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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Neutron spectroscopy studies of heating effects in fusion plasmas /

Henriksson, Hans, January 2003 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
22

Diagnostic applications of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes January 2005 (has links)
<p>This thesis covers a wide field of applications, with an emphasis on applications of reflectance spectroscopy for diagnostic purposes. Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible part of the spectrum has been proved to be a valuable tool in a variety of applications including e. g. port-wine stain diagnostics, diagnostics of liver pathology, neonatal jaundice and age determination of bruises for forensic applications.</p>
23

Diagnostic applications of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Randeberg, Lise Lyngsnes January 2005 (has links)
This thesis covers a wide field of applications, with an emphasis on applications of reflectance spectroscopy for diagnostic purposes. Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible part of the spectrum has been proved to be a valuable tool in a variety of applications including e. g. port-wine stain diagnostics, diagnostics of liver pathology, neonatal jaundice and age determination of bruises for forensic applications.
24

Spectroscopy of an Earth-transit as seen from Jupiter

Silander, Jennifer January 2016 (has links)
The field of exoplanets have been rapidly growing, confirming over three thousand planets of which most have been discovered with the Transit method. Now focus lies on the characterization of exoplanets atmospheres. The searches are concentrated on finding planets that are Earth-like and in the habitable zone in order to detect biosignatures, the sign of life. This project examines Earth as an exoplanet. The goal of the project is to answer if it is possible to see Earth's atmosphere when transiting the Sun as seen from Jupiter. In January 5 2014 Jupiter was observed during the Earth-transit on the Sun as seen from Jupiter. Spectra were taken with the infrared spectrograph CRIRES, located at Cerro Paranal in Chile, during the last part and after the transit. The spectra were reduced and a combined 2d spectra were obtained. A detailed analysis process was performed and the spectra during transit was divided by the spectra after transit, giving a residual signal. The residual signal was compared to the telluric spectrum in order to determine if they correlated. A correlation of the lines might indicate that Earth’s atmosphere is detected in the dataset. The residual signal correlates with the telluric absorption lines, but the conclusion is that the signal is probably due to incomplete removal of telluric lines. / Exoplaneter har varit ett snabbt växande område, nu med över tretusen bekräftade planeter. Flest exoplaneter har blivit upptäckta med Transitmetoden och sedan upptäckten av en exoplanets atmosfär gjordes ligger mycket fokus på karaktärisering av dessa atmosfärer. Sökandet efter en planet som liknar Jorden pågår och att detektera ämnen i atmosfären som är kopplade till liv är ett av de största målen. I detta projekt undersöks Jorden som en exoplanet. Målet är att besvara frågan om det är möjligt att se Jorden göra en transit framför solen från Jupiter sett. Den 5 januari 2014 observerades Jupiter då Jorden gjorde en transit. Spektra togs med den infraröda spektrografen CRIRES, belägen i Cerro Paranal i Chile, under den sista delen av transiten och timmarna efter. Alla spektra reducerades och ett kombinerat 2d spektra erhölls. Dessa spektra genomgick en detaljerad analysprocess och spektra taget under transiten divideras med spektra taget efter transiten och en signal erhölls. Signalen jämfördes med de telluriska absorptionslinjerna för att hitta en korrelation, vilket skulle kunna betyda att signalen från Jordens atmosfär under transiten är synlig. Signalen och de telluriska linjerna korrelerade, men slutsatsen var att denna signal förmodligen är en kvarvarande signal från de ofullständigt avlägsnade telluriska linjerna.
25

Förbättrad Slamavvattning : En analys av polymerdoseringens påverkan på sluttorrhalten / Improved Sludge Dewatering : An analysis of the polymer dosage’s impact on the final sludge dry content

