To respond to the research question, “by what processes do new industries emerge?”, the author identified different models of innovation development and industry emergence. Relevant streams of literature included economics, innovation, sociology, economic sociology, and institution theory. A functional goal innovation development theory, referred to as the accumulation model, states that many organizations, from both the public- and private-sectors, collect and accumulate resources in three major social functions. Previous research defined the model state-of-the-art at a high level of abstraction, identifying the three main components (industry infrastructure elements), depicted as separate boxes with arrows between them. This research uses grounded theory extension to identify microscopic processes, delving within and between the three macroscopic infrastructure elements. The industry context of this research was the emerging human suborbital space transportation (“space tourism”) industry. Data came from secondary sources, archival data, and primary sources. This research collected more than 8,400 pieces of secondary and archival data from news aggregator web sites, distilled them into approximately 600 significant events, and categorized them within the accumulation model framework’s three main components: Institutional Arrangements, Resource Endowments, and Proprietary Functions. Industry structure and disruptive innovation studies provided additional analytical perspectives. Primary data, collected via 40 interviews of industry members, filled in and validated data gaps. The combined analyses resulted in a deeper understanding of the industry emergence process. Observations of the sequence of events, and of linkages between events and actors, allowed the author to propose a set of processes, describing how the accumulated industry resources resulted in industry emergence. Description of these processes required modifications to the original framework. Furthermore, this research analyzed a high-profile prize event that initiated the industry emergence, to propose a supplemental set of processes, describing how prizes influence industry emergence. The current research proposes that institutional activities contribute primarily to the accumulation of sociopolitical legitimacy, and resource endowment activities contribute primarily to cognitive legitimacy. Both forms of legitimacy are a significant moderator of interactions between the three infrastructure elements. Furthermore, prizes positively contribute to sociopolitical legitimacy, positively moderate the creation of cognitive legitimacy, and positively moderate many steps in the business development cycle. The proposed processes identify the steps of legitimacy creation and industry emergence. This research provides new insights into the industry emergence and evolution processes, for entrepreneurs, managers, policy-makers, and for developing countries on the African continent.

What is Space Tourism? Space Tourism is when humans venture past 100km above the earth for recreational purposes. It could be for the view or just the thrill, either way space has captured our imaginations ever since we could look up and ask what is beyond our sky. What has happened in the past 10 years in the rocket industry has been amazing. We now have more private companies sending rockets to space at a rate faster than during the space race between the Soviets and Americans. At the current rate we will see the cost of traveling to space drop to a point where more and more people and companies will be able to afford such a flight. And so... it is only a matter of time before we see space tourism as a new industry. Designing something new like a space ship that has no 'standard'. Thus requiring a lot of research in order to contextualize its possibilities. Is it a HTOL (Horizontal Take Off and Landing) or a VTOL (Vertical Take Off and Landing) or Multistaged or Single Stage Rocket? Seemingly endless possibilities are available. As a result the process to create the final design took on the form of a trdional industrial design process, not one that would be similar to the automotive industry. This isnt a project about perfect surfacing or all the proper lead ins. Its something bigger, the beginning of a new discussion. And so, collaborating was a key factor. One with an interaction designer who researched the before launch senario for such a space flight experience. And the other, an aviation geek who loves cool flying machines and finally an aersopace engineer. All allowing for idea bouncing and expansion on strategy and thoughts. Of course what followed was sketching, mood boarding, 3D, and VR and back and forth discussions that such activites provoke. In order to showcase the experience such a product would provide, a small video was finished alongside the final result. In the end this project resulted in 4 products a: Spaceship Exterior, Interior, Helmet and Spacesuit. All connected to each other (quite literally) and thus leading to a complete experience; a solved design. That design is the Aurora. A HTOL SSTO (Horizontal Take-Off and Land, Single Stage To Orbit) Spaceship for the year 2040. A year that will see the beginning of commercial spaceflight for the masses.

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

We are at the dawn of the next chapter of manned space flight, and space travel will soon be within reach for the majority of the humanity, not just the elite. The imminent launch of Virgin Galactic's first commercial service this year, soon to be followed by companies such as SpaceX and Blue Origin, means that space tourism will quickly go from one individual every few years to dozens, perhaps hundreds of new space tourists annually. Everyday civilians going to space for the purpose of tourism will have fundamentally different needs than professional astronauts going up to space for days or month at a times for work and research. To make space travel within reach of the masses, space tourist will need a different and simplified process compared to traditional astronauts. This thesis created a user-centered service that allows companies to handle the increasing number of private individuals going to space. The service not only prepares the customer for the space flight, but also provides an experience that will last a lifetime, that will be shared with others, and in the process perhaps inspire a new generation of human progress and collaboration. The result is a snapshot of the overall service, illustrate the user experience in an immersive, virtual environment. As part of the exploration, an immersive and very effective new method of user experience testing is developed as contribution to the field of Interaction Design.

