Esta dissertação aborda o tema das intervenções viárias planejadas pelo poder público e seu impacto na configuração espacial. O sistema viário é fator fundamental na estruturação espacial urbana, na medida em que interfere na maior ou menor facilidade de se acessar determinados espaços, privilegiando certos locais em relação ao movimento, por exemplo. Ao poder público cabe a tarefa de planejar e promover intervenções viárias e de transporte. Tais intervenções vêm associadas a outras transformações, em especial, no movimento e no uso e ocupação do solo. Embora haja consciência de que alterações no sistema viário estejam relacionadas a muitas outras transformações urbanas, uma análise ampla dessas inter-relações é tarefa bastante complexa. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar intervenções viárias planejadas pelo poder público visando avaliar seus impactos na configuração urbana e associá-las a possíveis desdobramentos em termos de movimento e diversificação do uso do solo. Também pretende-se discutir como as propostas institucionais de ordenamento territorial se articulam com as intervenções viárias planejadas. Toma-se para o estudo empírico a região de Brasília, englobando o Distrito Federal e seu Entorno imediato. São enfocados dois planos recentes: o Plano Diretor de Ordenamento Territorial do Distrito Federal, PDOT e o Plano Diretor de Transporte Urbano e Mobilidade para o Distrito Federal e Entorno, PDTU, dos anos de 2009 e 2011, respectivamente. O trabalho desenvolve uma análise comparativa da situação atual (sem intervenções) com a situação proposta (com intervenções), a partir de metodologia baseada na Sintaxe Espacial. As medidas sintáticas de Integração Angular Global e Escolha Angular são tomadas respectivamente como indicadores de acessibilidade e hierarquia. Os resultados apresentam as principais transformações detectadas em termos da configuração e do potencial de movimento, destacando-se pontos de coerência e também algumas inconsistências entre as propostas de estruturação viária e uso do solo dos dois planos considerados. Nas conclusões, enfatiza-se a importância de análises desse tipo, visando melhor compreender a relação entre o sistema viário e a estrutura espacial das cidades, dando suporte a um planejamento territorial e de transporte mais articulado. / This thesis addresses the issue of government-planned road interventions and their impact on space configuration. The road system is a fundamental factor in urban spatial structure, in that influences the ease of access to certain areas, privileging certain places in relation to movement, for example. The government has the task of planning and promoting road and transport interventions. Such interventions have been associated with other transformations, especially in relation to movement and land use. While it is understood that changes in the road system are related to many other urban transformations, an extensive analysis of these interrelationships is a very complex task. The objective of this study is to analyze planned road interventions by public authorities to assess their impacts on urban configuration and associate them with possible consequences in terms of movement and diversification of land use. It also examines how institutional proposals for land use are linked to planned road interventions. The case study being examined comes from the metropolitan region of Brasilia, which encompasses the Federal District and its surrounding areas. In particular, two government planning document are analyzed: The Master Spatial Plan of the Federal District (PDOT) from 2009 and the Master Plan for Urban Mobility and Transportation for the Federal District and surrounding areas (PDTU) from 2011. The thesis develops a comparative analysis of the current situation (no intervention) with the proposed situation (with interventions) based on Space Syntax. Syntactic measures of Angular Global Integration and Angular Choice are taken as indicators of accessibility and hierarchy. The results show the main changes detected in terms of urban configuration and movement potential, highlighting points of consistency and also some inconsistencies between the proposed road structure and the land use of the two plans considered. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of this type of analysis to better understand the relationship between the road system and the spatial structure of cities and argues that land use and transport planning need to be more closely integrated.

