This analysis, written in Spanish, compares the use of violence in four of Castro's dramas with its use in their sources and in the works of other Golden Age authors. Chapter II investigates the manner in which the plays based on Greek myths compare with the original stories and with the ancient Classical theater. Each of the four following chapters compares one of Castro's plays to contemporary works with the same plot. The conclusion indicates that Castro's plays do not show an extraordinary use of violence. In some instances Castro demonstrates more restraint than the other dramatists. Thus, Castro, as a typical author of his epoch, does not deserve his reputation for writing excessively violent works.

José Sanchis Sinisterra met en œuvre une poétique des intercesseurs qui déborde le drame conventionnel et l'entraîne vers son dehors, là où il est possible d'instaurer des zones de voisinage avec d'anciennes traditions théâtrales et d'autres domaines de création. Cette recherche passe par l’actualisation d'un théâtre baroque populaire tel qu'il se manifeste en Espagne au XVIIème siècle. Il s'agit de revendiquer une conception carnavalesque du drame faisant échec au « bel animal » aristotélicien. En pratiquant l'adaptation, le dramaturge cherche également à confronter la théâtralité à des œuvres porteuses d'un renouveau formel au profit d'une déconstruction remettant en cause les procédés dramatiques traditionnels. Son intérêt pour l'écriture de Kafka participe de ce mouvement général : l'adaptation lui permet d'importer dans le champ théâtral une poétique du discontinu qui déroge aux principes de cohérence, d'unité et de complétude de l'aristotélisme. Poussant cette recherche au-delà des limites littéraires, José Sanchis intègre également les sciences(notamment la physique quantique et la médecine) à sa réflexion afin de faire évoluer les conceptions admises du temps, de l'espace et de l'observation. On remarque que ces trois notions,qui sont celles que la physique quantique redéfinit en marge de la pensée cartésienne, sont généralement traitées au théâtre comme des réalités immanentes. La supposée unité de l'espace-temps marque un seuil au-delà duquel la forme théâtrale ose rarement s'aventurer. Or, c'est cette frontière que le dramaturge souhaite repousser, en développant une représentation du monde inspirée de conceptions scientifiques. Celles-ci constituent dès lors un nouvel intercesseur à même d'alimenter cette déconstruction théâtrale. / José Sanchis Sinisterra builds an intercessor poetics which brims over conventional drama pushing its boundaries beyond the theatre and overlapping with ancient theatre traditions and other creationfields. This search involves updating popular baroque drama, namely as it unfolds in XVII century Spain, claiming a carnival drama conception as opposed to the Aristotelian “beautiful animal.” Through dramatisation, the playwright also aims to confront theatricality to other works bearingformal novelty in favour of a deconstruction that questions traditional drama writing processes. The attention brought to Kafka's works forms part of this general approach: dramatisation allows the author to bring a poetics of discontinuity into dramaturgy, breaking with the Aristotelianprinciples of coherence, unity, and completeness. Sanchis then takes his search beyond literary boundaries as he brings science (quantum physics and medicine in particular) into his thought tomake current conceptions of time, space, and observation evolve. These three concepts, that quantum physics redefines outside the Cartesian logic, are usually dealt with in drama as immanent realities. The assumed space-time unity draws indeed a threshold drama rarely dares to cross. However, this is the very limit the playwright seeks to overstep by building a representation of the world based on scientific conception. These three concepts form thereon a new intercessor likely to fuel this drama deconstruction.

