Le « théâtre gallo-romain » a toujours été un sujet sensible parmi les archéologues. Depuis la théorie du « théâtre-amphithéâtre » jusqu’au renouveau de l’étude de ces édifices de spectacle par Françoise Dumasy, les théâtres de Gaule romaine ont toujours été étudiés en fonction du modèle « latin » proposé par Vitruve dans le de Architectura. Plusieurs raisons ont souvent été évoquées pour expliquer les formes particulières des théâtres dits « gallo-romains ». L’objectif de cette thèse n’est pas de proposer une définition définitive de ce qu’était le théâtre en Gaule romaine, de fait trop peu sont encore fouillés pour proposer une synthèse générale. Toutefois, à travers l’étude régionale des théâtres du nord-ouest des Gaules, il est possible d’entrevoir l’un des instants les plus intéressants de l’adaptation du théâtre romain dans ce qui a souvent été considéré comme une région éloignée de l’Empire. / The « Gallo-roman theatre » has always been a sensitive subject among french archaeologists. Since Albert Grenier’s theory on the « theatre-amphitheatre » to Françoise Dumasy and the renewal of studies about roman entertainement buildings, roman theatres in Gaul have always been considered as different buildings compared to the classical theater pattern suggested by Vitruvius in his de Architectura. Many different reasons were frequently mentioned to explain the particular forms of « Gallo-roman theatres ». The intended purpose of this PhD is not to give a definitive definition of what roman theatres in Gaul could be -in fact, too few of them were excavated. Nevertheless, it is possible trought a regional study of roman theatres in north-western Gaul to have a glimpse of one of the most interesting moments of the adaptation of a roman theater in what has been considered as a remote region of the roman empire.

Background: The World Health Organization estimates that there are 517 million people in the world who are visually impaired due to uncorrected presbyopia. Equal sphere ready-made bifocal and single vision reading spectacles are an inexpensive alternative to custom made spectacles. Methods: A visual satisfaction questionnaire was administered before patients were examined at an outreach clinic and again after ready-made bifocals or reading spectacles were dispensed. The results of both sets of questions along with presenting acuities, corrected acuities, refractive data, and willingness to pay were analyzed. Results: There was an unmet need of 38% (of the 338 subjects that needed glasses only 208 had them). There was no gender bias; the unmet need was higher in the rural areas (47% rural, 36% urban). Those who could not read were 3.4 times less likely to have the glasses they needed than the literate. Unmet need decreased with every level of education. Those without any schooling showed 77% prevalence of unmet need and those with university education had an unmet need rate of 32%. Ready-made spectacles were dispensed to 89.5% of those examined. The ready-made bifocals were very well accepted, with the percentage of subjects giving the highest satisfaction rating improving from a presenting value of 11% to 89.4% with the bifocals at distance and from 6.6% to 89.4% at near. Distance visual acuity of 20/40 or better improved from the presenting value of 60% to 84.5% and near vision of 20/40 or better improved from the presenting value of 44% to 97%. With ready-made single vision readers, functionally good near vision (20/40 or better) improved from a presenting value of 38% to 97%. The highest ranking for near satisfaction improved from 6.3% to 86.6%. The subjects indicted that they would be willing to pay US$18.39 to replace the bifocals and US$16.67 to replace the readers. Conclusion: There is a high unmet need for vision correction in the population over age 35 in Nicaragua. Dissatisfaction with distance and near vision is very high. Although custom made glasses are ideal, ready-made bifocals and ready-made single vision readers are an acceptable and affordable alternative.

