Transportation planners are often faced with the problem of estimating passenger and freight flows between regions. In the literature there are many models for passenger flows. However, models about freight flows are more limited. Modeling freight flow is also more complex than modeling passenger flow and there are many agents related with freight flows. In addition, data availability is a critical factor. In this research, freight flows between provinces in T&uuml / rkiye are forecasted by demand analysis. Transportation is one of the important activities of human beings and plays an important role for spatial interactions in economic growth. In other words, there is a very strong linkage between economic growth and the freight flow, thus transportation demand. Regional trade as spatial flow appears on transportation systems as freight flows. In this study, using the existing limited data and surveys in T&uuml / rkiye, nationwide origin-destination (O-D) matrix of freight flows between provinces is obtained. Using this empirical matrix, the generation of freight flows of provinces is formulated depending on the socioeconomic and demographic variables by means of multiple linear regression analysis. In addition, interactions of freight flows between provinces and economic growth of regions are investigated. The generations and attractions of provinces as freight flow are distributed between provinces with traditional gravity model. By comparing observed O-D matrix and simulated O-D matrix, gravity model is calibrated. Calibration is also performed by freight trip length distribution. In this research, two steps of traditional &ldquo / four-step analysis&rdquo / , &ldquo / trip generation&rdquo / and &ldquo / trip distribution&rdquo / , are applied to develop nationwide freight demand model between the provinces in T&uuml / rkiye. The developed model is single-mode, single commodity and nationwide.

This thesis explores and analyzes the demand for and supply of forests in and near urban areas from a social perspective. Specific focus is directed towards recreational qualities of forests located just outside urban borders, that is, urban fringe forests. To this end, the thesis is based on four empirical research papers. Papers I and II explore the demand component, while Paper III focuses on the supply component. Finally, Paper IV integrates issues of both demand and supply. In Paper I, a survey directed to the general public in urban areas is used to address differences between public attitudes to the forest in general and to the urban fringe forest more specifically. Paper II builds upon interviews with municipal planners with responsibility for green space issues in nine Swedish cities. In Paper III, spatial forest data is analyzed in a GIS to examine how urbanization and population developments influence the supply of urban fringe forests over time. Spatial analysis is further used in Paper IV to quantify forest attractiveness and accessibility in a single measure of urban fringe forest demand and supply. In Paper I it is shown that urban residents associate the urban fringe forest with a variety of design characteristics, as people’s opinions do not solely concern social qualities but also ecological and functional qualities. It is concluded that the overall influence of socioeconomic and demographic attributes is modest in comparison to the basic values and beliefs people hold about life, the environment, and the forest in general. In Paper II it is demonstrated that it is imperative for municipalities to own forest, since this allows them to secure sufficient provisions of recreational forests for future residents and from urban land developments. However, as private citizens do generally not take part of local planning and management decision-making there is an obvious risk for decisions biased towards the interests of social organizations, with specific activity and structural demands that do not necessarily reflect the interests of the general public. From Paper III it is evident that urbanization and population developments do not necessarily lead to a reduced supply of urban fringe forests over time; forest management practices are equally important to consider with regards to people’s opportunities to visit attractive forests for recreation. Finally, in Paper IV it is shown that more attractive forests are generally less accessible to urban residents, regardless of mode of transportation, and that the accessibility to urban fringe forests is generally lower in more deprived neighborhoods. / <p>The research for <em>Paper I </em>of this thesis was conducted in collaboration with Future Forests, a multidisciplinary research program, and its sponsors: the Strategic Foundation for Environmental Research (Mistra), the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå University, the Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk), and the Forestry Industry in Sweden. The research for <em>Papers II-IV</em> was made possible with financial support from the Centre for Environmental Research in Umeå (CMF). Additional financial support was received from the Gösta Skoglund foundation, the Kempe foundation, and the Carl-Fredric von Horn foundation.