The use of an interdisciplinary focus in research towards the patrimonial tourist space, has involved interests to give in depth insights of these territories, upgrading them touristically to the planning and management by an authority, that reacts to the demands of tourists, and shows them the landscapes clearly. Here we try to value the patrimonial resource in function of the local and regional tourist development. These ideas have lead to declare in 2000 the locality of Chanco, in the Maule Region, as theCouncil for Patrimony Monuments by the Council ofNational Monuments. There are also other sites that are being considered to this category in the furure.The importance of these studies in Central Chile relies on that they will allow to expand the vacation's economy, especially in backward communities that have no jobs and low quality of life.This study has allowed us to put into value new centers of interest and upgradethe old ones which have lost their cultural patrimony or have become less attractive, but are touristically attractive with their surroundings. / La aplicación de un enfoque interdisciplinario en la investigación  acerca del espacioturístico patrimonial ha unificado diversos intereses con el objetivo de realizar im­ portantes aportes en estos territorios. Además, sobre la base de un plan de acción y gestión, se busca que estos espacios sean valorados desde el punto de vista turístico a fin de que respondan a las motivaciones requeridas por el turista; que los paisajes y soportes de la actividad turística sean presentadas de forma clara y específica, y que se revaloren los recursos patrimoniales en función del desarrollo turístico local y regional. Este estudio ha permitido potenciar nuevos centros de interés y revalorar los ya conocidos que han perdido importancia cultural o simplemente que no se valoran como patrimonio, dado que en conjunto con su entorno  constituyen  un  potencial para el turismo. Un ejemplo de ello es la localidad de Chanco, en la región del Maule, que ha sido declarada, en el 2000, Monumento Nacional por el Consejo de Monu­ mentos Nacionales.  En esta línea se están trabajando otros lugares con el fin de que alcancen la misma tipificación.La importancia de focalizar estudios de este tipo en Chile central, en áreas consi­deradas de un desarrollo turístico medio bajo, les permitirá entrar en la actividad económica del ocio y esparcimiento, más aún redundará en beneficios para comunas que presentan un carácter deprimido por falta de oferta de empleo y una calidad devida media baja.

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Les transports suborbitaux privés peuvent être définis comme tout vol réalisé au moyen d’un véhicule aérospatial, capable d’atteindre une très haute altitude et d’évoluer dans les couches supérieures de l’atmosphère terrestre, sans pour autant être mis en orbite. Plusieurs entreprises ont pour projet de faire des vols suborbitaux, le mode de transport de personnes à grande vitesse de demain. Dans l’hypothèse d’un tel développement, la réflexion autour de la règlementation de ces activités devient primordiale. Les activités suborbitales ont la particularité de prendre place à la fois dans l’espace aérien et dans l’espace extra-atmosphérique et pour ce faire, empruntent autant les caractéristiques techniques de l’aéronef que de l’engin spatial. Il est donc particulièrement difficile de les qualifier du fait qu’il existe plusieurs corpus législatifs susceptibles de régir ces vols : le droit aérien, le droit spatial ou un nouveau régime qu’il conviendrait alors d’imaginer. Sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, ce mémoire envisagera les différentes options normatives pouvant permettre de règlementer la responsabilité du transporteur suborbital de personnes lorsqu’il cause un dommage au participant durant le vol. Le cas échéant, nous proposerons les meilleures alternatives pouvant permettre d’assurer le développement pérenne de ce secteur d’activité, tout en garantissant un haut niveau de sécurité juridique pour l’ensemble des parties prenantes, participants comme opérateurs spatiaux. / Private suborbital transportation can be defined as any spaceflight by an aerospace vehicle capable of reaching a very high altitude into the edge of space without reaching orbital velocity. For now, the aim of those activities is to offer customers direct experience with space travel. However, the ultimate goal is to provide high speed flights between various point of the Earth. When this objective will be achieved, the need to promulgate an integrated and uniform legal regime will be of great importance in order to facilitate and secured commercial aerospace activities expansion. Private suborbital activities have the dual specificities of using a vehicle that use either astronautic et aeronautics technology in order to achieve lift and thereby flying in air space, and also traveling through outer space during a small portion of the flight. This hybrid nature raises legal uncertainties about the applicable legal regime that could be one of air law, space law or a new regime that would need to be invented. This essay will focus on the specific issues surrounding liability. In other terms, it will focus on the different options that are available to manage liability issues that will arise between spaceflight participant and spaceflight operators and the way it will impact disputes when an accident occurs. Then, we will make a proposal for solutions that would best preserve the economic needs of this emerging industry, while insuring legal certainties for both spaceflight operators and participants.

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