Cette thèse en anglais de spécialité s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’étude des domaines spécialisés analysés par le prisme du continuum unissant milieu, culture et discours. Notre approche consiste à tenter d’appliquer ce cadre à un objet problématique, celui de la presse écrite de qualité aux États-Unis, représentée par le New York Times et le Washington Post. Dans cette optique, nous nous appuyons sur les trois fonctions d’un domaine spécialisé (opération, régulation et formation) afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques culturelles du domaine conduisent à la production d’un discours spécifique.La première partie présente une réflexion épistémologique et méthodologique sur notre objet de recherche et sur notre discipline. Nous exposons les difficultés à considérer le journalisme comme domaine spécialisé en anglais de spécialité et la réflexion qui nous a conduite à envisager la spécialisation de ce sous-domaine, qui s’appuie en particulier sur certaines théories sociologiques. Nous présentons également la méthodologie adoptée pour l’étude de terrain et pour l’analyse du corpus. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons au cadre de l’entreprise comme premier niveau de spécialisation et nous tentons de déterminer ce qui réunit les deux journaux choisis. Nous analysons ainsi certains aspects de la fonction d’opération. Dans la troisième partie, nous nous concentrons sur l’analyse du milieu ; nous exposons ainsi les fonctions de régulation et de formation telles qu’elles sont mises en œuvre dans le domaine. Enfin, la quatrième partie présente deux aspects du discours qui reflètent les contraintes du milieu : le discours rapporté et la terminologie. / This dissertation in the field of English for Specific Purposes focuses on the study of specialized domains analysed through the milieu-culture-discourse continuum. The approach consists in an attempt to apply that theoretical framework to the problematic domain of the quality written press in the United States, of which the New York Times and the Washington Post represent two examples. The study consists more specifically in testing the three functions of a specialized domain, operation, regulation and training, in order to understand to what extent the cultural features of the domain determine the production of a specific discourse. The first part presents an epistemological and methodological reflection on the research object as well as on the theoretical framework. It begins with a presentation of the specific difficulties encountered in analysing journalism from an ESP perspective. It then focuses on the criteria used to determine the specialization of the milieu, based on sociological theories of the media. It finally presents the methodological framework developed for the field study and as regards discourse analysis. The second part focuses on the two companies, considered as the lowest level of specialization, in an attempt to define the similarities between the two newspapers based on a study of the operation function. The third part presents an analysis of the milieu, through an understanding of the regulation and training functions in the domain. The fourth part studies two aspects of journalistic discourse that reflect the constraints of the milieu, namely reported speech and terminology.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the current legislation Act 531/1990 Coll. about the local financial authorities from the 28th November 1990, and in particular its amendment by the Regulation No.199/2010 Coll. from the 24th May 2010, which was the cause of the creation of Specialized Financial Office and Directorate General for Finance. Another objective is to describe the already present special tax offices for large taxpayers in foreign countries when comparing the Czech and foreign special tax offices characteristics and impacts of their activities. Furthermore the thesis discusses the merger of the tax and customs administration, evaluation of its current status and estimation of its future development in the Czech Republic that is based on a study of similar already operating models abroad. All parts of the thesis consist of the evaluation of current situation. In the conclusion is evaluated the impact and result of the reorganization of tax administration and its current status. Further it consists of the recommendations for its future development based on the findings and examples of international good practice.