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_sc_dr_prud.pdf: 12404039 bytes, checksum: 09811c89ab3b4e4c4ba99ff189317d0b (MD5) / PROPG / Nesta tese empreendemos uma discussão sobre rede urbana e cidade média como temática central que tem por objeto de estudo a cidade de Guarapuava, no Centro Sul do Paraná. Procuramos verificar, por meio de uma análise específica dessa cidade e das interações espaciais entre Guarapuava, Laranjeiras do Sul e Prudentópolis, a existência de uma rede urbana e a funcionalidade de Guarapuava como cidade média ou de porte médio no contexto regional. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, iniciamos com uma discussão teórica e conceitual sobre rede e rede urbana, em seguida combinamos uma análise espaço temporal visando à compreensão dos principais processos (urbanização e industrialização) e agentes (grupos sociais, Capital e Estado) participantes da produção e consolidação da rede urbana brasileira. Nessa perspectiva analítica, apresentamos os estudos do IBGE/REGIC como importante referência para estudos dessa natureza e a configuração recente da rede urbana segundo IBGE/REGIC (2008). A partir desse enfoque, direcionamos a análise para as cidades na rede urbana paranaense, dentre as quais, priorizamos Guarapuava por constituir o objeto central dessa análise. Para caracterizar essa cidade quanto a sua função no contexto regional, empregamos a metodologia para estudos sobre cidades médias da ReCiMe (Rede de Pesquisadores sobre Cidades Médias), e a metodologia do IBGE/REGIC para a classificação hierárquica das cidades na rede urbana quanto a oferta de bens e serviços. Os dados empíricos obtidos com o trabalho de campo viabilizaram a compreensão das interações materiais em virtude... / In this thesis, a discussion about urban network and average city as central theme is open, which aims to the city of Guarapuava, in central southern Paraná. We try to verify, through a specific analysis of this town and also the spatial interactions between Guarapuava, Laranjeiras do Sul and Prudentópolis, the existence of an urban network and the functionality of Guarapuava as an average city or a midsize city in the regional context. To develop this work, we start with a theoretical and conceptual discussion about network and urban network, then a combined timeline analysis aiming at understanding the main processes (urbanization and industrialization) and agents (social groups, Capital and State) involved in the productions and consolidation of the Brazilian urban network. In this analytical perspective, as an important reference we present studies of IBGE/REGIC and also a recent configuration of the urban network, according to IBGE/REGIC (2008). Through this approach, we orientate an analysis to the cities of Paranaense urban network, among which, Guarapuava is highlighted for being the central object of this analysis. To characterize this city as its role in the regional context, we used the ReCiMe (Network Researchers on average cities) methods for studies of average cities, and also the IBGE/REGIC methods to the hierarchical classification of the urban network cities, regarding the supply of goods and services. The empirical data obtained in the field work allowed the comprehension of the material interactions due to displacement ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Arthur Magon Whitacker / Banca: Everaldo Santos Melazzo / Banca: Tania Maria Fresca / Banca: Cesar Miranda Mendes / Banca: Antonio Nivaldo Hespanhol / Resumo: Nesta tese empreendemos uma discussão sobre rede urbana e cidade média como temática central que tem por objeto de estudo a cidade de Guarapuava, no Centro Sul do Paraná. Procuramos verificar, por meio de uma análise específica dessa cidade e das interações espaciais entre Guarapuava, Laranjeiras do Sul e Prudentópolis, a existência de uma rede urbana e a funcionalidade de Guarapuava como cidade média ou de porte médio no contexto regional. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, iniciamos com uma discussão teórica e conceitual sobre rede e rede urbana, em seguida combinamos uma análise espaço temporal visando à compreensão dos principais processos (urbanização e industrialização) e agentes (grupos sociais, Capital e Estado) participantes da produção e consolidação da rede urbana brasileira. Nessa perspectiva analítica, apresentamos os estudos do IBGE/REGIC como importante referência para estudos dessa natureza e a configuração recente da rede urbana segundo IBGE/REGIC (2008). A partir desse enfoque, direcionamos a análise para as cidades na rede urbana paranaense, dentre as quais, priorizamos Guarapuava por constituir o objeto central dessa análise. Para caracterizar essa cidade quanto a sua função no contexto regional, empregamos a metodologia para estudos sobre cidades médias da ReCiMe (Rede de Pesquisadores sobre Cidades Médias), e a metodologia do IBGE/REGIC para a classificação hierárquica das cidades na rede urbana quanto a oferta de bens e serviços. Os dados empíricos obtidos com o trabalho de campo viabilizaram a compreensão das interações materiais em virtude ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this thesis, a discussion about urban network and average