Esta dissertação aborda o tema das intervenções viárias planejadas pelo poder público e seu impacto na configuração espacial. O sistema viário é fator fundamental na estruturação espacial urbana, na medida em que interfere na maior ou menor facilidade de se acessar determinados espaços, privilegiando certos locais em relação ao movimento, por exemplo. Ao poder público cabe a tarefa de planejar e promover intervenções viárias e de transporte. Tais intervenções vêm associadas a outras transformações, em especial, no movimento e no uso e ocupação do solo. Embora haja consciência de que alterações no sistema viário estejam relacionadas a muitas outras transformações urbanas, uma análise ampla dessas inter-relações é tarefa bastante complexa. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar intervenções viárias planejadas pelo poder público visando avaliar seus impactos na configuração urbana e associá-las a possíveis desdobramentos em termos de movimento e diversificação do uso do solo. Também pretende-se discutir como as propostas institucionais de ordenamento territorial se articulam com as intervenções viárias planejadas. Toma-se para o estudo empírico a região de Brasília, englobando o Distrito Federal e seu Entorno imediato. São enfocados dois planos recentes: o Plano Diretor de Ordenamento Territorial do Distrito Federal, PDOT e o Plano Diretor de Transporte Urbano e Mobilidade para o Distrito Federal e Entorno, PDTU, dos anos de 2009 e 2011, respectivamente. O trabalho desenvolve uma análise comparativa da situação atual (sem intervenções) com a situação proposta (com intervenções), a partir de metodologia baseada na Sintaxe Espacial. As medidas sintáticas de Integração Angular Global e Escolha Angular são tomadas respectivamente como indicadores de acessibilidade e hierarquia. Os resultados apresentam as principais transformações detectadas em termos da configuração e do potencial de movimento, destacando-se pontos de coerência e também algumas inconsistências entre as propostas de estruturação viária e uso do solo dos dois planos considerados. Nas conclusões, enfatiza-se a importância de análises desse tipo, visando melhor compreender a relação entre o sistema viário e a estrutura espacial das cidades, dando suporte a um planejamento territorial e de transporte mais articulado. / This thesis addresses the issue of government-planned road interventions and their impact on space configuration. The road system is a fundamental factor in urban spatial structure, in that influences the ease of access to certain areas, privileging certain places in relation to movement, for example. The government has the task of planning and promoting road and transport interventions. Such interventions have been associated with other transformations, especially in relation to movement and land use. While it is understood that changes in the road system are related to many other urban transformations, an extensive analysis of these interrelationships is a very complex task. The objective of this study is to analyze planned road interventions by public authorities to assess their impacts on urban configuration and associate them with possible consequences in terms of movement and diversification of land use. It also examines how institutional proposals for land use are linked to planned road interventions. The case study being examined comes from the metropolitan region of Brasilia, which encompasses the Federal District and its surrounding areas. In particular, two government planning document are analyzed: The Master Spatial Plan of the Federal District (PDOT) from 2009 and the Master Plan for Urban Mobility and Transportation for the Federal District and surrounding areas (PDTU) from 2011. The thesis develops a comparative analysis of the current situation (no intervention) with the proposed situation (with interventions) based on Space Syntax. Syntactic measures of Angular Global Integration and Angular Choice are taken as indicators of accessibility and hierarchy. The results show the main changes detected in terms of urban configuration and movement potential, highlighting points of consistency and also some inconsistencies between the proposed road structure and the land use of the two plans considered. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of this type of analysis to better understand the relationship between the road system and the spatial structure of cities and argues that land use and transport planning need to be more closely integrated.

Density is more about an experienced nearness to functions and activities than buildingsbeing physically close to each other. Density is interaction, and the intensity of itdepends on accessibility to the functions and activities of the built environment. The current planning, continuing the thoughts of the modernist, are a threat to publichealth and the environment, as sprawling settlements demand more resources forinfrastructure and time spent commuting between home and work, taking up the timeto spend with family and friends. The suburban planning principles of the Swedish housing estate unit have graduallytransformed the suburban neighbourhoods into dispersed, disconnected islands, wheresocial life is inhibited in the mere configuration of space. Legibility of the urban environment is important regarding orientation and navigation,but also to understand the underlying meanings of spaces and places. The urbanstructure should be easily read to be understandable in the choices of everyday life. How we understand the boundaries and transitions of our surrounding affects howspaces are used. Unclear territorial interfaces, like the open space landscape ofmodernist planning feels too exposed to be appropriated. If activities should take placein the outdoor environment, there must be a certain quality to the spaces that areinviting and promote interaction between people. The suburban housing estate neighbourhoods can be developed to promote thisinteraction, providing spaces where the different layers of social life can take place, fromthe private home – through mediating interfaces of front yards, indoor collective spaceand collective gardens – to the public realm of the streets, pathways and parks. The thesis studies the suburban neighbourhood Årsta in eastern Uppsala, whichshows the signs of a disperse suburban housing estate in its configuration of buildings,withdrawn from the streets, turning inward away from the public spaces. By adding built volume within the existing structure of the open yards, the boundariesbetween the public and the private spaces can be clearly defined and new activatedspaces can be created. Many fronts towards the streets and paths make people meet inevery-day life and new types of spaces can be used to set a framework for interactionbetween residents as well as outsiders. Such spaces can also work as a buffer betweenpublic life and the private dwelling, e.g. a collective garden mediates the space inbetween a pedestrian path and an inner yard.