Nosso objetivo com este trabalho é contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento da ação educativa do professor de matemática na Educação Básica, tanto em formação inicial quanto em formação continuada. Apresentamos algumas abordagens elementares para estudo de Máximos e Mínimos que utilizam conteúdos próprios dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio embasados principalmente na obra Maxima and Minima without Calculus (NIVEN, 1981). Discutimos os conceitos de Conhecimento Especializado e de Horizontes de Conteúdo Matemático como justificativa para a relevância do uso deste material, que foram cunhados por pesquisadores da Universidade de Michigan, liderados por Deborah Ball no artigo Content Knowledge for Teaching: What Makes it Special? (2008). Trazemos uma análise crítica da abordagem utilizada para o tema em alguns livros didáticos de Ensino Médio. Discorremos sobre os quatro conceitos de Médias aritmética, geométrica, harmônica e quadrática partindo de problemas que originaram tais conceitos. Mostramos ainda como podem ser naturalmente associados a medidas de segmentos definidos em quadrados, trapézios e semicírculos que evidenciam claramente certas desigualdades entre elas. A seguir, como aplicação de produtos notáveis e trinômios do segundo grau, apresentamos problemas algébricos e geométricos envolvendo máximos e mínimos e discutimos suas soluções. Estabelecemos e provamos algebricamente as desigualdades entre as quatro médias (de até quatro números positivos), que são aplicadas para a determinação de pontos de máximo ou mínimo de funções variadas em problemas contextualizados. Por fim generalizamos e provamos as desigualdades entre as médias para n números positivos e desenvolvemos várias outras aplicações. / This work intends to be a contribution to the improvement of the educational action of mathematics school teachers in both initial or continuous formation. We present some elementary approaches for the study of Maxima and Minima that use final years of Elementary and High School contents only, mainly based on Ivan Nivens book Maxima and Minima without Calculus (NIVEN, 1981). We discuss the concepts of Specialized and Horizons Knowledge of Mathematical Content as a justification for the relevance of the use of this material, which were been introducted by the University of Michigans researchers, led by Deborah Ball, in the article - Content Knowledge for Teaching: What Makes it Special? (2008). We bring a critical analysis of the approach employed for the topic (maxima and minima) in some high school textbooks. We discuss the four concepts of averages - arithmetic, geometric, harmonic and quadratic - starting from problems that originated them. We also show how they can be naturally associated with measures of segments defined in squares, trapezoids and semicircles so that we can clearly visualise certains inequalities between them. Next, as an application of notable products and of second degree trinomials, we present algebraic and geometric problems of maxima or minima and discuss their solutions. We establish and prove algebraically the inequalities between the four averages (up to four positive numbers), which are applied to determine maximum or minimum points of varied functions in contextualized problems. Finally we generalize and prove the averages inequalities for n positive numbers and we develop several applications.

Nos dias atuais, o desenvolvimento de um país passa obrigatoriamente por seu Sistema Financeiro, o qual, num mundo globalizado, trabalha em sintonia com outros Sistemas Financeiros. Assim, a incumbência de tais sistemas resume-se a atuar nos fluxos de transferência de ativos financeiros em poder de poupadores para os setores produtivo e/ou de consumo. Tal transferência ocorre por meio de operações de compra, venda e/ou troca desses ativos, no âmbito do que se denomina mercados. Para tanto, faz-se necessário captar, intermediar e aplicar tais ativos, o que é feito por operadores, como os bancos de investimento. Neste trabalho, privilegiando as tarefas realizadas por analistas financeiros de bancos de investimento, os quais prospectam oportunidades de negócio, analisam-nas e as oferecem a investidores, são estudadas as características das fontes de informação utilizadas por estes analistas e o comportamento informacional destes. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa e natureza exploratória, foi conduzida com base em análise da literatura e estudo de caso de um serviço de informação vinculado a um banco de investimento. Dentre os resultados, destacamse a compreensão do comportamento informacional dos analistas de investimentos, sistematização das fontes de informação utilizadas e a proposta de uma infraestrutura de apoio às atividades destes analistas. Conclui-se que tais analistas utilizam informações provenientes de diversas fontes, porém, identificou-se um conjunto de fontes comum aos diversos analistas, bem como, a prática do intercâmbio de informações entre eles. Nesse sentido, frente aos resultados e impactos relativos às transferências de ativos financeiros, os mesmos analistas dependem do acesso a diversas fontes de informações da área financeira, prevalecendo a manutenção dos diversos atributos relativos à qualidade da informação. / Nowadays, the development of a country necessarily passes through its financial system, which, in a globalized world, works in tune with other financial systems. Thus, the task of such systems is to act in the flows of transfer of financial assets in the power of savers to the productive and/or consumption sectors. Such transfer takes place through the purchase, sale and/or exchange of these assets, in the context of what is called market. To do so, it is necessary to capture, intermediate and apply such assets, which is done by operators, such as investment banks. In this work, privileging the tasks performed by financial analysts of investment banks, which prospect business opportunities, analyze and offer them to investors, the characteristics of the sources of information used by these analysts and theirs informational behavior are studied. The research, of qualitative approach and exploratory nature, was conducted based on literature analysis and case study of information service linked to an investment bank. Among the results, we highlight the understanding of the informational behavior of investment analysts, systematization of the sources of information used and the proposal of an infrastructure to support the activities of these analysts. It is concluded that the analysts use information from various sources, however, a set of sources common to the various analysts was identified, as well as the practice of exchange of information between them. In this sense, in the face of the results and impacts related to the transfer of financial assets, the same analysts depend on the access to several sources of information in the financial area, with the maintenance of the various attributes related to information quality.

