Rörelse i staden är avgörande för hur staden fungerar. Platser och stråk med stora flöden har annorlunda förutsättningar än platser och stråk med små flöden. Flödena påverkas i sin tur av stadens struktur.  Det här examensarbetet handlar om hur förtätning kan vara en del i en medveten förändring av stadsstrukturen och hur man genom förändringar i stadsstrukturen kan skapa varierande rumsliga förutsättningar som kan utgöra ett ramverk för framtida utformning. Föremålet för den här studien är området runt Årstabergs pendeltågsstation i södra Stockholm. Området är en viktig kollektivtrafikknutpunkt och många människor passerar här dagligen för att byta mellan olika kollektivtrafikslag. Men det finns få rumsliga förutsättningar för att man ska röra sig här till fots av någon annan anledning. Genom att förbättra den rumsliga integrationen mellan Årstaberg och omkringliggande stadsdelar och genom förtätning i strategiska lägen skapas en diversitet av rumsliga förutsättningar i området. Baserat på dessa olika förutsättningar utvecklas principer fram för program, offentliga platser och byggnadernas möte med det offentliga rummet. / Movement in a city is crucial for how the city works. Streets and spaces with big flows of people have different potential than streets and spaces where few people moves. The flow of people is in turn influenced by the urban structure. This master thesis examines how densification can be a part of a transformation of the urban structure and how changes of the urban structure can create a variety of spatial conditions that forms a framework for future urban design. The case for this study is the area around Årstaberg commuter station in southern Stockholm. The area is an important transit hub and many people passes here every day to switch between transport modes. But there are few spatial conditions that promote walking here for any other reason. Through changes of the spatial integration and densification in strategic locations a diversity of spatial conditions are created. Based on these different conditions principles for the program, public spaces and building frontages are developed.

This doctoral thesis focuses on the built environment of adult day-care centers (ADCs). It presents a mixed-method empirical research on six German ADCs with the purpose of understanding the relationship between their built environment and the spontaneous activities (SAs) of their care recipients with dementia. Field observations, Space Syntax analysis and interviews are the methods of the research. They are used to analyze how the distributions and patterns of the SAs of people with dementia are in relation to the building layout, room function, social density, and spatial visibility and accessibility of the ADCs. The research results suggest that the built environment in ADCs has influence on the distributions of SAs of people with dementia. In terms of building layout, it is revealed that the central space has a gathering effect on the location of SAs. In terms of room function, it is showed that more than 90% of SAs are distributed in the living room, the dining room, and the transition area/corridor. While no correlation is observed between the social density and the SA distribution, significant positive correlations are suggested between the spatial visibility and the SA distribution, as well as the spatial accessibility and the SA distribution. Moreover, furniture location is revealed to have an effect on the SA distribution through influencing the spatial accessibility. The thesis discusses the research findings in comparison with other previous studies. In addition, practical recommendations for design of ADCs for people with dementia are provided with examples and illustrations. / Die vorliegende Dissertation gibt einen Einblick in die architektonischen Merkmale von Tagespflegeeinrichtungen für Senioren. Dazu wurde eine empirische Studie in sechs deutschen Tagespflegeeinrichtungen durchgeführt mit dem Ziel, die Beziehung zwischen gebauter Umwelt und den spontanen Aktivitäten (SAs) von Menschen mit Demenz zu verstehen. Die in der Arbeit verwendeten Methoden waren Feldbeobachtungen, Space Syntax Analysen und Interviews. Dadurch wurden Verteilung und Abläufe der SAs von Menschen mit Demenz in Bezug auf die Grundrissstruktur, Raumfunktionen, soziale Dichte, Blickbeziehung (spatial visibility) und Zugänglichkeit (spatial accessibility) der Tagespflegeeinrichtungen analysiert. Die Forschungsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Architektur von Tagespflegeeinrichtungen Einfluss auf die Verteilung von SAs von Menschen mit Demenz hat. In Bezug auf die Grundrissstruktur wird gezeigt, dass ein zentral gelegener Raum eine sammelnde Wirkung auf die Verteilung der SAs hat. Betrachtet man die Abhängigkeit der Raumfunktionen zu den Aktivitäten, so finden diese hauptsächlich (über 90 %) im Wohnzimmer, Esszimmer oder Flurbereich statt. In Bezug auf die soziale Dichte lässt sich keine Abhängigkeit erkennen, wohl aber bei der Analyse der Blickbeziehung (spatial visibility), sowie der Zugänglichkeit (spatial accessibility), hier gibt es eine positive Wechselbeziehung zu der Verteilung von SAs. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass der Standort der Möbel eine Auswirkung auf die SA-Verteilung hat, da diese die Zugänglichkeit (spatial accessibility) beeinflusst wird. Die Arbeit vergleicht und diskutiert die erzielten Forschungsergebnisse mit anderen bisherigen Studien. Praktische Empfehlungen für den Entwurf von Tagespflegeeinrichtungen für Menschen mit Demenz werden anhand von Beispielen und Illustrationen am Ende der Arbeit präsentiert.

