Orientador: Raoul Henry / Banca: Leandro Gonçalves Oliveira / Banca: Fábio de Oliveira Roque / Resumo: Em ecossistemas aquáticos lênticos, o material orgânico de origem autóctone é o recurso basal de maior destaque, sendo a principal fonte de energia para consumidores primários, que por sua vez podem sustentar uma complexa rede trófica nesses ambientes. As principais fontes de material orgânico particulado em lagos, os detritos orgânicos, têm procedência do fitoplâncton e das macrófitas, e se acumulam no sedimento. Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos são, portanto, componentes fundamentais do processo de transferência de energia e nutrientes, de forma que sua sobrevivência nesses ecossistemas está relacionada, dentre outros fatores, a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Assim, é importante compreender, de acordo com as particularidades morfológicas, fisiológicas e comportamentais de cada táxon, como se mostram seus hábitos alimentares, frente às condições ambientais. O principal objetivo do trabalho foi evidenciar as diferenças na estruturação da fauna de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em duas lagoas marginais ao Rio Paranapanema, partindo-se do princípio que a presença de plantas aquáticas em uma delas afetaria significativamente a organização desses organismos. Buscou-se demonstrar ainda que essa influência seria resultado da contribuição que as plantas aquáticas têm para a alimentação dos grupos de macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Os itens alimentares consumidos por Chironomidae e Ephemeroptera foram verificados em ambas as lagoas e períodos de estudo através da análise do conteúdo estomacal das larvas. Neste trabalho concluiu-se que o material orgânico particulado fino é o item mais explorado por estes dois grupos, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de muitos táxons e interferindo na estruturação da fauna em ambas as lagoas e períodos analisados / Abstract: Not available / Mestre

This study examines the reasons given for the lack of interracial contact among 188 (142 Black, 25 White and 19 Coloured) university students. The most pervasive factor influencing such contact for the whole group (79.1 percent) was language differences. The statements endorsed by most black participants were; differences in behaviour (62.9 percent), socio-economic status (56.0 percent) and culture (52.5 percent). The coloured participants endorsed statements concerning socio-economic status (61.1 percent), culture (42.1 percent) and dissociation (42.1 percent). The white participants endorsed statements regarding race issues (64.0 percent), differences in behaviour (60.0 percent) and cultural differences (44.0 percent). This study found that metastereotypes social distance and contact correlate with prejudice. Metastereotypes and social distance positively influence prejudice in that an increase in these factors is associated with heightened levels of prejudice. The amount of contact between groups has a negative relationship with prejudice, indicating that increased levels of contact are associated with a decrease in prejudice.

Active allothetic avoidance task (AAPA) could be a useful tool to study cognitive deficit of schizofrenia. In this task two different reference frames are created. The subject should distinguish which oriental frame is relevant for navigation and is proper for the solution of the task. This ability is called cognitive coordination. It is proved that the process of cognitive coordination is impaired in schizophrenic individuals, which comes to light in a Stroop test. Schizophrenia-like behavior can be modelled on the rats by a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocipline (MK-801). The aim of these thesis was to study the existence of alternative strategies and the influence of different habituation on the performance of rats within AAPA. Furthermore, we have been studying the influence of MK-801 at a dose of 0.15mg / kg on the cognitive coordination in this task. We have found that the rats are able to learn AAPA task after pre-training without distal orientation cues, using relatively efficient alternative strategies. In these alternative strategies the idiothetic navigation is applied. The performance of rats in AAPA task is influenced by different conditions during habituation. We have proved that MK-801 at this dosage has no effect on cognitive performance of the rats in AAPA task, but...

This is a study of the spatial affordances of buildings that allow them to organize and transmit cultural ideas and to support the performance of organizational roles. The particular affordances under consideration are those that arise from the manner in which buildings structure the visual fields that are potentially available to a situated observer. In studying directed visibility patterns, supported by the development of appropriate analytical tools, we focus on a previously specified set of visual targets and ask how many become visible from each occupiable location. Parametric restrictions concerning the direction into which a subject faces and the viewing angle sustained by the target object are also taken into consideration. The aim is to demonstrate how such refinements of visibility analysis, lead to more precise and penetrating insights as to how building users tune their behavior to the spatial affordances of environment, and how the environment impacts their understanding in turn. Three different studies were presented. The fist used directed visibility measures to evaluate the affordances of different nursing-unit designs relative to how well nurses are able to survey patients in different rooms as they go about their duties. The second study focuses on the manner in which nurses and physicians position themselves in a Neuro Intensive Care Unit (ICU), particularly when interacting. The third study investigates how aware exhibition visitors become of the visual structure of environment and how the visibility structure of exhibitions affects the ability of visitors to conceptually group paintings according to their thematic content. The case studies support the following conclusions. 1) The way in which people position themselves in an environment as they perform their assigned tasks is tuned to the way in which visual fields are structured. 2) The visual structure of environment is contingent upon the interaction between the underlying structure of visual fields and paths of movement. 3) Directed visibility analysis leads to stronger correlations with behavior and performance than generic visibility analysis. This implies that environments are layered. Their underlying spatial structure is charged by the distribution of the contents that are programmatically primary.