Björklund, Joanna January 2019 (has links)
Vatten som används av pappers- och massaindustrin måste renas och då bildas olika sorters slam. För avvattning av slam går det åt stora mängder kemikalier och processen är ofta kostsam. Dock är det en viktig process inom vattenreningen. Skoghalls bruk vill förbränna så mycket slam som möjligt på plats för energiutvinning, vilket kräver en relativt hög torrhalt på slammet. I det här arbetet har det undersökts om det finns förbättringsmöjligheter i slamavvattningsprocessen genom att undersöka olika parametrar som bland annat torrhalter, flöden, slamkvoter och drift av skruvpressar.    En del av syftet med arbetet var att bedöma precisionen av de installerade mätinstrumenten Acospector Acoustic Chemometer som mäter torrhalter i processen genom akustisk spektroskopi. Torrhalterna jämfördes mot uppmätta labbvärden vid samma position och slutsatsen blev att alla fem instrumenten bedömdes kunna följa labbvärdena relativt bra, men det var ACO 4 som mäter blandslam bestående av framförallt bio- och kemslam som visade på bäst resultat.   Målet med arbetet var att minska polymerdoseringen innan skruvpressarna för att på så sätt spara pengar. Parametrar i processen har jämförts mot sluttorrhalterna efter skruvpressarna med hjälp av bland annat korrelationsanalys för att upptäcka eventuella samband. Resultaten visade på att det bästa slammet att polymerdosera efter var blandslam bestående av bio- och kemslam. Genom att polymerdosera efter torrsubstansmängden genom att utgå från torrhalten på slammet tillsammans med flödet skulle doseringen av polymerer kunna minska. Dessutom skulle en kostnad på mellan 219 000 – 274 000 kr under månaderna maj och april 2018 kunna sparas, vid användandet av en sats på 8 kgpolymer/tonTS blandslam. Sluttorrhalten visade ett samband gällande slamkvoter där det var gynnsamt med en hög kvot av fiberslam och en lägre kvot av blandslam (bio- och kemslam). Torrhalten efter den nya skruvpressen gynnades av en låg nivå av slam i pressen och ett högt moment medan den äldre pressen gav högre sluttorrhalter vid ett lågt varvtal. Ett fortsatt arbete skulle kunna vara att testa förslaget av polymerdosering i den verkliga processen. / Water used in the pulp and paper industry needs to be purified and through that forms different types of sludge. Large amounts of chemicals are used for dewatering sludge and the process is often expensive. However, it is an important process within wastewater treatment. Skoghall’s mill wants to incinerate as much sludge as possible on site to produce energy, which requires a relatively high dry content of the sludge. In this work, the improvement possibilities have been examined by analyzing different parameters. For example, the amount of suspended solids, flows, sludge ratios and operation of the screw presses.    Part of the purpose of the work was to assess the accuracy of the installed measuring instruments Acospector Acoustic Chemometer which measures dry content in the process by using acoustic spectroscopy. The measured dry content was compared to values measured by lab at the same position and the conclusion was that all five instruments were able to follow the lab values quite well. Though it was ACO 4 that measures mixed sludge consisting of biological and chemical sludge which showed the best results.    The aim of the work was to reduce the polymer dosage before the screw presses in order to save money. Parameters were compared to the final dry content after the presses by correlation analysis among other methods. The results showed that, by polymer dosing based on the dry content of mixed sludge, consisting of biological and chemical sludge, together with the flow, large amounts of polymers could be saved. Also, about 219 000 – 274 000 SEK could be saved during the months May and April 2018, when using a batch of 8 kgpolymers/tondry matter mixed sludge. The final dry content after the screw presses showed a correlation to sludge ratios where it was favorable with a high ratio of fiber sludge and a lower ratio of mixed sludge (biological and chemical sludge). The final dry matter after the newest screw press were favored by a low level of sludge in the press and a high moment. The older press showed a higher final dry content with a lower speed. Continued work could be to test the proposal of polymer dosage in the actual process.
26

In vivo diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human tissue : from point measurements to imaging /

Häggblad, Erik, January 2008 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
27