Esta tese descreveu e analisou conhecimentos e práticas de professoras que atuam em Escolas Municipais de Ensino Fundamental (EMEFs) e Fundamental e Médio (EMEFMs) da rede municipal de São Paulo, em Sala de Apoio e Acompanhamento à Inclusão (SAAI) para alunos surdos, sobre o Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) e assuntos correlatos. Trata-se de pesquisa quali-quantitativa, os dados foram coletados por meio de ficha de identificação, entrevista semiestruturada, registro observacional e pesquisa documental. Para organização das falas das professoras utilizou-se a Análise de Prosa e os resultados também puderam ser quantificados. Aspectos positivos identificados: 83,3% consideram que a formação continuada traz contribuições para o atendimento do aluno surdo; 100% consideram a Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) muito importante para a vida escolar; 83,3% referem nível de motivação entre bom e muito bom para o trabalho na SAAI; 83,3% citaram atividades pedagógicas que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento da Libras e do português; 60% referem que geralmente os coordenadores pedagógicos, diretores e demais funcionários da escola estão envolvidos com a SAAI, 100% referem que geralmente os intérpretes também estão envolvidos. Aspectos negativos: apenas 33,3% das participantes consideram que a formação inicial as preparou para lidar com alunos surdos; 16,7% referem ter nível básico em Libras e 66,6% nível intermediário; episódios de português sinalizado foram observados em 33,3% das SAAIs; 50% das professoras alinham-se à perspectiva do Modelo Social e da filosofia da Comunicação Total para o trabalho na SAAI; 50% concordam em parte com a inclusão de alunos surdos na escola comum e 16,7% acreditam que a mesma prejudica o aluno surdo; apenas 16,7% consideram o AEE eficiente; 100% consideram que os desafios na SAAI são grandes (ansiedade, poucas salas, sobrecarga de trabalho, carga horária insuficiente, problemas linguísticos etc.); 50% fazem referência à práticas que não são pertinentes ao AEE (reforço de conteúdos curriculares, alfabetização de alunos e oralidade), atividades mecanicistas para \"treinar\" Libras também foram citadas; Quanto ao envolvimento da comunidade escolar com a SAAI, 60% das professoras referem que a participação dos professores da sala comum só ocorre às vezes, 80% referiram que a participação das famílias ocorre às vezes ou raramente; Quanto ao desempenho escolar e futuro profissional dos alunos, 60% consideraram que o desempenho está aquém do que se poderia considerar como bom, situando-o entre aceitável e ruim, 60% referem que seus alunos apenas concluirão o ensino médio, 100% não consideram que seus alunos sejam capazes de competir em igualdade com pessoas ouvintes, conseguindo emprego apenas em vagas para deficientes. Os achados apontam para a necessidade de repensar o AEE nas SAAIs para surdos do município de São Paulo. / This thesis described and analyzed teachers concepts and practices in their work in EMEF and EMEFM (Municipal Elementary and Secondary Schools) from the city of São Paulo, in the SAAIs (classroom support and assistance to the inclusion) about deaf students specialized educational attendance (AEE) and correlated themes. It is a qualitative-quantitative research and data was collected by an identification form, a semi-structured interview, observational records and documental research. Teachers speeches were organized by the use of Prose Analysis and data was quantified as well. Positive identified aspects: 83,3% consider that teachers continued qualification brings contribution for deaf students following up: 100% consider Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) very important for deaf pupils academic life; 83,3% refer motivation level as good and very good for SAAIs work: 83,3% quoted pedagogical activities which might enhance Libras and Portuguese development; 60% refer that pedagogic coordinators, headmasters and other school staff are involved with SAAI, 100% refer that interpreters are often involved too. Negative aspects: only 33,3% of the participants consider that initial qualifying prepared them to teach deaf students; 16,7% referred basic level of proficiency in the use of Libras and 66,6% referred an intermediate level; Signed Portuguese episodes were observed in 33,3% of SAAI; 50% of the teachers are aligned with the Disability Social Model and Total Communication Philosophy for SAAIs work; 50% agree with deaf students inclusion in regular schools partly, and 16,7% believe that it harms deaf students; only 16,7 consider AEE efficient; 100% consider that challenges are big in SAAI (as anxiety, low number of