This research strives to characterize the means by which video game players experience and understand the space of the game city during the course of play. Three-dimensional video game cities are neither static environments nor stationary views; rather, they are experienced through movement, action, and play. Our experiences of new places are not developed at a glance. Instead, they are cultivated through use over time. This work utilizes games that take place in constructed versions of New York City as a case study. By focusing on the ways players navigate spaces, we can understand how they construct spatial awareness and how this space is transformed into a meaningful place of play. In order to come to this understanding, this study asks a series of questions: How are these spaces arranged? How does the player move through the space and how does the game teach spatial navigation? What actions are performed in the space and how is gameplay adapted for the city environment? And how do of narrative environments contribute to a player's identification with the space? These questions are examined within a framework of urban, cultural, and game studies. I examine techniques that are employed by video game city designers to help players navigate space and make it meaningful. Additionally, this research poses areas for future expansion and experimentation with game cities.

Orientador: Arleude Bortolozzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T07:41:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_AnaLuisa_M.pdf: 4106132 bytes, checksum: 9808a73e846a75c11d4e65caf1f86b23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Résumé: Dans ce mémoire de maitrise, nous partons de I'idée que I'usage du territoire implique « différentes matrices de rationalité » ce qui donc impose non seulement Ia reconnaissance de Ia diversité mais également celle des contradictions inscrites dans I'espace géographique. Ainsi, Ia « conflituosité » en tant que donnée de I'analyse spatiale est essentielle á Ia mise en valeur de Ia différence et, surtout, á Ia mise en valeur de sujets sociaux historiquement occultés. En ce sens-Iá, notre recherche s'utilise du territoire utilisé en tant que catégorie d'analyse, vu qu'il nous remet á I'espace de tous et, encore, qu'il nous invite á entreprendre des « relations sociales et de pouvoir ». Donc, nous chercherons á dévoiler les stratégies et les tactiques qui conduisent les actions des différents agents - tout en faisant ressortir Ia présence des marchands ambulants - dans Ia lutte pour I'usage du centre ville de Ribeirao Preto. Avec Ia notion « d'hommes lents » nous cherchons á mettre en valeur Ia territorialité des marchands ambulants qui, hors du modéle hégémonique, être trés difficilement confrontée, non seulement en tant que porteuse de valeurs, mais aussi en tant que nouvelle possibilité de I'usage de Ia ville. Dans ce contexte, les marchands ambulants résistent á I'aménagement du territoire urbain dominant et, grâce á leurs circonstances, ils tentent d'imposer leurs spécificités tout en apportant au débat une possible autre configuration socio-spatiale. De cette maniére, en installant un désaccord sur I'organisation du centre ville de Ribeirao Preto, ils se constituent, même potentiellement, en tant que sujets politiques. C'est ce processus de constitutions, négociations et répressions, que nous tentons apréhender afin d'illuminer Ia géographie de ces sujets / Resumo: Nesta dissertação, parte-se da idéia que o uso do território envolve "diferentes matrizes de racionalidade" e, portanto, impõe o reconhecimento da diversidade e das contradições inscritas no espaço geográfico. Com isso, a "conflituosidade", como um dado da análise espacial, é essencial para a valorização da diferença e, sobretudo, para a valorização de sujeitos sociais historicamente ocultados. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa vale-se do território usado como categoria de análise, já que nos remete ao espaço de todos e, com isso, nos convida a atentar para as "relações sociais e de poder". Assim, busca-se desvendar as estratégias e táticas que conduzem as ações dos diferentes agentes - destacando a presença dos camelôs - na luta pelo uso do centro de Ribeirão Preto. Por meio da noção de "homens lentos", procura-se valorizar a territorialidade dos camelôs que, estando fora do modelo hegemônico, dificilmente é confrontada como portadora de valores e, sobretudo, como uma nova possibilidade de uso da cidade. Nesse contexto, os camelôs resistem ao planejamento urbano dominante e, dentro de suas circunstâncias, tentam impor suas especificidades, trazendo para o debate uma outra configuração sócio-espacial possível. Assim, ao instalar um dissenso sobre a organização do centro de Ribeirão Preto constituem-se, ainda que potencialmente, como sujeitos políticos. É nesse processo de constituições, negociações e repressões, que se procura apreender e, sobretudo, iluminar a geografia desses sujeitos / Abstract: This paper discusses the idea that the use of a territory envolves "different sources of rationality", therefore, it imposes the recognition of diversity and contradictions inscribed in geographical space. Through