Die Bildpracht spätmittelalterlicher Schnitzretabel zeigte sich zeitgenössischen Betrachtern kaum in der uns heute bekannten Form. In durch Buntglasfenster abgedunkelten Kirchenräumen und hinter einem sichteinschränkenden Lettner verborgen, wurden jene komplexen Bildsysteme mehr erahnt und empfunden als in Gänze gesehen und erfasst. Umso erstaunlicher, dass die kunsthistorische Forschung bisher auf ikonographisch-programmatische Analysen fokussierte, die vor dem Hintergrund ebendieser Rezeption unzureichend sind. Im Dissertationsprojekt werden erstmals kontextgebundene Fragen der Liturgien mit medienästhetischen Erkenntnissen einer bildwissenschaftlich orientierten Forschung verbunden. Diese Verknüpfung bietet die Chance, funktionale und ästhetische Aspekte der Retabel gleichermassen zur Sprache zu bringen. Im Fokus steht die Frage, wie und unter welchen Umständen Hochaltarretabel im Spätmittelalter Sichtbarkeit generieren konnten. Erst unter diesem Gesichtspunkt lässt sich das Potential erfassen, mit welchem sich Retabel zu bestimmten Zeiten in bestimmten räumlichen und liturgischen Zusammenhängen gezeigt haben. Als zentrales Moment kann in diesem Zusammenhang der Lettner identifiziert werden, der Blicke dauerhaft lenkte und zeitweilig restringierte. Im spätmittelalterlichen Kirchenraum, so der Ansatz, ist von graduellen Sichtbarkeiten auszugehen. Im Zentrum des Projektes steht daher die Erforschung der Interferenzen von Retabel, Lettner und umgebendem Raum, die massgeblich auf die Formung und die Wahrnehmung der Retabel zurückwirkten. Im Ergenis weitet sich der Blick auf die gesamte Ausstattung der Kirchenräume, deren soziale Segmentierung und der Deutungsmacht eben jener durch Akteure, welche wiederum durch ihre Interpretationen auf die Folgeausstattungen zurückwirkten. Diese derart akkumulierten Kirchenräume sind machtvoll, kontrollieren Blicke, geben Einblicke, öffnen sich zeitlich reglementiert und changieren so zwischen Sichtbarkeit und Unsichtbarkeit. / The pictorial splendor of late medieval carved altarpieces was rarely revealed to contemporary viewers in the form we are familiar with today. In church interiors darkened by stained glass windows and hidden behind a rood screen that restricted the view, these complex pictorial systems were more sensed and perceived than seen and grasped in their entirety. This makes it all the more astonishing that art historical research has so far focused on iconographic and programmatic analyses, which are inadequate against the background of this very reception. The dissertation project is the first to combine context-bound questions of liturgies with media-aesthetic findings from image-based research. This combination offers the opportunity to address functional and aesthetic aspects of the reredos in equal measure. The focus is on the question of how and under what circumstances high altar retables were able to generate visibility in the late Middle Ages. Only from this point of view is it possible to grasp the potential with which retables appeared at certain times in certain spatial and liturgical contexts. In this context, the rood screen can be identified as a central element that permanently directed and temporarily restricted the gaze. In the late medieval church space, according to the approach, gradual visibilities can be assumed. The project therefore focuses on researching the interferences between the retable, the rood screen and the surrounding space, which had a significant impact on the shaping and perception of the retable. The result is a broader view of the entire decoration of the church interiors, their social segmentation and the power of interpretation of these by actors, who in turn influenced the subsequent decoration through their interpretations. These church spaces accumulated in this way are powerful, control views, provide insights, open up in a temporally regulated manner and thus oscillate between visibility and invisibility.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-26T11:29:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_NovasCentralidadesMalha.pdf: 22474406 bytes, checksum: e10fc8a2c57a5a6e724354e7b9b1eb56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-02T14:03:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_NovasCentralidadesMalha.pdf: 22474406 bytes, checksum: e10fc8a2c57a5a6e724354e7b9b1eb56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T14:03:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_NovasCentralidadesMalha.pdf: 22474406 bytes, checksum: e10fc8a2c57a5a6e724354e7b9b1eb56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta Dissertação, identificam-se centros e subcentros sob a perspectiva do Space Syntax e de análises empíricas sobre usos e valores do solo urbano. O Centro, como categoria explicativa da forma urbana, é caracterizado a partir da identificação de um núcleo integrador único composto por espaços públicos mais integrados do sistema urbano, enquanto que os subcentros estão conectados a esse núcleo por meio de arranjos morfológicos relativamente menos integrados do que os espaços que formam o núcleo integrador. Utilizando-se de tal abordagem, realizou-se a investigação da centralidade aplicada às recentes transformações espaciais e econômicas da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), com foco no espaço da Rodovia Augusto Montenegro, denominada de Nova Belém, considerando-se o importante papel dos incorporadores imobiliários no processo de valorização urbana, buscou-se compreender o crescimento econômico vivido por este assentamento e, ao mesmo tempo, visualizar sua consolidação gradativa como um novo espaço imobiliário, possivelmente, uma nova centralidade da malha urbana. A presente pesquisa se apropria ainda da teoria da Urbanização Dispersa ao analisar que a criação de centros, subcentros e centralidades são produtos dos deslocamentos diários, ao longo dos principais eixos viários da malha urbana, elevando a questão da acessibilidade a fator decisivo nas diferenciações de uso e valor do solo na RMB. A centralidade é tida, assim, como uma condição específica para que assentamentos possam vir a adquirir em decorrência da combinação de dois fatores: i) a concentração e atração de usos do solo e ii) acessibilidade urbana e fluidez da malha urbana, tendo-se em vista a sua influência sobre as escolhas de uso do solo. / In this dissertation are identified centers and sub-centers from the perspective of Space Syntax and empirical analysis uses and values of urban land. The Centre, as explanatory category of urban form is characterized by identifying a single core composed of more integrated way in the urban system, while the sub-centers are connected to this core through arrangements morphological relatively less integrated than the Center. Using such an approach, we carried out the investigation of the centrality applied to recent economic and spatial transformations of the Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), focusing on the area of Rod. Augusto Montenegro, called "Nova Belém". Considering the important role of real estate developers in the process of urban recovery, we sought to understand the economic growth experienced by this settlement and at the same time, view their gradual consolidation as a new real estate space, possibly a new metropolitan center. This research also appropriates the theory of urban sprawl to analyze the creation of centers, subcenters and centralities are products of daily movements along the main roads of the urban area, raising the question of accessibility decisive factor in the differentiation of Use and land value in RMB. The centrality is taken, as well as a specific condition that the settlements might acquire as a result of the combination of two factors: i) the attraction and concentration of land uses and ii) road accessibility and fluidity of the road network, taking up in view of its influence on the choices of land use.