city as central theme is open, which aims to the city of Guarapuava, in central southern Paraná. We try to verify, through a specific analysis of this town and also the spatial interactions between Guarapuava, Laranjeiras do Sul and Prudentópolis, the existence of an urban network and the functionality of Guarapuava as an average city or a midsize city in the regional context. To develop this work, we start with a theoretical and conceptual discussion about network and urban network, then a combined timeline analysis aiming at understanding the main processes (urbanization and industrialization) and agents (social groups, Capital and State) involved in the productions and consolidation of the Brazilian urban network. In this analytical perspective, as an important reference we present studies of IBGE/REGIC and also a recent configuration of the urban network, according to IBGE/REGIC (2008). Through this approach, we orientate an analysis to the cities of Paranaense urban network, among which, Guarapuava is highlighted for being the central object of this analysis. To characterize this city as its role in the regional context, we used the ReCiMe (Network Researchers on average cities) methods for studies of average cities, and also the IBGE/REGIC methods to the hierarchical classification of the urban network cities, regarding the supply of goods and services. The empirical data obtained in the field work allowed the comprehension of the material interactions due to displacement ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O crescimento acelerado da produção científica brasileira nos anos recentes foi acompanhado pela expansão das colaborações científicas domésticas. Neste estudo, olhamos mais atentamente esse assunto na tentativa pioneira de identificar padrões espaciais da produção e colaboração científica no Brasil, e avaliar o papel da proximidade geográfica na determinação das interações entre os pesquisadores brasileiros. Por meio de uma base única composta por mais de um milhão de pesquisadores registrados na Plataforma Lattes e de sete milhões de publicações científicas, coletamos e consolidamos informações sobre as colaborações científicas inter-regionais em termos de redes de coautorias entre 1.347 municípios brasileiros ao longo do período compreendido entre 1990 e 2010, o que permitiu uma abrangência de dados e perspectiva de análise inéditas na literatura. Os efeitos da distância geográfica nas redes de colaboração são mensurados para as diferentes áreas do conhecimento por meio da estimação de modelos de interações espaciais. Os principais resultados sugerem fortes evidências de um processo de desconcentração espacial da produção científica nos últimos anos associado à expansão das redes de colaboração e ao aumento da participação de autores das regiões cientificamente menos tradicionais, tais como Sul e Nordeste. Ademais, também encontramos evidência de que a distância ainda desempenha papel crucial na determinação da intensidade dos fluxos de conhecimento nas redes de colaboração científica no Brasil, embora a magnitude do efeito varie entre as redes das diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Por exemplo, verificamos que o distanciamento de 200 quilômetros entre dois pesquisadores implica na redução média de 22% ou 45% na probabilidade de haver colaboração entre eles, caso eles sejam de Linguística, Letras e Artes ou Ciências Exatas e da Terra, respectivamente. / Recent years have witnessed an accelerated growth of Brazilian scientific production that was accompanied by an expansion of domestic research collaboration. In this paper we look more closely at this issue in a pioneering attempt to identify spatial patterns of research production and collaboration in Brazil, and to measure the role of geographical proximity in determining interaction between Brazilian researchers. Using a unique database comprised of over one million researchers registered in the Brazilian Lattes Platform and seven million scientific publications, we collect and consolidate information on interregional research collaboration in terms of co-authorship networks among 1,347 Brazilian cities over the period between 1990 and 2010, which enabled a range of data and analysis perspective unprecedented in literature. The effects of geographical distance on research collaboration are measured for different knowledge areas under the estimation of spatial interaction models. The main results suggest strong evidence of spatial de-concentration of scientific production in the last years with expansion of research collaboration networks and an increased participation of authors in scientifically less traditional regions, such as South and Northeast. Moreover, we also find evidence that distance still plays a crucial role in determining the intensity of knowledge flows in scientific collaboration networks in Brazil, although the magnitude of such effects varies among networks of different knowledge areas. For instance, we found that the distancing of 200 kilometers between two researchers implies an average reduction of 22% or 45% on probability of collaboration among them, if they are of Linguistics, Letters and Arts or Exact and Earth Sciences, respectively.

