse contexto sócio-espacial, seria influenciada, sobretudo, pelos atributos morfológicos configuracionais, os quais informam os potenciais de encontro social no sistema espacial da cidade Foram analisados dois loteamentos residenciais dispersos na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), com características espaciais diferenciadas e padrões de copresença próprios. A metodologia utilizada teve enfoque quantitativo, sendo utilizados modelos de regressão linear generalizados (MLGs) para inferência das relações entre as variáveis independentes e cada variável dependente, no caso, a copresença categorizada em pedestres parados e em movimento, em dias típicos (terças, quartas e quintasfeiras) e atípicos (domingos). Os atributos morfológicos configuracionais tiveram significância estatística para quase todos os modelos de regressão, validando a hipótese para o loteamento 1. No loteamento 2, a copresença foi melhor explicada pelas atividades urbanas. Os resultados referentes à permeabilidade física e visual mostraram-se inconclusivos em ambas as áreas de estudo. / Co-presence corresponds to the group of people who share a common space - not necessarily interacting with each other - and its study aims to understand how the space that permeates them interferes in the way they move, stop, find other people and have their behavior regulated by the presence of others. The main objective of this research was therefore to explain the patterns of copresence in streets from their spatial attributes, specifically seeking to identify them and to hierarchize them. The approach of the phenomenon was quantitative and based on the analysis of spatial patterns established in street segments of dispersed residential neighborhoods of Brazilian medium-sized cities, making use of configurational analysis of urban form - specifically space syntax - and spatial differentiation generated by urban activities and by physical and visual permeability between public and private spaces. The research question was: which spatial characteristics influence co-presence in public spaces of dispersed residential neighborhoods? The hypothesis was that co-presence would be influenced mainly by the configurational morphological attributes, which inform the potential of social encounter in the city's spatial system Two dispersed residential neighborhoods with different spatial characteristics and unique co-presence patterns were analyzed in Santa Maria city (RS). The methodology used generalized linear models (GLMs) to infer relations between the independent variables and each dependent variable: in this case, the co-presence categories of stationary and moving pedestrians on typical days (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays) and atypical days (Sundays). The configurational morphological attributes had statistical significance for almost all regression models, validating the hypothesis for neighborhood 1. In neighborhood 2, co-presence was mainly explained by urban activities. The results regarding physical and visual permeability were inconclusive for both study areas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoBCJ_TESE.pdf: 6737627 bytes, checksum: 54ccdbaf20043e5b352ae0dd8029e04b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The aim of this work is to understand the morphological expression of ground occupation by the higher income population, by focusing on population distribution in accordance with income layers and demographical density, as well as topological accessibility (HILLIER and HANSON, 1984) resulting from the urban grid structure. It endeavors to identify a functional organizing principle regarding the intra-urban space of Natal capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the research focus. In order to achieve this, census data as well as syntactic data were utilized for mapping and spatial analysis of income patterns, topological accessibility and demographical density using Geographical Information System GIS. The organizing principle was named as the Form of Privilege, a pattern that concentrates or tends to concentrate wealth, topological accessibility and low demographical density. Attempting to assess its extent, beyond Natal, this principle was applied to other Brazilian northeastern capitals such as: Fortaleza, CE; Teresina, PI; Aracaju, SE; Recife, PE; and Jo?o Pessoa, PB. Findings point out that although the urban structures of these cities are not immune to the Form of Privilege, Natal is emblematic of this phenomenon, a fact that demonstrates the perverse character of its spatial process, which historically creates privileged areas within the city, by means of the appropriation of accessibility as well as of the many urban benesses that are related to it by higher income groups at the expense of the major part of the population, which though being the people mostly in need of the benefits originating from the urban form are excluded from them / Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender a express?o morfol?gica da ocupa??o do solo pelas camadas de alta renda a partir dos padr?es de distribui??o da popula??o segundo faixas de renda, densidade demogr?fica e acessibilidade topol?gica (HILLIER e HANSON, 1984) resultante da estrutura da malha urbana de Natal capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e universo de estudo da presente pesquisa , buscando na rela??o entre esses padr?es, identificar um princ?pio organizador do funcionamento do espa?o intra-urbano. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados censit?rios e sint?ticos no mapeamento e an?lises espaciais dos padr?es da renda, acessibilidade topol?gica e densidade demogr?fica em Sistemas de Informa??o Geogr?fica SIG. Ao princ?pio organizador deu-se o nome de A Forma do Privil?gio: uma determinada forma que concentra ou tende a concentrar riqueza, acessibilidade topol?gica e baixa densidade demogr?fica. Com o objetivo de testar seu alcance, al?m de Natal-RN, observou-se esse princ?pio em outras capitais nordestinas: Fortaleza-CE, Teresina-PI, Aracaju-SE, Recife-PE e Jo?o Pessoa-PB. Os resultados apontam que suas estruturas urbanas n?o s?o indiferentes ao princ?pio da Forma do Privil?gio, no entanto, Natal ? exemplo emblem?tico da Forma do Privil?gio, fato que demonstra o car?ter perverso de seus processos espaciais, que ao criarem historicamente uma ?rea privilegiada na cidade, marcada pela apropria??o da acessibilidade topol?gica pelas camadas de alta renda, ao mesmo tempo e pelo mesmo processo, excluem a maior parte da popula??o, exatamente aquela que mais necessita dos frutos e benef?cios oriundos da forma urbana

A copresença corresponde ao conjunto de pessoas que compartilham um espaço comum - não necessariamente interagindo entre si - e o seu estudo procura entender como o espaço que as permeia interfere na maneira como elas se movem, param, encontram outras pessoas e tem seu comportamento regulado pela presença de outros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi, portanto, explicar os padrões da copresença em ruas a partir de seus atributos espaciais, buscando, especificamente, identificá-los e hierarquizá-los. Para isso, o fenômeno foi abordado a partir da análise dos padrões espaciais estabelecidos em segmentos de rua de loteamentos residenciais dispersos de cidades médias brasileiras, fazendo uso da análise configuracional da forma urbana – especificamente sintaxe espacial – e das diferenciações espaciais promovidas pelas atividades urbanas e pela permeabilidade física e visual entre espaços públicos e privados. Tinha-se como questão de pesquisa: quais as características espaciais influentes para a copresença em espaços públicos de loteamentos residenciais dispersos? A hipótese era que a copresença, nesse contexto sócio-espacial, seria influenciada, sobretudo, pelos atributos morfológicos configuracionais, os quais informam os potenciais de encontro social no sistema espacial da cidade Foram analisados dois loteamentos residenciais dispersos na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), com características espaciais diferenciadas e padrões de copresença próprios. A metodologia utilizada teve enfoque quantitativo, sendo utilizados modelos de regressão linear generalizados (MLGs) para inferência das relações entre as variáveis independentes e cada variável dependente, no caso, a copresença categorizada em pedestres parados e em movimento, em dias típicos (terças, quartas e quintasfeiras) e atípicos (domingos). Os atributos morfológicos configuracionais tiveram significância estatística para quase todos os modelos de regressão, validando a hipótese para o loteamento 1. No loteamento 2, a copresença foi melhor explicada pelas atividades urbanas. Os resultados referentes à permeabilidade física e visual mostraram-se inconclusivos em ambas as áreas de estudo. / Co-presence corresponds to the group of people who share a common space - not necessarily interacting with each other - and its study aims to understand how the space that permeates them interferes in the way they move, stop, find other people and have their behavior regulated by the presence of others. The main objective of this research was therefore to explain the patterns of copresence in streets from their spatial attributes, specifically seeking to identify them and to hierarchize them. The approach of the phenomenon was quantitative and based on the analysis of spatial patterns established in street segments of dispersed residential neighborhoods of Brazilian medium-sized cities, making use of configurational analysis of urban form - specifically space syntax - and spatial differentiation generated by urban activities and by physical and visual permeability between public and private spaces. The research question was: which spatial characteristics influence co-presence in public spaces of dispersed residential neighborhoods? The hypothesis was that co-presence would be influenced mainly by the configurational morphological attributes, which inform the potential of social encounter in the city's spatial system Two dispersed residential neighborhoods with different spatial characteristics and unique co-presence patterns were analyzed in Santa Maria city (RS). The methodology used generalized linear models (GLMs) to infer relations between the independent variables and each dependent variable: in this case, the co-presence categories of stationary and moving pedestrians on typical days (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays) and atypical days (Sundays). The configurational morphological attributes had statistical significance for almost all regression models, validating the hypothesis for neighborhood 1. In neighborhood 2, co-presence was mainly explained by urban activities. The results regarding physical and visual permeability were inconclusive for both study areas.