it, the "conflictuality" as a known element of the spacial analysis is essencial to the appreciation of the difference and specially, for the appreciation of social subjects historically hidden. Therefore, this research makes use of used territory as a category of analysis, since it remits us to the space of everybody, in such a way, it invites us to consider the "social relations and the power relations". In this way, it seeks in revealing the strategies and tactics which carry the actions out of the different subjects - pointing out the presence of camelôs - fighting for the use of Ribeirão Preto's downtown. Through the notion of "slow men" we value the territoriality of the camelôs who has been out of the hegemonic model, it is hardly faced as a value bearer and, above ali, as a new possibility to make use of the city. Therefore, the camelôs withstand to the dominant urban planning and under these circumstances, they try to impose their specialities bringing to debate another possible configuration of social space. Thus, installing a disagreement about the organization of Ribeirão Preto's downtown, however, it constitutes potentially as political subjects. In this process of constitutions, negotiations and repressions that we seek to undestand and beyond that, to enlighten the geography of these subejts / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Orientador: Marcio Antonio Cataia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T07:25:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lamas_Marianna_M.pdf: 1420792 bytes, checksum: e0a21753a50853ea722f5af3c222ce65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O período atual contribui para que o território seja dotado de novos atributos técnicos, científicos e informacionais, promovendo profundas transformações na divisão territorial do trabalho e da produção. A região Centro-Oeste destaca-se no território nacional por configurar um novo espaço de ampliação da produção de algodão herbáceo, com ênfase para o estado do Mato Grosso, responsável por aproximadamente 70 % da produção de algodão do Centro-Oeste e cerca de 50% da produção nacional, indicando uma especialização regional produtiva. Esta especialização fundamenta-se na dissociação territorial da produção em uma parcela técnica - relativa à produção propriamente dita e dispersa em alguns pontos do território - e uma parcela política ¿ responsável pela regulação, comando e gestão dessa produção, encontrando-se centralizada no território. A análise do circuito espacial produtivo do algodão no Brasil indica que sua parcela técnica vem se concentrando em alguns municípios do estado do Mato Grosso - como Campo Verde e Primavera do Leste -, enquanto parte de sua parcela política concentra-se na cidade de São Paulo, sede da Bolsa de Mercadorias e Futuros (BM&F) e da Associação Nacional dos Exportadores de Algodão (ANEA), formada pelas principais tradings responsáveis pela comercialização e exportação dessa commodity. Sob esse aspecto, trabalhamos com a hipótese de ocorrência de uma especialização regional produtiva extrovertida, dado o comando dessa produção ser forâneo. Visando a comprovação desta hipótese busca-se compreender o circuito espacial produtivo do algodão cultivado no estado do Mato-Grosso, assim como seus círculos de cooperação. Essa dissociação territorial das parcelas da produção contribui para o estabelecimento de uma nova organização e uma nova regulação do território brasileiro, promotoras de novos usos do território, cada vez mais seletivos, hierárquicos e reticulares, contribuindo para sua alienação / Abstract: The current period contributes for the territory to have new technical attributes, scientific and informational, promoting deep changes to the work and production territorial division. The Center-West region stands out on the national territory for being a new enlargement space in the herbal cotton production, giving emphasis to the state of Mato Grosso, which is responsible for about 70% of the cotton production in the Center-West region and about 50% of the national production, indicating a productive regional specialization. This specialization is based on the territorial dissociation of the production in a technical parcel - related to the production itself and scattered in some parts of the territory - and a political parcel ¿ responsible for the regulation, command and managing of this production, being centralized in the territory. The analysis of the cotton productive spatial circle in Brazil indicates that its technical parcel is concentrated in some towns in the state of Mato Grosso - as, for example, Campo Verde and Primavera do Leste - while part of its political parcel is concentrated in the city of São Paulo, home office of the Brazilian Mercantile & Futures Exchange (BM&F) and the National Association of the Cotton Exporters (ANEA), formed by the main tradings responsible for the commerce and export of this commodity. Under this aspect, we work on the hypothesis of an extroverted productive regional specialization event, forasmuch as the command of this production is foreign. Looking forward to confirming this hypothesis, we try to understand the productive