Knowledge about the configuration of an environment is used preferentially when navigating through an urban environment (Penn, 2003). However, it the locus of this effect is poorly understood. One possibility is that the local environment, such as the shape of an intersection, is sufficient to determine route choice in the context of the global configuration of an environment (Meilinger, Franz, & Bülthoff, in press; Meilinger, Knauff & Bülthoff, 2008). Two experiments were performed to investigate this hypothesis using two novel virtual environments, one with a simplistic configuration, and one with a more complicated configuration. In Experiment 1, peripheral vision was either available or constrained throughout a wayfinding task. A significant influence of global configuration information with minimal use of local configuration account was found. In Experiment 2, central vision was either limited to the local intersection or unconstrained. Again, a strong effect of configuration was found, with limited evidence for the use of local visual information. The results support a synergistic mechanism of wayfinding where the environmental configuration is used to inform existing knowledge about the environment.

Knowledge about the configuration of an environment is used preferentially when navigating through an urban environment (Penn, 2003). However, it the locus of this effect is poorly understood. One possibility is that the local environment, such as the shape of an intersection, is sufficient to determine route choice in the context of the global configuration of an environment (Meilinger, Franz, & Bülthoff, in press; Meilinger, Knauff & Bülthoff, 2008). Two experiments were performed to investigate this hypothesis using two novel virtual environments, one with a simplistic configuration, and one with a more complicated configuration. In Experiment 1, peripheral vision was either available or constrained throughout a wayfinding task. A significant influence of global configuration information with minimal use of local configuration account was found. In Experiment 2, central vision was either limited to the local intersection or unconstrained. Again, a strong effect of configuration was found, with limited evidence for the use of local visual information. The results support a synergistic mechanism of wayfinding where the environmental configuration is used to inform existing knowledge about the environment.