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Tomando como referenciais teóricos e críticos autores como Aristóteles, Lope de Vega, Porqueras Mayo, Jaime Cortesão e João Adolfo Hansen e levando em conta os principais aspectos culturais da sociedade espanhola do século XVII, este trabalho tem seu foco de interesse na personagem Dona Ana de Ulloa, Filha do Comendador em El Burlador de Sevilla, que é arrebatada por Dom Juan. Buscou-se entender como o modo de ser discreto se articulava na corte espanhola da época, tentando esclarecer as motivações dessa atitude nas ações da Filha, pois será através dessa poética da moralidade que ocorrerá, ao final da ação dramática, o restabelecimento da ordem social. Para a compreensão da atitude da protagonista, procedeu-se a uma discussão, tanto no âmbito moral quanto no literário, do conceito e das conotações do termo discreto na época. A dissertação se divide em três partes. A primeira focaliza aspectos sociais, culturais e históricos da sociedade espanhola do século XVII presentes em El Burlador de Sevilla, atentando para a atitude discreta como um elemento que diferencia Dona Ana das outras personagens femininas da peça. A segunda procura destacar a Filha do Comendador, interpretando-a pela atitude incisiva e mostrando como ela se choca com o perfil de mulher predominante na época, ou seja, aquela que em geral era tratada pelos homens como objeto e apreciada por sua beleza, sua nobreza e seu preparo para o casamento. Já a terceira parte centra-se no relacionamento entre Dona Ana e as personagens masculinas, no que ressalta a questão da representação do querer e do poder, provocando o desencadeamento de uma dupla justiça: a terrena, posta nas mãos do Rei e reafirmada pela atuação do Comendador, e a divina, que acaba por sugerir um ideal de liberdade católico, personificado no Convidado de Pedra. Assim, a protagonista se debaterá entre preceitos relacionados ora a uma justiça dos homens, ora a uma justiça de Deus. As considerações finais amarram essas análises, concluindo pela universalidade da personagem feminina representada por Dona Ana, que é recriada em autores de diversas tradições culturais, bem como de épocas distintas. / Using as theoretical and critical references authors like Aristotle, Lope de Vega, Porqueras Mayo, Adolfo Jaime and John Hansen and taking into account the main cultural aspects of the Spanish society during the seventeenth century, this work focuses on the character of Dona Ana Ulloa, daughter of the Commendator in El Burlador de Sevilla, a lady who is seduced and carried out by Don Juan. Its purpose was to understand how the concept of discreet was sustained in the Spanish court at that time, trying to clarify the motivations of this attitude in the protagonists actions, once the social order will be restored through this kind of morality poetics at the end of the dramatic action. For the understanding of the main characters attitude, a discussion both morally and literarily was carried out about the concepts and also the connotations of the word discreet at that age. This work is divided into three parts. The first one focuses on social, cultural, and historic aspects of the Spanish society during the 17th Century that are present in El Burlador de Sevilla, being alert to the discreet as the aspect that differentiates Dona Ana from the other female characters in the play. The second one tries to detach the Commendators daughter, interpreting her through her incisive attitude and showing how she conflicts with the predominant female profile at that epoch, that is to say, the woman who was treated as an object by men and appreciated because of her beauty, her nobility, and her readiness for marriage. Finally, the third part deals with the relationship between Dona Ana and the male characters, through which arises the problem of the representation of wanting and being allowed to, resulting in a double justice: a terrestrial one, administered by the King and reaffirmed by the role of the Commendator; and a divine one, a kind of justice that suggests a catholic ideal of liberty which is personified in the stone guest. So, the protagonist will be struggling between precepts related to a justice of men or a justice of God. The final considerations bind these analyses and conclude for the universality of the female persona that Dona Ana represents, once she is re-created by authors from diverse cultural traditions, as well as diverse epochs.

Tomando como referenciais teóricos e críticos autores como Aristóteles, Lope de Vega, Porqueras Mayo, Jaime Cortesão e João Adolfo Hansen e levando em conta os principais aspectos culturais da sociedade espanhola do século XVII, este trabalho tem seu foco de interesse na personagem Dona Ana de Ulloa, Filha do Comendador em El Burlador de Sevilla, que é arrebatada por Dom Juan. Buscou-se entender como o modo de ser discreto se articulava na corte espanhola da época, tentando esclarecer as motivações dessa atitude nas ações da Filha, pois será através dessa poética da moralidade que ocorrerá, ao final da ação dramática, o restabelecimento da ordem social. Para a compreensão da atitude da protagonista, procedeu-se a uma discussão, tanto no âmbito moral quanto no literário, do conceito e das conotações do termo discreto na época. A dissertação se divide em três partes. A primeira focaliza aspectos sociais, culturais e históricos da sociedade espanhola do século XVII presentes em El Burlador de Sevilla, atentando para a atitude discreta como um elemento que diferencia Dona Ana das outras personagens femininas da peça. A segunda procura destacar a Filha do Comendador, interpretando-a pela atitude incisiva e mostrando como ela se choca com o perfil de mulher predominante na época, ou seja, aquela que em geral era tratada pelos homens como objeto e apreciada por sua beleza, sua nobreza e seu preparo para o casamento. Já a terceira parte centra-se no relacionamento entre Dona Ana e as personagens masculinas, no que ressalta a questão da representação do querer e do poder, provocando o desencadeamento de uma dupla justiça: a terrena, posta nas mãos do Rei e reafirmada pela atuação do Comendador, e a divina, que acaba por sugerir um ideal de liberdade católico, personificado no Convidado de Pedra. Assim, a protagonista se debaterá entre preceitos relacionados ora a uma justiça dos homens, ora a uma justiça de Deus. As considerações finais amarram essas análises, concluindo pela universalidade da personagem