Spatial structures shape human behaviour, or in the words of Bill Hillier – human behaviour does not simply happen in space, it takes on specific spatial forms. How staff interacts in a cellular office differs significantly from the patterns emerging in an open-plan environment. Therefore the dissertation ‘The Space-Organisation Relationship’ analyses how exactly spatial configuration shapes collective behaviours in knowledge-intensive workplace environments. From an extensive literature review it becomes clear that only few insights exist on the relationship between spatial structures and organisational behaviour, despite several decades of intensive research. It is argued that the discourse suffers from disciplinary boundaries; a lack of rigorous research designs; as well as incoherent and outdates studies. Founded on this diagnosis, the dissertation puts up two contrary hypotheses to explain the current state of knowledge: on the one hand it could be argued that hardly any coherent results were found due to the incoherent use of methods and metrics. If this was true it would mean that different organisations would react comparably to similar spatial configurations, if the same methods were used. On the other hand it could be hypothesised that it was inherently impossible to achieve coherent results even with the use of consistent methods, since each space-organisation relationship was unique. To investigate these ideas further, the dissertation employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, embedded within an explorative research design. Both a comparative analysis of different cases and an in-depth study to understand specific organisational behaviours were aimed at by conducting three intensive case studies of knowledge-intensive workplaces: 1) A University, 2) A Research Institute, 3) A Media Company, all of them accommodated in varying spatial structures. Based on a multi-layered analysis of empirical evidence, the dissertation concludes that the relationship between spatial configuration and organisational behaviours can be described by two principles. Firstly, evidence of generic function was found for example between spatial configuration, the placement of attractors, and collective movement flows. These influences are based on general anthropological behaviours and act independently of specific organisational cultures; yet they are rarely found. Secondly, the majority of evidence, especially on more complex organisational constructs such as knowledge flow, organisational cultures and identity suggests that the space-organisation relationship is shaped by the interplay of spatial as well as transpatial solidarities. This means that relationships between people may be formed by either spatial or social proximity. Transpatial relations can overcome distances and are grounded in social solidarities; as such they are not motivated by spatial structures, even though they often mirror spatial order. In essence organisations may react uniquely to comparable spatial configurations. Those two principles – generic function as well as spatial and transpatial solidarities – come in many different forms and jointly shape the character of the space-organisation relationship. This means both hypotheses are true to a degree and apply to different aspects of the space-organisation relationship.:Acknowledgements Table of Contents 1. Introduction – Space and Organisation 2. Literature Review – Space as Intangible Asset of an Organisation 2.1. Organisation Theory – Key Themes and Strands 2.2. Organisation and Space – The Forerunners 2.3. Organisation and Space – The Early Works (1960’s-1980’s) 2.3.1. Contributions Summarising the Discourse 2.3.2. Contributions Providing More Empirical Evidence 2.3.3. The Other Side of the Coin: Neglecting the Role of Physical Space 2.4. Organisation and Space – The Lean Years (1980s-1990s) 2.4.1. Continuous Neglect of Space as an Influence 2.4.2. Filling the Gaps in the Common Knowledge on Space and Organisations 2.4.3. Space Syntax as a New Emerging Theory 2.5. Organisation and Space – Recent Rediscoveries (1995 onwards) 2.5.1. Organisational Behaviour 2.5.2. Organisational Constitutions 2.6. Organisation and Space – Conclusions on a Fragmentary Evidence Base 2.6.1. Disciplinary Boundaries and Disciplinary Cultures 2.6.2. Speculative Presumptions 2.6.3. Vague Operationalisation 2.6.4. Contradictory