Many MBA buildings have been studied from different points of views and approaches / however, their spatial patterns were scarcely investigated. This thesis aims to assess the usefulness of Depth Analysis, a sub-method of Space Syntax, in the understanding of spatial patterns of MBA palaces. The palaces of key MBA sites, Acemh&ouml / y&uuml / k, Tell Mardikh and K&uuml / ltepe, were selected for the analysis. In the conclusion it is suggested that Depth Analysis can be a very useful method in understanding the configuration of spaces when there is sufficient available data. An equally successful application of this method lies in the comparative analysis of different buildings.

This thesis will empirically examine the distribution of centers of commercial activity in the modern city. Using measures of built space for different types of activity in Atlanta, we will map the distribution of activity in the city; then we will derive the system of centers distributed throughout the city. This system of centers will be sorted into scales, from global to local, so that the morphological properties of the street network associated with each scale may be analyzed using space syntax and other tools. We will then compare the distribution of centers in different portions of Atlanta, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, we will compate the emergent distribution of centers to distributions proposed by Doxiadis, Alexander, Central Place Theory, and others.

In the last few decades, new centers have emerged at the edges of traditional cities and pre-World War II suburbs. As these evolve, do they converge towards the urban forms of traditional cities? This question is explored based on a study of urban areas in the Atlanta Metropolitan Region. Atlanta Downtown, Decatur and Marietta, are compared to the new centers in Buckhead, Cumberland and Perimeter. The evolution of the street network of Buckhead is examined in detail. The morphological history of a particular urban block in Buckheadâ "the Tower Place blockâ "is documented. Morphological analysis, focusing on street patterns, block shapes and sizes, property boundaries and building footprints, is complemented by Space Syntax, focusing on the structure of street networks and connectivity. It is shown that new urban centers tend to grow on very large blocks accessed through major transportation infrastructure, but situated in otherwise sparse and fragmentary street environments. As these centers grow and as the density of land use increases, a secondary private road system is created, to take advantage of development potential and provide access to major building investments. The effective fragmentation of the large blocks suggests a pattern of metric convergence towards an optimum block size. In traditional cities, however, the street network is stable over time and acts as the framework for changes in architecture and land use. In the new centers, the secondary road system serves to access particular private investments without regard to the creation of a public framework of connections. From a syntactic point of view, the new centers are spatially unintelligible, thus substantially diverging from traditional cities, even as they accommodate dense mixed use developments. The thesis points to the need of developing and using subdivision regulations and zoning classifications in order to better regulate the spatial structure of new urban centers in the future.

I Stockholms ytterstad präglas många stadsdelar av områdessegregation, där de socioekonomiska förutsättningarna till stor omfattning skiljer sig från område till område. I den fysiska planeringen har få storskaliga insatser genomförts för att förändra denna struktur, då arkitektur och sociala frågor har kopplats samman först på senare tid. Fältet är fortfarande relativt outforskat. Denna studie undersöker hur riktlinjer för stadsläkning kan utformas och tillämpas för minskad områdessegregation. Utifrån kvalitativa textanalyser och kategorisering har studien identifierat 6 riktlinjer som bedöms viktiga för att kunna öka områdesintegration på en nivå mellan översiktsplanering och detaljplanering.Riktlinjernas som studien utgår från är: Prioritera det performativa Förändra stadsleder till stadsgator Omlokalisering av skolor Satsa på grön- och rekreationsområden för möten Skapa genomströmning Skapa siktlinjer Dessa riktlinjer för stadsläkning har testats genom att de appliceras på två stadsdelar, Tensta och Solhem/Spånga, som har stora socioekonomiska skillnader men enbart ligger ett par hundra meter ifrån varandra. Konceptet ”Vi möts på mitten” gestaltas för att synliggöra och förtydliga hur riktlinjerna kan förändra i städerna. Genom Space Syntax och funktionsanalyser har resultatet från åtgärderna analyserats och visat på hur stadsform och det grundläggande nätverkets förändringar skapar möjligheter för en mer integrerad stadsform. Studiens slutsats är att planeraren bör arbeta mer med det performativa i stadsform för att skapa långsiktigt integrerade strukturer. Strategier och riktlinjer för stadsläkning bör vara översiktliga för hela städer och inte områdesbaserade. Riktlinjer mot segregation måste ges mer handlingsutrymme att genomföra storskaliga åtgärder för att kunna göra skillnad och åtgärderna måste genomföras på flera områden samtidigt för att kunna bidra med en mindre segregerad stad.