O propósito deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um sistema para medir a transmissão das radiações no intervalo 290nm - 380nm, em lentes oftálmicas. O protótipo é um dispositivo opto-eletrônico, composto por uma fonte de ultravioleta; dois sensores de radiação - UVA e UVB (fotodiodos); um circuito eletrônico para a realização das medidas e um mostrador para fornecer o resultado. Quando o sistema é ligado, a fonte emite a radiação ultravioleta, e os dois sensores captam os respectivos sinais, no intervalo de UVA e UVB e armazenam estes dados. Ao se colocar uma lente para ser testada, os sensores recebem novamente o sinal e dividem pelo sinal armazenado, fornecendo assim, a porcentagem de luz ultravioleta transmitida pela lente. Os sinais provenientes dos fotodiodos são amplificados de modo que transformam uma baixa corrente em tensão (na faixa de milivolts), que por sua vez é amplificada para um fundo de escala com tensão máxima igual a 5VCC. O sinal obtido na saída dos amplificadores é enviado para um conversor analógico digital (A/D); o sinal digital é enviado para um microcontrolador AT89S52, que foi programado para ler dados do conversor A/D, ler teclas e proporcionar o laudo escrito em um display. Polarizadores calibradores e lentes de óculos foram testados no sistema desenvolvido e as medidas comparadas com o espectro de transmissão em um espectrofotômetro Cary 17 - VARIAN. O fator de correlação entre os dois sistemas foi de 0,82. O circuito digital apresenta uma imprecisão menor do 1% nas medidas. Isto tem a implicação direta no fator de correlação entre este protótipo e o espectrofotômetro. As flutuações da lâmpada também contribuem para a imprecisão, uma vez que a repetibilidade do sistema é de 90%, em 20 medidas de uma mesma lente. Sendo assim, este protótipo é capaz de medir a proteção ultravioleta em lentes de óculos, com uma precisão de 2%. Modificações do sistema serão implementadas no futuro, para que medidas com precisão de 0,5% sejam atendidas, em protótipo para uso clínico. / The purpose of this work is the development of a system for measuring the transmission of radiation at 290nm - 380nm range of ophthalmic spectacles. The prototype is an optoelectronic device, assembled by ultraviolet radiation source; two ultraviolet sensors UVA and UVB (photodiodes); an electronic circuit and a display, as a user interface, for providing the reports. As the illumination system is turned on, the sensors receive their respective voltage signals, at the UVA and UVB range, and store the data. As a spectacle is placed for testing, the sensors collect the data from the signal and divide them by the previous data stored, providing the percentage of ultraviolet radiation transmitted by the spectacles. The electronic signals delivered by the photodiodes are amplified in order to convert a low intensity current into voltage (order of milivolts), which is then amplified into a 5Vcc scale. The output voltage of the amplifiers is sent to na A/D converter; the digital signal is sent to a microcontroller AT89S52, which is then programmed for reading the data of the converter; reading the keyboard and providing the report on a display. Calibrating polarizers and spectacles have been tested in the developed system and the data have been compared to the transmission spectrum of a spectrophotometer Cary 17 - VARIAN. The correlation factor was 0.82. The electronic digital circuit presents an error lesser than 1%. This has a straight relation on the correlation factor between the prototype and the spectrophotometer. Output fluctuations of the light source add extra inaccuracy on the system, since the repetitivity of the measurements is 90%, for 20 measurements of the same spectacle. Hence, the prototype is capable of measuring the ultraviolet protection of spectacles, with a 2% precision. Modifications on the system should be implemented in a near future, in order to provide 0.5% accuracy, and then be released for clinical use.

O propósito deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um sistema para medir a transmissão das radiações no intervalo 290nm - 380nm, em lentes oftálmicas. O protótipo é um dispositivo opto-eletrônico, composto por uma fonte de ultravioleta; dois sensores de radiação - UVA e UVB (fotodiodos); um circuito eletrônico para a realização das medidas e um mostrador para fornecer o resultado. Quando o sistema é ligado, a fonte emite a radiação ultravioleta, e os dois sensores captam os respectivos sinais, no intervalo de UVA e UVB e armazenam estes dados. Ao se colocar uma lente para ser testada, os sensores recebem novamente o sinal e dividem pelo sinal armazenado, fornecendo assim, a porcentagem de luz ultravioleta transmitida pela lente. Os sinais provenientes dos fotodiodos são amplificados de modo que transformam uma baixa corrente em tensão (na faixa de milivolts), que por sua vez é amplificada para um fundo de escala com tensão máxima igual a 5VCC. O sinal obtido na saída dos amplificadores é enviado para um conversor analógico digital (A/D); o sinal digital é enviado para um microcontrolador AT89S52, que foi programado para ler dados do conversor A/D, ler teclas e proporcionar o laudo escrito em um display. Polarizadores calibradores e lentes de óculos foram testados no sistema desenvolvido e as medidas comparadas com o espectro de transmissão em um espectrofotômetro Cary 17 - VARIAN. O fator de correlação entre os dois sistemas foi de 0,82. O circuito digital apresenta uma imprecisão menor do 1% nas medidas. Isto tem a implicação direta no fator de correlação entre este protótipo e o espectrofotômetro. As flutuações da lâmpada também contribuem para a imprecisão, uma vez que a repetibilidade do sistema é de 90%, em 20 medidas de uma mesma lente. Sendo assim, este protótipo é capaz de medir a proteção ultravioleta em lentes de óculos, com uma precisão de 2%. Modificações do sistema serão implementadas no futuro, para que medidas com precisão de 0,5% sejam atendidas, em protótipo para uso clínico. / The purpose of this work is the development of a system for measuring the transmission of radiation at 290nm - 380nm range of ophthalmic spectacles. The prototype is an optoelectronic device, assembled by ultraviolet radiation source; two ultraviolet sensors UVA and UVB (photodiodes); an electronic circuit and a display, as a user interface, for providing the reports. As the illumination system is turned on, the sensors receive their respective voltage signals, at the UVA and UVB range, and store the data. As a spectacle is placed for testing, the sensors collect the data from the signal and divide them by the previous data stored, providing the percentage of ultraviolet radiation transmitted by the spectacles. The electronic signals delivered by the photodiodes are amplified in order to convert a low intensity current into voltage (order of milivolts), which is then amplified into a 5Vcc scale. The output voltage of the amplifiers is sent to na A/D converter; the digital signal is sent to a microcontroller AT89S52, which is then programmed for reading the data of the converter; reading the keyboard and providing the report on a display. Calibrating polarizers and spectacles have been tested in the developed system and the data have been compared to the transmission spectrum of a spectrophotometer Cary 17 - VARIAN. The correlation factor was 0.82. The electronic digital circuit presents an error lesser than 1%. This has a straight relation on the correlation factor between the prototype and the spectrophotometer. Output fluctuations of the light source add extra inaccuracy on the system, since the repetitivity of the measurements is 90%, for 20 measurements of the same spectacle. Hence, the prototype is capable of measuring the ultraviolet protection of spectacles, with a 2% precision. Modifications on the system should be implemented in a near future, in order to provide 0.5% accuracy, and then be released for clinical use.