classrooms support and assistance to the inclusion, overwork ,insufficient working hours, linguistic problems etc); 50% refer to practices which are not pertinent to AEE context (as curricular contents reinforcement, to learn to read and write and oral training) mechanical activities to train Libras were mentioned; In relation to community school involvement with SAAI, 60% of the teachers refer that regular classrooms teachers participation only occurs sometimes, 80% refer that families participation occurs sometimes or rarely, in relation to students academic and future professional performances 60% consider them below an accepted good level, classifying them between acceptable and bad; 60% refer that their students will finish only the secondary school, 100% consider that their deaf students are unable to compete with hearing students equally in getting jobs. The results show the need to rethink the AEE in the SAAI for deaf students in the city of São Paulo.

Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Resumo: Os sistemas elétricos do futuro próximo terão um comportamento dinâmico porque grandes fontes renováveis de geração, principalmente geração eólica e solar, serão construídas nos sistemas de potência de vários países do mundo incluindo o Brasil. A incerteza introduzida pelas fontes renováveis de energia é um problema que deve ser solucionado. Para resolver o problema da incerteza é necessário criar uma rede mais flexível. A alocação de armazenadores de energia no sistema de potência será necessária para lidar com as novas incertezas e para manter o funcionamento adequado do sistema. Adicionalmente, o sistema de transmissão deve-se tornar muito mais ativo através do uso de novas tecnologias flexíveis que permitirão ter um controle ótimo do sistema. As novas tecnologias incluem Sistemas Flexíveis de Transmissão em Corrente Alternada (FACTS), sistemas de transmissão de corrente continua (HVDC) e outras tecnologias que permitirão controlar as direções dos fluxos de potência sem alterar a geração ou demanda do sistema. Portanto, nesta tese são estudadas diferentes representações matemáticas para os problemas de fluxo de potência ótimo (FPO), planejamento da transmissão de longo prazo (PERT) e alocação de fontes de reativos (AFR) usando as equações de fluxo de potência de corrente alternada (CA). Adicionalmente, são propostas novas formulações para representar os problemas de fluxo de potência ótimo multiperíodo para sistemas de transmissão ativos que incluem FACTS, sistemas HVDC e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The future power systems will have a dynamic behaviour due to a significant amount of renewable generation, especially wind and solar generation, will be installed in the power systems of many countries in the world including Brazil.The uncertainty introduced by the renewable energy resources is a problem that has to be solved. The development of a flexible network is necessary to solve the aforementioned problem. The installation of energy storage in the power system will be necessary to manage the new uncertainties and to maintain the adequate system’s operation. Additionally, the transmission system will become more active though new flexible technologies, which allows having an optimal control of the power system. The new technologies include Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), High Voltage Direct current (HVDC) transmission systems and other technologies, which allow controlling the power flow direction without changing the power injections of generation or demand. Therefore, in this thesis are studied different mathematical formulations using the AC power flow equations for the optimal power flow (OPF) problem, the transmission expansion planning (TEP) problem and the reactive power planning (RPP) problem. Furthermore, two additional contributions have been made. The first contribution is the development of new mathematical formulations for the multiperiod optimal power flow for active transmission systems that includes FACTS, HVDC and batteries. The second contrib... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A pesquisa apresenta uma análise sobre as Políticas Públicas de Inclusão em Diadema, focalizadas nas pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais, que estão incluídas nas escolas regulares. Para analisar as ações implantadas nas três Gestões estudadas, abrangendo o período de 1993 a 2004, a atuação dos professores especializados do Centro de Atenção à Inclusão Social foi relevante. Nos procedimentos metodológicos, optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, envolvendo a análise dos documentos oficiais e as entrevistas dos professores especializados, embasadas nos marcos teóricos da gestão democrática, da inclusão, da formação docente e do projeto político-pedagógico emancipador. Uma das hipóteses do trabalho era que a opção por uma escola inclusiva impõe desafios na superação da dicotomia entre a Educação Especial e Comum, não limitada à implantação de serviços de apoio, necessários, porém insuficientes. Diante das desigualdades sociais, ocultadas sob o discurso da igualdade e da diferença, a educação para todos revela-se de forma multifacetada. Abordar os avanços e os impasses na construção da escola de todos e para todos possibilitou rever o papel dos serviços de apoio especializado na construção dos parceiros necessários para atender à demanda dos alunos com NEE. Essa articulação efetivamente é sustentada na democratização da gestão, na ruptura das barreiras do trabalho coletivo, que precisa garantir a superação das práticas fragmentadas e descontextualizadas, resultantes do modelo clínico, historicamente presente na Educação Especial, mesmo numa cidade de vanguarda como Diadema. / The research shows an analysis about the Political Policies of Inclusion in Diadema, focused on the people with special educational needs who are included in the regular schools. In order to analyze the actions implemented in the three studied administrations, from 1993 to 2004, the action of specialized teachers from the Social Inclusion Attention Center was relevant. In the methodological procedures, the qualitative research was chosen and the official documents analysis and specialized teacher interviews were also taken into account. The research was based on theoretical basis of the democratic administration, the inclusion, the teaching staff training and the emancipative pedagogic political project. One of the hypotheses was that the option for an inclusive school imposes challenges in the overcome of the dichotomy between Special and Regular Education, not limited to the needed but insufficient support service implementation. As the social inequalities are hidden behind the speech of the equality and difference, the education for everybody appears in multifaceted ways. Approaching the improvements and impasses in the construction of a school of everybody and for everybody enabled to review the specialized support service role in the construction of the needed partnership to attend the special educational need student demand. This articulation is effectively sustained within the democratization of the administration, the break of barriers to the collective work that need to guarantee the overcoming of fragmented and discontextualized practices, consequence of a clinic model, historically presented in the Special Education, even in a vanguard city like Diadema.

Um importante mecanismo da arquitetura orientada a serviços é o componente de registro de serviços. Ele permite a interação entre provedores e clientes, oferecendo um meio de acesso aos serviços desenvolvidos e publicados no registro. Nesta dissertação é proposto o desenvolvimento de um registro de serviços para dar apoio à publicação, busca e classificação de serviços Web, em particular, àqueles relacionados a ferramentas de teste de software. Uma limitação comum dos serviços de registro refere-se às buscas realizadas, pois são basicamente sintáticas e podem trazer resultados pouco relacionados aos interesses do usuário. Para resolver este problema uma ontologia de teste foi adaptada e incorporada ao registro com o objetivo de oferecer facilidades de busca e agregar informação semântica nos serviços registrados. Uma arquitetura genérica baseada em serviços para o domínio de engenharia de software é apresentada e instanciada para o domínio de teste de software com o objetivo de auxiliar no entendimento e implementação do registro de serviços proposto. Também são apresentados exemplos de ferramentas de teste publicadas no registro e um exemplo de busca e interação com o serviço de teste JaBUTiWS, previamente publicado no registro, que tem por objetivo apoiar o teste estrutural de componentes e serviços / An important mechanism of Service Oriented Architecture is the service registry (or service broker). It allows interaction among providers and consumers, offering a point to access the services developed and published in the registry. In this dissertation we propose the development of a service broker to support the publication, search and categorization of Web services, particularly those related to software testing tools. A common limitation of service brokers refers to searching facilities since they are primarily syntactic and thus can bring results that are not well related with the user\'s interest. To