Molecular Interactions Studied by Electrophoretic and Diffusion NMR

Hallberg, Fredrik January 2010 (has links)
Even though electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) experiments may provide unique chemical information and have been performed for three decades, the technique is still rarely applied, mainly because several experimental sources of artifacts have to be controlled to achieve accurate results. In this thesis, new experimental setups and protocols for accurate and precise eNMR experiments are presented. These include a novel eNMR sample cell, a radiofrequency filter and methods to suppress bulk flow effects. These developments improved the signal-to-noise ratio by roughly an order of magnitude compared to the U-tube setup previously used for eNMR. Convection-compensated pulse sequences in combination with a phase correction method were found to efficiently suppress bulk flow effects in the experiments and greatly increase experimental accuracy. These experimental setups and protocols were applied to probe association of ions and molecules in solution. It is particularly illustrated that the combination of diffusion and eNMR has great potential to provide quantitative results on ionic and molecular association in a variety of systems. The extent to which ionic surfactants associate with uncharged cyclodextrin probed by eNMR yielded very similar results to those obtained by diffusion NMR experiments. Complexation of a large set of small mono- and polyvalent metal cations to poly(ethylene oxide) was quantified by estimating the effective charge of the polymer through combined diffusion and eNMR information. Significant association was found for cations that have a surface charge density below a critical value. Ion pairing between tetramethylammonium cations and a series of anions in several solvents was also probed by diffusion NMR and eNMR experiments. For the monovalent anions in ethanol and ethanol-water mixture a dependence on ionic size was demonstrated. In water, dimethylsulfoxide, and methanol no such trend and very little pairing was observed. In acetonitrile, a different pattern was seen that did not correlate well with any single ionic parameter. An experimental cell and procedures for electrokinetic studies of solvated proton-conducting polymer materials is also presented. Electro-osmotic flow and diffusion were studied for each molecular component in water-methanol mixtures that swell Nafion membranes. / Elektroforetisk NMR (eNMR) är en experimentell metod som funnits i tre decennier och som kan ge unik kemisk information. Ändå används den sällan då flera experimentella artefakter måste korrigeras för, om man ska få korrekta resultat. I denna avhandling presenteras nya experimentella uppställningar och protokoll ämnade att uppnå korrekta och noggranna resultat. Dessa inkluderar en ny mätcell, ett radiofrekvensfilter och metoder för att minimera effekten av samtidiga bulkflöden i provlösningen. Sammantaget uppnås ungefär en storleksordning högre signal-brus-förhållande jämfört med den U-rörsuppställning som tidigare använts. Konvektions-kompenserande pulssekvenser i kombination med en faskorrektionsteknik minskade också bulkflödeseffekter effektivt, vilket ökade resultatens noggrannhet högst avsevärt. De experimentella uppställningarna och protokollen användes här för att mäta association av joner och molekyler i lösning. Mätningarna visar att kombinationen diffusions- och eNMR har en stor potential att kvantitativt kunna bestämma associationgraden i många olika typer av kemiska system. Associationsgraden mellan joniska tensider och cyklodextriner undersöktes både med eNMR och diffusions-NMR, och resultaten var mycket lika. Komplex-bildningen mellan en serie enkel- och flerladdade metalljoner och poly-(etylenoxid) kvantifierades genom att uppskatta polymerens effektiva laddning från kombinerad diffusions- och eNMR. Betydande komplexbildning hittades för katjoner med ytladdningstäthet under ett kritiskt värde. Jonparbildning mellan tetrametylammoniumjoner och en serie av anjoner i flera olika lösningsmedel undersöktes också med diffusions- och eNMR. För de monovalenta anjonerna i etanol och etanol-vatten-blandning påvisades ett samband med jonstorleken. I vatten, dimetylsulfoxid och metanol var däremot jonparbildningen låg och inget liknande samband hittades. I acetonitril observerades ett annat mönster, som inte korrelerade bra med någon av anjonernas normala joniska karakteristika. Slutligen presenteras en mätcell och procedurer för elektrokinetiska studier i de solvatiserade protonledande polymermaterial som bland annat används i bränsleceller. Elektroosmotiskt flöde och diffusion uppmättes för varje molekylär komponent i Nafion-membran solvatiserade av vatten-metanol-blandningar. / QC20100709
28