Evidence 2.6.5. Outdated Studies Lacking Further Articulation 2.6.6. Conclusions 3. Methodology 3.1. Research Design – Inductive and Deductive Approaches 3.2. Case Study Research 3.3. Qualitative Methods 3.3.1. Structured Short Interviews 3.3.2. Semi-Structured In-Depth Interviews 3.3.3. Ethnographic Space Observations 3.3.4. Analysis of Written Documents 3.4. Quantitative Methods 3.4.1. Standardised Online Questionnaires 3.4.2. Space Syntax Analysis 3.4.3. Structured Space Observations 4. Introduction to the Case Studies 4.1. University School – High Quality Teaching and World-Leading Research 4.2. Research Institute – An International Location for Theoretical Physics 4.3. Media Corporation – Business To Business Magazines and Services 4.4. Overview of the Cases 5. Spatial Configuration – The Integration of Buildings, Spaces and Functions 5.1. Spatial Configuration 5.1.1. University School – Pre 5.1.2. University School – Post 5.1.2. Research Institute 5.1.3. Media Corporation: Publisher C – Pre 5.1.4. Media Corporation: Publisher R – Pre 5.1.5. Media Corporation: Information Business W – Pre 5.1.6. Media Corporation: Events Organiser K – Pre 5.1.7. Media Corporation – Post 5.1.8. Spatial Configuration – A Comparative Overview of All Buildings 5.1.9. The Case of Satellite Offices and their Configurational Implications for the Organisations 5.2. Spatial Strategies – Distribution of Resources 5.2.1. Spatial Integration of Facilities and Functions 5.2.2. Distance and Proximity 5.3. Conclusions on the Building Potentials of Configurations-in-Use 6. Organisational Behaviour in Space – Movement Flows and Co-Presence 6.1. Collective Patterns of Movement 6.2. Density of Movement 6.3. Presence and Co-Presence: Intensity of Activities 6.3.1. Publisher C – From Four Separated Floors into One Compact Space 6.3.2. Publisher R – Increasing Interaction Dynamics 6.3.3. Information Business W – Changed Environments in the Same Building 6.3.4. Events Organiser K – The Loss of an Intimate Workplace 6.3.5. Conclusions on Co-Presence and Interactivity 6.4. Conclusions on Spatialised Organisational Behaviours 7. The Space-Organisation Relationship 7.1. How Spatial Configuration-in-Use Shapes Collective Patterns of Movement 7.1.1. Strong and Weakly Programmed Movement – Spatial Configuration as an Influence on the Distribution of Movement in Complex Buildings 7.1.2. Movement and Encounter – Attractors in Space 7.2. How Movement Density Drives Interactivity 7.3. How Proximity Governs Interaction Patterns and Network Densities 7.3.1. Distances between Individuals and Resulting Patterns of Contact 7.3.2. Distances between Individuals – Adjacencies and Neighbourhoods in the Office 7.3.3. Distances within Teams – Evolving Networks of Interaction 7.3.4. Conclusions on Proximity and Interaction 8. Discussion and Conclusions 8.1. Space as Generic Function 8.1.1. Movement as Generic Function in Office Spaces 8.1.2. Generic Function – Contradicting Human Agency? 8.2. Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.1. The Preference of Spatial over Transpatial Modes 8.2.2. The Preference of Transpatial over Spatial Modes 8.2.3. Balance and Imbalance of Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.4. Different Scales of Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.5. Conclusions: Spatial and Transpatial Organisations 8.3. The Interplay between Generic Function and Spatiality/Transpatiality 8.4. Final Conclusions and Future Research Appendix A: How to Construct Netgraphs from Questionnaire Data Appendix B: Used Documents Appendix C: List of Figures Appendix D: List of Tables References / Raumstrukturen beeinflussen menschliches Handeln, oder in den Worten von Bill Hillier – menschliches Verhalten findet nicht nur zufällig im Raum statt, sondern nimmt eine spezifisch räumliche Form an. Das Interaktionsverhalten von Mitarbeitern in einem Zellenbüro beispielsweise unterscheidet sich grundlegend von den Mustern, die sich in einem Großraumbüro entwickeln. Die vorliegende Dissertation „The Space-Organisation Relationship“ beschäftigt sich daher mit der Frage, wie sich die Verbindung zwischen Raumkonfiguration und kollektivem Verhalten einer Organisation in wissensintensiven Arbeitsprozessen gestaltet. Aus der Literatur wird ersichtlich, dass trotz einiger Jahrzehnte intensiver Forschung nur wenige gesicherte Erkenntnisse existieren zur Frage, wie sich