Este estudo trata da relação entre a comunicação visual urbana e sua percepção e uso pelos indivíduos em deslocamento pela cidade. A investigação concentrou-se na avaliação dos desempenhos estético e funcional da comunicação visual urbana em relação à influência que cada desempenho tem na apreensão do espaço construído segundo duas condições de mobilidade do transeunte ― a pé e de ônibus, e foi realizada através de um estudo de caso. Para tal, foram propostas três categorias de comunicação visual urbana: Comunicação de Ponto de Venda, Sinalização Urbana Pública e Mídia Exterior, elaborada uma metodologia a partir da Sintaxe Espacial e da Percepção Ambiental e selecionadas duas vias de Porto Alegre. A metodologia propõe o estudo do transeunte em dois aspectos: a identificação espacial do transeunte, utilizando a análise sintática do espaço urbano, e a percepção diferencial do transeunte, através da avaliação da percepção da qualidade visual do ambiente construído. Foram exploradas as hipóteses de que (1) de modo geral, as pessoas não prestam atenção à comunicação visual urbana, (2) existe uma percepção diferencial entre o transeunte em deslocamento a pé e o transeunte em deslocamento em ônibus, e (3) esta diferenciação incide sobre as categorias e os desempenhos da comunicação visual urbana. Os resultados mostram que desempenho estético influencia a percepção dos dois tipos de transeuntes, entretanto o desempenho funcional é especialmente relevante para os transeuntes de ônibus. / The present study deals with the relationship between urban visual communication and its perception and use by individuals in displacement across the city. The research focused on the evaluation of both aesthetic and functional performances of urban visual communication regarding the influence that each performance has in the apprehension of built space in two conditions of mobility of passers-by: on foot and by bus, and was carried out through a study case. For this purpose, three categories of urban visual communication were proposed: Point of Purchase Communication, Urban and Public Signaling and Outdoors Media; a methodology based on Space Syntax and Environmental Perception was developed and two itineraries in Porto Alegre were selected. The methodology proposes the study of the passer-by under two aspects: space identification of the passer-by, using syntactic analysis of urban space; and differential perception of the passer-by, assessing the perception of the visual quality of built environment. Hypotheses have been explored that (1) in general, people do not pay attention to urban visual communication, (2) there is a differential perception between passers-by in displacement on foot and passers-by in displacement by bus, (3) this differentiation focuses on the categories and performances of urban visual communication. Results show that aesthetic performance influences the perception of the two types of passers-by. However, functional performance is especially relevant to the passer-by in displacement by bus.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-18T18:28:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - CRESCIMENTO URBANO VERSUS URBANIDADE - ANDRÉ GUSTAVO OLIVEIRA - CD.pdf: 8223644 bytes, checksum: c3dd9e497b80d9bd4b919343abef5f0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T18:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - CRESCIMENTO URBANO VERSUS URBANIDADE - ANDRÉ GUSTAVO OLIVEIRA - CD.pdf: 8223644 bytes, checksum: c3dd9e497b80d9bd4b919343abef5f0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-13 / A cidade contemporânea cresce de modo cada vez mais dinâmico e multifacetado. O confronto de interesses na produção do espaço promove problemas sociais e espaciais diversos. Para o desenvolvimento urbano e social adequado, torna-se necessário avançar em estudos sobre os agentes, ações e suas consequências. Enquanto as metrópoles apresentam situações espaciais precárias e de baixa urbanidade, o ônus destas estruturas à funcionalidade e qualidade de vida induz, em parte, ao crescimento acelerado de cidades médias, as quais, sem devido controle, reproduzem a problemática das metrópoles. Neste contexto, aborda-se aqui a cidade de Caruaru, localizada na região Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco, que, com uma população urbana superior a 300.000 habitantes, figura como a maior cidade do interior do Estado fora da Região Metropolitana do Recife, e se destaca por seus elevados índices de crescimento. Tendo como foco a análise espacial da cidade e seus desdobramentos a apropriação social, se utiliza aqui principalmente da Teoria da Sintaxe Espacial, desenvolvida por Hillier e Hanson (1984). Após contextualização quanto à constituição espacial da cidade de Caruaru, propõe-se a análise de