Dynamics of multiphoton processes in nonlinear optics and x-ray spectroscopy

Liu, Ji-Cai January 2009 (has links)
New generations of ultrashort and intense laser pulses as well ashigh power synchrotron radiation sources and x-ray free electronlasers have promoted fast developments in nonlinear optics andx-ray spectroscopy.The new experimental achievements and the appearance of varieties of novelnonlinear phenomena call for further development of theories. The objective of this thesis is to develop and apply thetheories to explain existing experimental data and to suggest new experiments. The first part of the thesis is devoted to nonlinear propagation of optical pulses. It is shown that the vibrational levels can be selectively populated by varying the duration, shape and intensity of the pump pulse. We obtained a strict analytical solution for the resonant two-photon interaction in a multilevel system beyond rotating wave approximation. Simulations show that the polarization anisotropy of the two-photon excitation affects strongly the anisotropy of photobleaching.The two-photon area theorem is reformulated with taking into account the dynamical Stark shift and the contribution from the permanent dipole moments. In general the dynamical Stark shift does not allow complete population of the excited state, but it can be compensated by detunings in atoms. A dynamical theory of the sequential two-photon absorption of  microsecond pulses  is developed to explore the role of transverse inhomogeneity of the light beam on optical limiting properties.  The propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in nondipolar and dipolar media is investigated with special attention to the generation of superfluorescence and supercontinuum and the formation of attosecond pulses. The second part of the thesis addresses the interaction of molecules with x-ray radiation.  We explore here the role of nuclear dynamics in resonant Auger scattering. Multimode simulations of the Auger spectra of ethylene molecule explain the main spectral features of the experimental spectra and show that the spectral profiles are formed mainly due to six vibrational modes. We predict the Doppler splitting of the atomic peak in resonant Auger scattering from SF6 molecule for circularly polarized x-rays. This effect is confirmed by the recent experiment. A new scheme of x-ray pump-probe spectroscopy, namely, resonant inelastic x-ray scattering accompanied by core-hole hopping induced by strong laser fields is suggested. The laser-induced promotion of core holes opens the symmetry forbidden scattering channels and gives rise to new spectral lines in the x-ray scattering spectrum. The strength of the symmetry forbidden lines becomes strong when  the time of Rabi flopping is shorter than the lifetime of the core-excited state. We study the role of propagation of femtosecond x-ray free-electron pulses on the Auger process. Simulations show  that there exists a strong competition between Auger decay and stimulated emission. The Auger yield and Auger branching ratio are strongly suppressed in the course of pulse propagation. / QC 20100729
29

Photo-induced dark states influorescence spectroscopy – investigations &amp; applications

Chmyrov, Andriy January 2010 (has links)
This thesis focuses on investigations of transient dark states of fluorescentmolecules using spectroscopic techniques. The main purpose is to show andconvince the reader that transient dark states are not always a nuisance, butalso represent an additional source of information. Several studies with fluorescencecorrelation spectroscopy were performed, all related to non-fluorescentstates such as triplet state or isomerized states.Photobleaching is one of the main problems in virtually all of the fluorescencetechniques. In this thesis, mechanisms that retard photobleaching arecharacterized. Several compounds, antioxidants and triplet state quenchers,which decrease photobleaching, are studied, and guidelines for achieving optimalfluorescence brightness using these compounds are presented.Triplet state quenching by several compounds was studied. Detailed investigationsof the fluorescence quencher potassium iodide demonstratedthat for some of fluorophores, except of quenching, there is fluorescence enhancementmechanism present. In agreement with the first publication inthis thesis, antioxidative properties were found to play an important role inthe fluorescence enhancement. Quenching of the triplet state is proposedas a tool for monitoring diffusion mediated reactions over a wide range offrequencies.Specially designed fluorophores combining high triplet yields with reasonablefluorescence brightness and photostability were characterized forpossible applications in novel super-resolution imaging techniques based onfluorescence photoswitching. Except of benefits for imaging techniques, photoinducedswitching to non-fluorescent states could be used for monitoringmolecular diffusion, which was also demonstrated in this thesis.Studies of the triplet state kinetics of fluorophores close to dielectric interfaceswere performed using fluorescence spectroscopy. The analysis of thetriplet state kinetic can provide information about the local microenvironmentand electrostatic interactions near dielectric interfaces. / QC 20100414
30

XRF analys av fiberbankar : Förbättring av XRF-signal genom filtreringav röntgenstrålar under vatten

Eriksson, Nils January 2020 (has links)
Målet med det här projektet var att undersöka huruvida en XRF signalkan förbättras genom att filtrera denna genom en tunn skiva avantingen aluminium, bly eller molybden. För att undersöka dettaanvändes programmet MCNP6.2 för att simulera strålningsspektrat fråntvå olika strålkällor; ett röntgenrör av Wolfram som kan genererafotoner med energier så höga som 120keV, och ett radioaktivt Co-57preparat. Projektet visade på att detta är möjligt, och även attaluminium är att föredra i de flesta fall då det förbättrar XRFsignalenavsevärt, utan att behöva vara varken väldigt tjockt, elleroapplicerbart tunt. Utöver detta är aluminium även billigare samtlättare än de båda andra materialen. Även molybden kunde filtrerastrålningen på ett användbart vis när en Co-57 källa används. Dockbehövde filtret vara extremt tunt, därför rekommenderas ej molybden.Projektets slutsats var att ett 0,3 mm tjockt aluminiumfilterförbättrar signalen som mest när röntgenröret användes som källa,medans ett 0,8 mm tjockt aluminiumfilter fungerar bäst för Co-57 källan.

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