Raumstrukturen auf organisationales Verhalten auswirken. Der Diskurs zeigt deutliche Schwächen durch disziplinäre Grenzen, einen Mangel an wissenschaftlich fundierten Studien, sowie inkohärente und teils veraltete Ergebnisse. Um den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zum Verhältnis von Raum und Organisation zu erklären, stellt die Arbeit zwei entgegengesetzte Hypothesen auf: zum einen wird angenommen, dass der Mangel an vergleichenden Studien sowie methodische Schwächen verantwortlich sind für die uneindeutige Beweislage. Sollte dies der Fall sein, müssten in vergleichenden Studien mit gleichem Methodenansatz übereinstimmende Ergebnisse zu finden sein. Dies würde nahe legen, dass jede Organisation als Kollektiv gleich oder zumindest ähnlich auf vergleichbare Raumstrukturen reagiere. Zum anderen wird die entgegengesetzte Hypothese aufgestellt, dass der Charakter und die inhärente Komplexität des Wissensgebietes exakte Aussagen per se unmöglich mache. Dies könnte verifiziert werden, wenn unterschiedliche Organisationen unterschiedlich auf vergleichbare Raumstrukturen reagieren würden, obwohl dieselben wissenschaftlich fundierten Methoden angewendet wurden. Um dies zu überprüfen benutzt die vorliegende Dissertation eine Kombination aus quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden, eingebettet in einen explorativen Forschungsaufbau, um sowohl vergleichende Analysen zwischen Organisationen durchführen, als auch tiefergehende Interpretationen zu spezifischem organisationalem Verhalten anstellen zu können. Die Arbeit stützt sich auf drei intensive Fallstudien unterschiedlicher wissensintensiver Tätigkeiten – einer Universität, einem Forschungsinstitut, und einem Medienunternehmen, die in jeweils unterschiedlichen räumlichen Strukturen agieren (Zellenbüros, Gruppenbüros, Kombibüros, Großraumbüros). Aufbauend auf der vielschichtigen Analyse empirischer Ergebnisse kommt die Dissertation zur Erkenntnis, dass sich das Verhältnis zwischen Raumkonfiguration und organisationalem Verhalten durch zwei Prinzipien beschreiben lässt. Einerseits sind so genannte generische Einflüsse festzustellen, zum Beispiel zwischen Raumkonfiguration, der Platzierung von Ressourcen und Bewegungsmustern. Diese generischen Einflüsse gehen auf grundlegende menschliche Verhaltensmuster zurück und agieren im Wesentlichen unabhängig von spezifischen Organisationskulturen. Allerdings sind sie selten, und nur wenige Faktoren können als generisch angenommen werden. Andererseits ist die überwiegende Mehrheit der Raum-Organisations-Beziehungen bestimmt vom Wechsel zwischen räumlicher und so genannter trans-räumlicher Solidarität, das heißt Beziehungen zwischen Individuen können sich entweder auf räumliche oder soziale Nähe stützen. Trans-räumliche Beziehungen, die sich aufgrund von sozialer Nähe entfalten können beispielsweise Entfernungen überwinden, und sind daher in erster Linie nicht räumlich motiviert, auch wenn sie sich oft in räumlichen Ordnungen widerspiegeln. Diese beiden Prinzipien – generische Einflüsse sowie räumliche und trans-räumliche Funktionsweisen – treten in vielschichtigen Formen auf und bestimmen den Charakter des Verhältnisses zwischen Raum und Organisation. Damit treffen beide der aufgestellten Hypothesen auf unterschiedliche Aspekte und Teilbereiche des Raum-Organisations-Zusammenhangs zu.:Acknowledgements Table of Contents 1. Introduction – Space and Organisation 2. Literature Review – Space as Intangible Asset of an Organisation 2.1. Organisation Theory – Key Themes and Strands 2.2. Organisation and Space – The Forerunners 2.3. Organisation and Space – The Early Works (1960’s-1980’s) 2.3.1. Contributions Summarising the Discourse 2.3.2. Contributions Providing More Empirical Evidence 2.3.3. The Other Side of the Coin: Neglecting the Role of Physical Space 2.4. Organisation and Space – The Lean Years (1980s-1990s) 2.4.1. Continuous Neglect of Space as an Influence 2.4.2. Filling the Gaps in the Common Knowledge on Space and Organisations 2.4.3. Space Syntax as a New Emerging Theory 2.5. Organisation and Space – Recent Rediscoveries (1995 onwards) 2.5.1. Organisational Behaviour 2.5.2. Organisational Constitutions 2.6. Organisation and Space – Conclusions on a Fragmentary Evidence Base 2.6.1. Disciplinary Boundaries and Disciplinary Cultures 2.6.2. Speculative Presumptions 2.6.3. Vague Operationalisation 2.6.4. Contradictory Evidence 