seu processo de crescimento, tomando como referência do ano de 2004, em que foi aprovado seu atual Plano Diretor, a 2015, situação atual. A análise da expansão, desde 2004, sugere problemas dos instrumentos de planejamento urbano então vigentes, que, caso não sejam revistos, podem se agravar com o tempo. Para evidenciar tal hipótese, foram simuladas situações de crescimento urbano, seguindo padrões correntes de crescimento. / The contemporary city grows increasingly dynamic and multifaceted way. The clash of interests in the production of space promotes various social and spatial problems. For an urban development and adequate social, it is necessary to advance in studies about the agents, actions and their consequences. While the major cities presents precarious spatial situations and low urbanity, the burden of these structures to the functionality and quality of life induces in part to the rapid growth of medium-sized cities, which, without proper control, reproduce the problems of cities. In this context, we discuss here the city of Caruaru, located in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, which, with a higher urban population of 300,000 inhabitants, stands as the largest city in the state outside the metropolitan area of Recife, and It stands out for its high growth rates. Focusing on the spatial analysis of the city and its development, the social appropriation is used here mainly of the Theory of Space Syntax, developed by Hillier and Hanson (1984). After contextualization about the spatial constitution of the city of Caruaru, it proposes the analysis of its growth process, taking as reference the year 2004, which was adopted its current Master Plan, to the 2015 current situation. The analysis of expansion since 2004 suggests problems of urban planning instruments then in force, which, if not revised, may worsen with time. To demonstrate this hypothesis, urban growth situations were simulated, following current growth patterns.

Il semble communément admis que l’espace et le crime sont intimement liés. L’origine sociale du délinquant et les caractéristiques sociales des quartiers criminogènes ont souvent été mises en avant comme facteurs explicatifs de la concentration de la délinquance. Pourtant la localisation du crime ne semble pas être due au hasard. L’espace joue un rôle primordial tant dans la manifestation du crime que dans sa persistance. Etudier le crime du point de vue géographique et de l’analyse spatiale nécessite à la fois une définition précise de l’acte ou du comportement illicite, mais également une quantification ainsi qu’une géolocalisation à l’échelle la plus fine possible. En France le niveau départemental voire communal représente le niveau le plus bas disponible en termes de statistiques criminelles. Cependant l’analyse de la relation entre l’aménagement de l’espace urbain et la distribution spatiale du crime nécessite une donnée à l’échelle de la rue. L’agglomération de Marseille a été retenue comme espace d’étude en raison de son profil économique et social particulier. La capitale régionale de Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur compte un nombre important de quartiers concernés par la nouvelle géographie prioritaire de la politique de la ville. Elle se caractérise aussi par son titre controversé de ville la plus criminogène de France. Cette idée forgée au cours du 20ème siècle a été alimentée par le rôle de Marseille comme principal port de l’Empire Colonial Français. Les marchandises illicites surent profiter des lignes commerciales régulières pour entrer sur le territoire national via le port. Au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale la ville devint la capitale mondiale de la transformation de la morphine-base et de l’exportation de l’héroïne jusqu’à ce qu’en 1969 le président des Etats-Unis d’Amérique : Richard Nixon décide de mener une lutte farouche contre le trafic de stupéfiants à destination de son pays. Entre récession économique et trafic dynamique de la drogue, Marseille est chaque année concernée par près d’une quinzaine d’homicides majoritairement liés à la guerre des voyous pour le contrôle du trafic de stupéfiants. Ces « règlements de compte entre malfaiteurs» d’après la désignation officielle ne représentent qu’une infime partie de la délinquance sévissant dans la commune. Cependant ces meurtres qui sont assez rares pour être systématiquement rapportés par les différents médias sont suffisamment nombreux pour permettre une cartographie de la délinquance suite au référencement de chaque homicide dans un système d’information géographique. Une fois les analyses spatiales de la distribution d’un semis de points effectuées, une analyse d’image par morphologie mathématique a été réalisée pour délimiter scientifiquement les