feminina representada por Dona Ana, que é recriada em autores de diversas tradições culturais, bem como de épocas distintas. / Using as theoretical and critical references authors like Aristotle, Lope de Vega, Porqueras Mayo, Adolfo Jaime and John Hansen and taking into account the main cultural aspects of the Spanish society during the seventeenth century, this work focuses on the character of Dona Ana Ulloa, daughter of the Commendator in El Burlador de Sevilla, a lady who is seduced and carried out by Don Juan. Its purpose was to understand how the concept of discreet was sustained in the Spanish court at that time, trying to clarify the motivations of this attitude in the protagonists actions, once the social order will be restored through this kind of morality poetics at the end of the dramatic action. For the understanding of the main characters attitude, a discussion both morally and literarily was carried out about the concepts and also the connotations of the word discreet at that age. This work is divided into three parts. The first one focuses on social, cultural, and historic aspects of the Spanish society during the 17th Century that are present in El Burlador de Sevilla, being alert to the discreet as the aspect that differentiates Dona Ana from the other female characters in the play. The second one tries to detach the Commendators daughter, interpreting her through her incisive attitude and showing how she conflicts with the predominant female profile at that epoch, that is to say, the woman who was treated as an object by men and appreciated because of her beauty, her nobility, and her readiness for marriage. Finally, the third part deals with the relationship between Dona Ana and the male characters, through which arises the problem of the representation of wanting and being allowed to, resulting in a double justice: a terrestrial one, administered by the King and reaffirmed by the role of the Commendator; and a divine one, a kind of justice that suggests a catholic ideal of liberty which is personified in the stone guest. So, the protagonist will be struggling between precepts related to a justice of men or a justice of God. The final considerations bind these analyses and conclude for the universality of the female persona that Dona Ana represents, once she is re-created by authors from diverse cultural traditions, as well as diverse epochs.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise comprend une recherche basée sur l’œuvre dramatique ¡Ay, Carmela !, du dramaturge et directeur du théâtre espagnol contemporain, José Sanchis Sinisterra. Mise en scène pour la première fois en 1987, ¡Ay, Carmela ! est considérée une des plus importantes créations théâtrales représentées depuis l’après-guerre espagnole. Reconnue à l’échelle internationale, ¡Ay, Carmela ! illustre les conséquences de la guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939). À travers l’étude de la structure temporelle et spatiale, ainsi que de l’analyse des caractéristiques des personnages de cette pièce dramatique, le présent travail de recherche essaie de démontrer que les manifestations de la récupération de la mémoire historique se reflètent dans ¡Ay, Carmela !, de telle sorte que la pièce peut être considérée comme précurseur artistique de la « Loi de la mémoire historique » (Ley 52/2007, également appelée la Declaración de reparación y reconocimiento personal). On y retrouve ainsi une forte critique du pacte de silence de la transition démocratique espagnole (1975-1978). Ce travail a comme base méthodologique les outils théoriques de la sémiologie théâtrale (Bobes, García Barrientos, Rubiera) et aussi les écrits de P. Ricœur y de J. Derrida, sur le fonctionnement des mécanismes de la mémoire, de l’oubli et du pardon. Cette recherche se conclut avec une brève étude comparative entre l’œuvre de Sinisterra et l’adaptation cinématographique ¡Ay, Carmela! du réalisateur Carlos Saura. / This MA thesis embodies a research undertaken relative to the play ¡Ay, Carmela !, written by José Sanchis Sinisterra, a Spanish playwright and theatrical director. Staged for the first time in 1987, ¡Ay, Carmela ! is considered one of the most important dramas created since the post-war era. This work, which gained international recognition, perfectly illustrates the consequences of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). By examining both time and space, as well as analyzing the characters of this play, the present research intends to prove that the manifestations through which historical memory is recuperated throughout the play ultimately transform it into the forerunner to the “Historical Memory Law” (Ley 52/2007, also known as the “Declaración de reparación y reconocimiento personal”). Moreover, this thorough examination of the play will demonstrate within it a strong critique of the Pact of Silence signed during the Democratic Transition (1975-1978). Two main methodological approaches will be used to do so: that of theatre semiotics (specifically the theories of Bobes, García Barrientos, Rubiera) as well as comparisons to the writings of P. Ricœur y de J. Derrida, which will help support the ideas related to the memory, the forgetting and the forgiveness. Finally, this Master’s thesis will end with a short comparative study between the aforementioned play and the movie ¡Ay, Carmela!, directed by Carlos Saura.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A presente dissertação analisa os livros sobre o Museu do Prado, A la pintura (1948) e Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado (1956), ambos do escritor espanhol Rafael Alberti, escritos na Argentina, durante seu longo exílio. A investigação parte da contextualização de Alberti, que nos leva a uma aproximação ao tema, o Museu do Prado, tratado de maneira diferente nas duas obras. Na sequência, é analisado o livro A la pintura e, em seguida, a peça de teatro Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado. / This study analyzes the books about the Prado Museum, A la Pintura (1948) and Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado (1956), both of spanish writer Rafael Alberti, written in Argentina, during his long exile. The investigation parts from the context of Alberti, that leads to an approach to the subject, the Prado Museum, treated differently in the two books. In the sequence is analyzed the book A la pintura and then the piece of theater Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado.