2.6.5. Outdated Studies Lacking Further Articulation 2.6.6. Conclusions 3. Methodology 3.1. Research Design – Inductive and Deductive Approaches 3.2. Case Study Research 3.3. Qualitative Methods 3.3.1. Structured Short Interviews 3.3.2. Semi-Structured In-Depth Interviews 3.3.3. Ethnographic Space Observations 3.3.4. Analysis of Written Documents 3.4. Quantitative Methods 3.4.1. Standardised Online Questionnaires 3.4.2. Space Syntax Analysis 3.4.3. Structured Space Observations 4. Introduction to the Case Studies 4.1. University School – High Quality Teaching and World-Leading Research 4.2. Research Institute – An International Location for Theoretical Physics 4.3. Media Corporation – Business To Business Magazines and Services 4.4. Overview of the Cases 5. Spatial Configuration – The Integration of Buildings, Spaces and Functions 5.1. Spatial Configuration 5.1.1. University School – Pre 5.1.2. University School – Post 5.1.2. Research Institute 5.1.3. Media Corporation: Publisher C – Pre 5.1.4. Media Corporation: Publisher R – Pre 5.1.5. Media Corporation: Information Business W – Pre 5.1.6. Media Corporation: Events Organiser K – Pre 5.1.7. Media Corporation – Post 5.1.8. Spatial Configuration – A Comparative Overview of All Buildings 5.1.9. The Case of Satellite Offices and their Configurational Implications for the Organisations 5.2. Spatial Strategies – Distribution of Resources 5.2.1. Spatial Integration of Facilities and Functions 5.2.2. Distance and Proximity 5.3. Conclusions on the Building Potentials of Configurations-in-Use 6. Organisational Behaviour in Space – Movement Flows and Co-Presence 6.1. Collective Patterns of Movement 6.2. Density of Movement 6.3. Presence and Co-Presence: Intensity of Activities 6.3.1. Publisher C – From Four Separated Floors into One Compact Space 6.3.2. Publisher R – Increasing Interaction Dynamics 6.3.3. Information Business W – Changed Environments in the Same Building 6.3.4. Events Organiser K – The Loss of an Intimate Workplace 6.3.5. Conclusions on Co-Presence and Interactivity 6.4. Conclusions on Spatialised Organisational Behaviours 7. The Space-Organisation Relationship 7.1. How Spatial Configuration-in-Use Shapes Collective Patterns of Movement 7.1.1. Strong and Weakly Programmed Movement – Spatial Configuration as an Influence on the Distribution of Movement in Complex Buildings 7.1.2. Movement and Encounter – Attractors in Space 7.2. How Movement Density Drives Interactivity 7.3. How Proximity Governs Interaction Patterns and Network Densities 7.3.1. Distances between Individuals and Resulting Patterns of Contact 7.3.2. Distances between Individuals – Adjacencies and Neighbourhoods in the Office 7.3.3. Distances within Teams – Evolving Networks of Interaction 7.3.4. Conclusions on Proximity and Interaction 8. Discussion and Conclusions 8.1. Space as Generic Function 8.1.1. Movement as Generic Function in Office Spaces 8.1.2. Generic Function – Contradicting Human Agency? 8.2. Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.1. The Preference of Spatial over Transpatial Modes 8.2.2. The Preference of Transpatial over Spatial Modes 8.2.3. Balance and Imbalance of Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.4. Different Scales of Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.5. Conclusions: Spatial and Transpatial Organisations 8.3. The Interplay between Generic Function and Spatiality/Transpatiality 8.4. Final Conclusions and Future Research Appendix A: How to Construct Netgraphs from Questionnaire Data Appendix B: Used Documents Appendix C: List of Figures Appendix D: List of Tables References

The thesis seeks to demonstrate that during the period between 1986 and 2006, some of the principal cities of the Spanish metropolitan system1, have undergone significant change in terms of their European competitiveness. It is suggested that in the case of Madrid and Barcelona in particular this change has been of such a magnitude to proportion them a much more important place within the European spatial configuration than that which they occupied in the mid-1980s. Empirical evidence is offered to support this conjecture. The thesis lies wholly within the framework of spatial planning at the European territorial scale.It charts the comparative ascent of the Spanish cities from the moment of Spain's entry into the European Union (EU) in 1986 against the background of the development