zones de concentration du crime. L’objectif de la recherche consistant à identifier les caractéristiques de la configuration géographique de l’aménagement urbain qui permettent d’expliquer la distribution spatiale du crime. Différentes représentations de l’espace urbain et des réseaux spatiaux convertis en graphes primaux ou duaux ont été utilisées pour discerner les quartiers les plus isolés et à l’inverse les lieux les plus centraux et intégrés. Aux différents indices mathématiques de centralité calculés sur les réseaux spatiaux s’ajoute une représentation des interactions entre les espaces ouverts sous la forme d’un graphe conçu d’après la théorie de la syntaxe spatiale. Les différents indices calculés devant vérifier si les zones de concentration des règlements de compte entre malfaiteurs à Marseille sont systématiquement localisées dans des quartiers facilement accessibles comme le laisserait suggérer la présence d’un trafic de drogue dynamique ou au contraire dans des lieux ségrégés et difficiles d’accès pouvant expliquer la dégradation urbaine et sociale perceptible dans ces espaces. / It seems to be widely agreed that space and crime are closely related. The social origin of the offenders and social characteristics of criminogenic districts have frequently been brought forward as determining factors of crime density. However, crime does not seem to be located randomly. Space takes a primordial role both in the outbreak of crime and his persistence. Study of crime with a geographical approach and space analysis requires both a clear definition of criminal act or behaviour and a quantification as well as georeferencing of the events on a finer scale. In France, the departments nay the municipalities represent the lowest level in terms of crime statistics. Nevertheless, data at the street level are required in order to understand the relation between urban pattern and crime distribution. The city of Marseille has been chosen as the study area due to it’s particular economic and social profile. The capital city of region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur has a large number of neighbourhoods concerned by the new French urban policy. Marseille counts 35 "priority districts" taking up 35 squares kilometres where about 237 877 inhabitants lived according to the census of 2013, which represents 28% of the global population of the city. The bad reputation of Marseille known as the most criminal city of France was built during the 20th century when Marseille was the main port of the French Colonial Empire. Illicit goods were brought into the national territory through regular trade routes via the harbour. After the Second World War, Marseille became the world capital of heroin production and exportation until the president of the United States of the America, Richard Nixon, decided to put up a fierce battle against drug traffic to his country. Between economic recession and dynamic drugs traffic, Marseille is impacted by about fifteen murders every year, for the most part directly linked with the dealers’ war to control drug market. The settling of scores between criminals represents only a small portion of serious and petty crimes occurring each year within the municipal boundaries. Such assassinations are rare enough to justify a regular media coverage and frequent enough to generate crime mapping. Once the crime mapping of every assassination was done, a point pattern analysis was performed. Then, an image analysis with mathematical morphology was conducted in order to determine the influence area of the phenomenon. This step has allowed to determine the bandwidth of the Kernel density estimation applied to mark out the crime hotspots. The aim of this research is to determine which characteristics of the geographical pattern of the built environment could explain crime density in some locations. Do the spaces where settling of scores take place have identical specificities ? Do the crime hotspots drastically differ from other areas ? To detect segregated districts on one hand and central places on the other hand, different representations of the urban pattern and the road network have been used. Beyond the different mathematical measures of centrality calculated on spatial network, the representation of the interactions between the open spaces into a dual graph have been fulfilled in order to apply space syntax theory. Measures calculated according space syntax methodology should prove if crime hotspots in Marseille are systematically located in easily reachable areas as suggested by the presence of a dynamic drug trade or, on the contrary, in segregated neighbourhoods difficult to access, which could explain the social and urban degradation discernible in such locations.

No description available.