spatial circle of the cotton grown in the state of Mato Grosso, the same way that its cooperation circles. This territorial dissociation of the production parcels contributes to the establishment of a new organization and a new regulation of the Brazilian territory, promoting new uses of the territory, more and more selective, hierarchical and reticular, contributing to its alienation / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Very little is known about the spatio-temporal ecology of the yellow mongoose Cynictis penicillata, despite this small carnivore being widely distributed in the southern African subregion. Until the present study, activity patterns and daily movement distances had only been investigated over a single season, and information on home range sizes was only available from a few populations. Here, I aimed at determining the activity patterns and the space use of yellow mongooses over the different seasons of the year in the Great Fish River Reserve (Eastern Cape, South Africa). In addition, I tested some predictions related to environmental factors (variations in photoperiod, climatic conditions and food availability over the year), as well as life cycle (reproduction) and morphological and physiological characteristics (sexual dimorphism and thermoregulatory aspects associated to the possession of an elongated body). From September 2005 to August 2011, spatio-temporal data were collected through 102 continuous tracking sessions (84 during the day and 18 during the night) of 12 adult individuals (seven males and five females) fitted with motion-sensor radio-collars. Additional data were obtained through semi-continuous tracking sessions and random locations. Yellow mongooses were essentially diurnal and crepuscular. Activity levels averaged 57 percent during the day (n = 11,807 fixes) and only 11 percent at night (n = 3,623 fixes). Yellow mongooses emerged from their burrows on average (± SD) 85 ± 62 min after sunrise (range: –11 to +369 min) and returned 21 ± 84 min before sunset (range: –518 to +225 min). The duration of the daily activity period varied between 12 min and 15 h 36 min, with a mean of 9 h 28 min. Both sexes exhibited some overground activity after sunset, but this was most pronounced in males than in females. Nocturnal activity outside the activity period was generally restricted to short underground bouts of activity occurring at anytime of the night. Diurnal resting, with up to 11 bouts per activity period, occurred in 98.8 percent of activity periods. Overall, yellow mongooses were active during 68 ± 17 percent of the time spent outside the burrow. Photoperiod acted as a zeitgeber and activity was negatively affected by adverse climatic conditions (very hot or conversely low temperatures, rain, wet soil) and probably low terrestrial arthropod activity/availability. No intersexual difference in activity levels was found, although the higher body mass of males (on average 16 oercent) implies higher metabolic demands. The total home range size (MCP 100 percent ) averaged 0.55 ± 0.65 km2 (range: 0.10–2.36 km2) and the related total perimeter measured on average 2.80 ± 1.71 km (range: 1.17–7.36 km). Male home ranges were on average more than twice large than those of females, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. However, males had larger daily home ranges (0.13 ± 0.15 km2) than females (0.05 ± 0.05 km2). In addition, daily movement distances of males were longer (1.99 ± 1.07 km) than those of females (1.29 ± 0.66 km). Males also travelled at a faster speed (0.29 ± 0.13 km/h) than females (0.18 ± 0.07 km/h). Overall, sex clearly appeared to play a role in the spatial ecology of yellow mongooses, but the underlying explanation does not seem to be linked to sexual dimorphism (body mass) or reproductive activity. Whilst the role of food availability on the space use of yellow mongooses is unclear, it is likely that low temperatures negatively affect yellow mongoose movements, as they do for their activity levels.

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set (N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interpersonal distances in different regions, which might be used as a reference data point in future studies.

Stress-related cognitive changes are still a matter of debate. In some particular neuropathological conditions such as focal ischemia, cognitive functions have been shown to be significantly impaired. These conditions, however, may be improved by some factors such as steroid hormones. The purpose of the current thesis was to assess the structural and functional effects of corticosterone-related experiences on the hippocampus before and after endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced stroke. We found corticosterone-related experiences enhance the hippocampal recovery, and improve its function in both wet and dryland tasks after ET-1-induced focal stroke. Structural and functional effects of such experiences prior to the focal ischemia in the hippocampus, however, showed that stress, not corticosterone is a strong inhibitor for hippocampal recovery. / xii, 252 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. --