of European spatial policy, increased economic integration across Europe, the increased importance of the 'territorial' dimension of EU cohesion policy and an eventual waning of the applicability of the terminology of 'core' and 'periphery' to describe European geographical location.Part One (Chapter 1) addresses the processes of urbanisation in general from a global perspective and then focuses on metropolitan growth in a number of different historical contexts from the start of the 19th Century. Parts Two (Chapters 2-5) and Three (Chapters 6-9) of the thesis carry out analyses at two contrasting but complementary spatial scales. Part Two examines the metropolitan growth processes in Spain, in the period since 1857, detecting the historical moments in which there were surges in the metropolitan populations of the seven cities of the metropolitan system. The dimensions of the spatial units of analysis corresponding to the seven Spanish metropolitan urban regions are described, based upon a methodology first developed by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in the context of a transnational spatial planning project of the INTERREG community initiative2. These seven spatial units form the basis for a socio-economic analysis of the structure of the metropolitan system, drawing upon data principally from the 2001 Census. If by 1930 one of the key characteristics of Spain's urban system was having not just one but two cities (Madrid and Barcelona) belonging to the group of 27 cities across the world with populations in excess of 1 million inhabitants3, this same differentiation between the country's two largest cities and the remainder of the urban system is equally valid today. Spain's urban system remains clearly bicephalous in being dominated by these same two cities in terms of demographic and economic strength.Part Three begins by examining the evolution of European spatial policy against the background of an ever-enlarging European Union and changes with regard to the notion of cohesion - from a concept understood in terms of economic and social factors, to one in which the territorial dimension has become increasingly important. The European urban system is then critically examined through a number of key and influential studies, with particular regard to the rankings and hierarchies of metropolitan urban regions deriving there from and the changes in the placing of the Spanish metropolitan urban regions therein.Taking inspiration from the seminal contribution of Manuel Castells4 in the context of the structural changes resulting from the informational and technological revolution, the thesis seeks to replicate the concept of a 'space of flows'. This is carried out through a 'network analysis' approach drawing upon air passenger flows between some 28 European metropolitan urban regions of the EU15+2 group of countries, enabling the analysis of the interaction between these 28 cities. This methodology enables arriving at a number of descriptive indicators which in turn, through the application of a multi-dimensional scaling mathematical technique, permits comparing the functional and physical distances of each of the metropolitan urban regions from the centre of the 'conceptual space of air passenger flows' and the centre of gravity. The resulting map of the functional positioning of the cities offers a spatial vision of metropolitan Europe quite different to that based upon Cartesian coordinates. Such an approach enables demonstrating that cities such as Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisbon and Athens, traditionally considered as physically peripheral to the European core area, appear to be more favourably positioned in functional terms. Furthermore in the case of Spain the results indicate that Barcelona lies closer to the centre of the conceptual 'space of air passenger flows' than Madrid.In light of this empirical evidence, together with the signs of increased economic integration across some parts of Spain, the prospects of Spain forming part of a wider European territorial concentration of flows and activities, and the recognition of the territorial capital of Madrid and Barcelona within recent EU spatial policy declarations, the thesis concludes in Part Four that these two metropolitan regions have undergone a clear consolidation and (re)positioning within the European metropolitan hierarchy.