A presente dissertação analisa os livros sobre o Museu do Prado, A la pintura (1948) e Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado (1956), ambos do escritor espanhol Rafael Alberti, escritos na Argentina, durante seu longo exílio. A investigação parte da contextualização de Alberti, que nos leva a uma aproximação ao tema, o Museu do Prado, tratado de maneira diferente nas duas obras. Na sequência, é analisado o livro A la pintura e, em seguida, a peça de teatro Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado. / This study analyzes the books about the Prado Museum, A la Pintura (1948) and Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado (1956), both of spanish writer Rafael Alberti, written in Argentina, during his long exile. The investigation parts from the context of Alberti, that leads to an approach to the subject, the Prado Museum, treated differently in the two books. In the sequence is analyzed the book A la pintura and then the piece of theater Noche de guerra en el Museo del Prado.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise comprend une recherche basée sur l’œuvre dramatique ¡Ay, Carmela !, du dramaturge et directeur du théâtre espagnol contemporain, José Sanchis Sinisterra. Mise en scène pour la première fois en 1987, ¡Ay, Carmela ! est considérée une des plus importantes créations théâtrales représentées depuis l’après-guerre espagnole. Reconnue à l’échelle internationale, ¡Ay, Carmela ! illustre les conséquences de la guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939). À travers l’étude de la structure temporelle et spatiale, ainsi que de l’analyse des caractéristiques des personnages de cette pièce dramatique, le présent travail de recherche essaie de démontrer que les manifestations de la récupération de la mémoire historique se reflètent dans ¡Ay, Carmela !, de telle sorte que la pièce peut être considérée comme précurseur artistique de la « Loi de la mémoire historique » (Ley 52/2007, également appelée la Declaración de reparación y reconocimiento personal). On y retrouve ainsi une forte critique du pacte de silence de la transition démocratique espagnole (1975-1978). Ce travail a comme base méthodologique les outils théoriques de la sémiologie théâtrale (Bobes, García Barrientos, Rubiera) et aussi les écrits de P. Ricœur y de J. Derrida, sur le fonctionnement des mécanismes de la mémoire, de l’oubli et du pardon. Cette recherche se conclut avec une brève étude comparative entre l’œuvre de Sinisterra et l’adaptation cinématographique ¡Ay, Carmela! du réalisateur Carlos Saura. / This MA thesis embodies a research undertaken relative to the play ¡Ay, Carmela !, written by José Sanchis Sinisterra, a Spanish playwright and theatrical director. Staged for the first time in 1987, ¡Ay, Carmela ! is considered one of the most important dramas created since the post-war era. This work, which gained international recognition, perfectly illustrates the consequences of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). By examining both time and space, as well as analyzing the characters of this play, the present research intends to prove that the manifestations through which historical memory is recuperated throughout the play ultimately transform it into the forerunner to the “Historical Memory Law” (Ley 52/2007, also known as the “Declaración de reparación y reconocimiento personal”). Moreover, this thorough examination of the play will demonstrate within it a strong critique of the Pact of Silence signed during the Democratic Transition (1975-1978). Two main methodological approaches will be used to do so: that of theatre semiotics (specifically the theories of Bobes, García Barrientos, Rubiera) as well as comparisons to the writings of P. Ricœur y de J. Derrida, which will help support the ideas related to the memory, the forgetting and the forgiveness. Finally, this Master’s thesis will end with a short comparative study between the aforementioned play and the movie ¡Ay, Carmela!, directed by Carlos Saura.