This research paper is submitted to the Department of Geography in fulfillment of the requirements of Geography 4C6. / This study examined the trade area of a Hamilton restaurant in an attempt to determine the relevance of theoretical models in predicting trade areas based on delivery records. Through the use of four trade area models, a comparative study was devise for 'Chicago Style Pizza' restaurant. The findings were based on delivery records. Since delivery records were used, the distance factor that is used in most models is eliminated. The models that were used were a population demand, Market Penetration Model, Intervening Opportunity Model and a Spatial Interaction Model. The use of a Geographical Information System was used to predict surface demands for the Market Penetration Model and the Spatial Interaction Model. It was determined that classical models of trade area analysis had only a slight relevance in delimitating the trade areas of the store in question when compared to the actual trade area of 'Chicago Style' based on delivery records. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Predicting the passenger flow inside a city is a vital component of the intelligent transportation management system. The proposal for a new residential area, an office space, post­pandemic policy implications for work from home, behavioral changes for revised traffic patterns, infrastructural improvements, require a visual and analytical backing which can be provided through a macro simulation model. This research explores the performance of the Machine learning (ML) based transport model against the predictions provided by the traditional Spatial Interaction Models (SIM) for the city of Oslo. The transport models and their parameters are analyzed for sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis to derive city character. Furthermore, the derived model is deployed over an interactive dashboard for analytical and their practical visualizations through infographics. The results show that the ML model outperforms the SIM. Although the traditional SIM has a clear advantage of being interpreted by design and requiring a few parameters, it suffers from its inability to accurately capture the structure of real flows and greater variability as compared to the ML model. Extensive statistical analyses are conducted to obtain significant results and realize the pros and cons of both the models which question the validity of results for the ML model over SIM. With this thesis, we discuss the potential of ML model detected trends of passenger flows, andtheir capacity to simulate city development­related scenarios for the traffic flows within the city.

No description available.

One of the key concerns in spatial analysis and modelling is to study and analyse similarities or dissimilarities between places over geographical space. However, ”global“ spatial models may fail to identify spatial variations of relationships (spatial heterogeneity) by assuming spatial stationarity of relationships. In many real-life situations spatial variation in relationships possibly exists and the assumption of global stationarity might be highly unrealistic leading to ignorance of a large amount of spatial information. In contrast, local spatial models emphasise differences or dissimilarity over space and focus on identifying spatial variations in relationships. These models allow the parameters of models to vary locally and can provide more useful information on the processes generating the data in different parts of the study area. In this study, a framework for localising spatial interaction models, based on geographically weighted (GW) techniques, has been developed. This framework can help in detecting, visualising and analysing spatial heterogeneity in spatial interaction systems. In order to apply the GW concept to spatial interaction models, we investigate several approaches differing mainly in the way calibration points (flows) are defined and spatial separation (distance) between flows is calculated. As a result, a series of localised geographically weighted spatial interaction (GWSI) models are developed. Using custom-built algorithms and computer code, we apply the GWSI models to a journey-to-work dataset in Switzerland for validation and comparison with the related global models. The results of the model calibrations are visualised using a series of conventional and flow maps along with some matrix visualisations. The comparison of the results indicates that in most cases local GWSI models exhibit an improvement over the global models both in providing more useful local information and also in model performance and goodness-of-fit.

Waldo Tobler, con la sua prima legge della geografia, afferma “Ogni cosa è correlata con qualsiasi altra, ma le cose vicine sono più relazionate di quelle lontane" (Tobler, 1970). Se questo era certamente vero nel 1970, tale convinzione è stata messa in discussione con l’avvento delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione e della Comunicazione (ICT). Nel dibattito riguardo al processo di globalizzazione molti studiosi e giornalisti sostengono infatti che, con la velocizzazione delle telecomunicazioni, la distanza fisica è destinata a perdere il proprio potere esplicativo relativamente a molti fenomeni socio-economici (Cairncross, 2001; Friedman, 2005). Questa dissertazione vuole contribuire al dibattito rispondendo, seppure parzialmente, alla domanda “La distanza importa ancora?” e definire alcune possibili implicazioni di policy. L’obiettivo è quello di mostrare il ruolo della distanza geografica in tre diversi contesti economici caratterizzati da differenti dimensioni dell’unità di analisi. I risultati suggeriscono che, anche se su scala globale lo sviluppo delle nuove tecnologie ha modificato la percezione individuale della distanza come deterrente alle interazioni, lo spazio geografico mantiene ancora la sua rilevanza del definire le relazioni socio-economiche locali, aumentando il ruolo di città e regioni quali centri della maggioranza delle attività economiche. / Waldo Tobler, with his first law of geography, stated “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things" (Tobler, 1970). If it was certainly true in 1970, this belief is called into question in an era of development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In the debate over globalization processes, several scholars and journalists argue indeed that, with the increasing speed of telecommunications, physical distance is losing its explanatory power as determinant of socio-economical relationships (Cairncross, 2001; Friedman, 2005). This dissertation aims to give a contribution to this debate, partially answering to the broad question “Does distance still matter?" and to draw possible policy implications. The purpose is to show the role of geographical distance in three different economic environments, characterized by diversified size of the unit of analysis. Results suggest that, even if at a global scale improvements in ICTs have changed the individual perception of the distance as deterrent in interactions, geographical space still maintains its relevance in defining local socio-economic relationships, increasing the role of cities and regions as the core of most of economic activities.