Th. Ph. D.--Uppsala (Suède)--Uppsala university, 1999. / AUU = Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Notes bibliogr. Index.

Mémoire (M.A.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1995. / Résumé disponible sur Internet. Accompagné d'une vidéocassette, sous la cote +N-16038. Le titre de la vidéocassette varie. Guy Bonneau et Martine Fortin ont utilisé le même film dans la rédaction de leur communication. CaQCU CaQCU CaQCU CaQCU Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Mémoire (M.A.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1995. / Accompagné d'une vidéocassette, sous la cote +N-16038. Le titre de la vidéocassette varie. Martine Fortin et Guy Bonneau ont utilisé le même film dans la rédaction de leur communication. CaQCU CaQCU CaQCU Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Diss. : Philosophisch-historische Fakultät : Bern : 1983. - Bibliogr. p. 365-391. -

Yes / Unlike many other sports, Rugby Union has not permitted players to wear spectacles or eye protection. With an industrial partner, World Rugby developed goggles suitable for use while playing rugby for the purposes of growing participation amongst those that need to wear corrective lenses. This study reports on the profile and experiences of goggle wearers. 387 players received the goggles. Data were obtained from 188 (49 %) using an online, 75-item questionnaire. 87 % “strongly agreed/agreed” that goggles are beneficial and 75 % are happy with goggle performance. Common problems reported by 49.7 and 32.6 % of respondents were issues with fogging-up and getting dirty. 15 (8 %) players stopped wearing the goggles because of fogging-up, limits to peripheral vision and poor comfort/fit. Injuries were reported in 3 % of respondents. In none of these cases did the player stop wearing the goggles. From the positive experience of players in the trial, the goggles were adopted into the Laws of the game on July 1, 2019. As the need to correct vision with spectacles is common, and contact lenses are not worn by 80 % + of spectacle wearers, the new Rugby goggles will widen participation for those that need to wear refractive correction, or have an existing/increased risk of uniocular visual impairment.

Yes / Purpose: We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate when refraction is stable following routine cataract surgery implanting monofocal intraocular lenses. Current advice recommends obtaining new spectacles 4–6 weeks following surgery. Due to advancements in surgical techniques, we hypothesised that refractive stability would be achieved earlier, which could have major short-term improvements in quality of life for patients. Methods: Medline, CINAHL, AMED, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched with key words chosen to find articles, which assessed refraction following uncomplicated cataract surgery. Citation chains and the reference lists of all included papers were searched. Unpublished literature was identified using OpenGrey (www.opengrey.eu). The review considered studies that measured refraction at regular intervals following surgery until stability was achieved. Results: The search identified 6,680 papers. Two reviewers independently screened the abstracts and nine papers were found to fit the criteria, of which five were included in the meta-analysis. The quality of the papers was evaluated using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomised Studies (MINORS) instrument. Meta-analysis of 301 patients’ data of spherical, cylindrical and spherical equivalent correction were performed using Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5.3) (https://revman.cochrane.org/). Refraction at 1-week versus the gold standard of 4-weeks showed no significant difference for sphere data (effect size and 95% confidence interval of; ES = 0.00, 95% CI: −0.17, 0.17; p = 1.00), cylindrical data (ES = +0.06; 95% CI: −0.05, 0.17; p = 0.31), and spherical equivalent (ES = −0.01; 95% CI: −0.12, 0.10; p = 0.90). Heterogeneity was non-significant (I2