tackle this problem a test ontology was adapted and incorporated into the broker with the aim of improving the likelihood of finding the correct service in searches and also to add semantic information to the registered services. A generic service oriented architecture for the software engineering domain is presented and instantiated to the software testing domain with the purpose of facilitating the understanding and implementation of the proposed service registry. We also present some examples of software testing tools published in the registry and an example of search and interaction with the JaBUTiWS testing service, previously published in the registry, which aims to support structural testing of components and services

Bakgrund: Inom barnhälsovården (BHV) arbetar specialistsjuksköterskor hälsofrämjande och förebyggande. Tidig uppmärksammad ohälsosam tillväxt kan åtgärdertidigtimplementeras för att förebygga följdsjukdomar som hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar och diabetes.  Syftet: Att beskriva hur specialistsjuksköterskor på barnhälsovården arbetar hälsofrämjande, förebyggande och evidensbaserat med familjer där barnet har en övervikt. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsdesign med induktiv ansats har använts. Individuella intervjuer har genomförts och analyserats med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: BHV-sjuksköterskorna upplevde att en längre och regelbunden kontakt med familjen ökar samarbetet och förbättrar relationen. I kontakten med familjen är det viktigt med ett empatiskt bemötande. Det är viktigt att erbjuda familjen kunskap inom kost, rörelse och begränsning av skärmtid för att främja en sund viktutveckling hos barnet. Olika informationsblad om övervikt användes. Fortbildning inom ämnet övervikt och fetma ökar BHV-sjuksköterskans trovärdighet och den evidensbaserad vården. Samverkan med olika instanser och professioner är helt nödvändigt för att kunna erbjuda familjen rätt hjälp.  Slutsats:BHV-sjuksköterskans förhållningssätt och kunskap i ämnet ökade familjens motivation. I ett nära samarbete kunde de tillsammans hitta rutiner och verktyg förtillfredsställande tillväxt. / Background: In the Child Health Care (CHC), specialist nurses work on health promotion and prevention. Early identification of unhealthy growth can be implemented early to prevent sequelae such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.    The purpose: To describe how the specialist nurses in the child health care work to promote health and prevention with families whose children are overweight and how the evidence is based on the care they provide.   Method:A qualitative research design with an inductive approach has been used. Individual interview has been carried out and analyzed using a qualitative analysis.   Result:The CHC-nurse’s experienced that a regular contact with the family improved the cooperation and relationship. In contact with the family, an empathetic approach is important. It is important to offer the family knowledge in diet, physical activity and limited screen-time to promote healthy weight-development. Various information sheets were used. Continuing education in the subject of overweight and obesity increases the CHC-nurse's credibility and evidence-based care. Collaboration with various departments and professions is necessary to offer the family the right help   Conclusion: The CHC-nurse's approach and knowledge increased the parents' awareness and motivation. In a close collaboration between the CHC-nurse and the family, they could find good routines that could lead to a satisfactory growth.

The aim of this work is to find out the attitudes of Czech consumers to the quality of fruit and vegetables on the Czech market. The quality of fruit and vegetables in sales formats is also investigated. The theoretical part includes general characteristics of fruits and vegetables, conventional and organic farming and other certification systems, production and consumption of fruit and vegetables and foreign trade. The work describes the quality of food and organic food, the quality of freshness fruit and vegetables and legislative requirements.The practical part examines during questionnaire survey how consumers perceive the quality of fruit and vegetables on the Czech market. In this section was conducted research in retail chains and specialized stores in České Budějovice and Vlašim. For the research were selected red apples, bananas, tomatoes and cucumbers. Shops have been awarded points and the winner is the shop which got least points. The practical part was concluded with a structured interview with the founder of the Food Bank in České Budějovice.