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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Olfaktorické receptory spermií u soliterních a sociálních hlodavců. / Sperm olfactory receptors in solitery and social rodents.

Klempt, Petr January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
162

Efeito do plasma seminal sobre a ligação de espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo equino aos explantes da tuba uterina

Canuto, Lucas Emanuel Ferreira January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Frederico Ozanam Papa / Resumo: A recuperação de espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo é uma das principais alternativas nos casos de óbito inesperado, eutanásia, processos obstrutivos ou castração terapêutica. Nessa técnica os espermatozoides não entram em contato com o plasma seminal, não incorporando seus constituintes, que interferem nos processos fisiológicos importantes para fertilização, como a ligação dos espermatozoides ao reservatório da tuba uterina, que aumenta a vida útil do espermatozoide e diminui as chances de poliespermia. Nesse sentido o objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a cinética e ligação da tuba uterina aos espermatozoides recuperados da cauda do epidídimo com e sem adição de plasma seminal. Utilizou-se 8 garanhões da raça Minihorse para o resgate de espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo pela técnica de fluxo retrógrado. Após a colheita foi dividido em 4 grupos, LD apenas com diluente a base de leite desnatado, GO recebeu adição de diluente para congelação a base de gema de ovo, PSB plasma seminal de garanhão com alta fertilidade e capacidade de refrigeração, e PSR plasma seminal de garanhão com fertilidade e capacidade de refrigeração inferiores. Foi avaliado cinética, integridade de membrana espermática e a taxa de ligação à explantes da tuba uterina. Não apresentaram diferença na integridade da membrana nem na taxa de ligação, no entanto, observou-se diferença quanto a cinética espermática. Conclui-se que a adição de plasma seminal de diferentes garanhões interferiu, de for... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sperm retrieval from the tail of the epididymis is one of the main alternatives in cases of unexpected death, euthanasia, obstructive processes, therapeutic castration. In this technique spermatozoa do not come into contact with the seminal plasma, not incorporating their constituents, which interfere in the physiological processes important for fertilization, such as sperm binding to the uterine tube reservoir, which increases sperm life and decreases the chances of polyspermia. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to compare the kinetics and uterine tubal attachment to the spermatozoa recovered from the tail of the epididymis with and without addition of seminal plasma. Eight minihorse stallions were used to retrieve spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis by the retrograde flow technique. After harvesting was divided into 4 groups, LD only with diluent the skim milk base, GO received addition of diluent for freezing the egg yolk, PSB seminal stallion plasma with high fertility and cooling capacity, and PSR seminal plasma fertility and lower cooling capacity. Kinetics, spermatic membrane integrity and the rate of binding to the explants of the uterine tube were evaluated. There was no difference in membrane integrity or binding rate, however, a difference was observed in spermatic kinetics. It was concluded that the addition of seminal plasma of different stallions interfered, differently in spermatozoa kinetics of the tail of the epididymis increased t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
163

Avaliação de duas concentrações de glicerol na criopreservação do sêmen de duas espécies de primatas neotropicais / Evaluation of two glycerol concentrations on semen cryopreservation from two Neotropical primates species

Arakaki, Paloma Rocha 29 November 2013 (has links)
Estudos sobre a biologia reprodutiva de primatas não humanos são importantes para o desenvolvimento de biotecnologias da reprodução, visando a conservação das espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar métodos de criopreservação do sêmen de Callithrix jacchus e C. penicillata. O sêmen foi colhido pelo método da vibroestimulação peniana, de animais adultos mantidos em cativeiro. Imediatamente após a colheita, foram analisadas as variáveis volume, pH, concentração, motilidades total e progressiva, integridade de membrana plasmática, integridade de acrossomo, atividade citoquímica mitocondrial, fragmentação de DNA e morfologia espermática. As amostras foram então refrigeradas em diluidor TEST gema de ovo sem glicerol; após este período, foi adicionado o glicerol a 4 e 6% de concentração e novas análises foram realizadas. O sêmen foi congelado em vapor de nitrogênio e finalmente em imersão em nitrogênio. As amostras foram descongeladas após um período mínimo de um mês e meio, e novas análises realizadas aos 10, 40 e 80 minutos pós-descongelação. Foi observado que o sêmen fresco de C. jacchus e C.penicillata são semelhantes em muitos aspectos. O diluidor TEST gema de ovo com o glicerol tanto a 4 como a 6% de concentração não foi eficaz para a proteção dos espermatozoides das duas espécies durante a criopreservação. São necessários outros estudos para o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de criopreservação do sêmen das duas espécies. Contudo, este trabalho contém informações que podem nortear futuros estudos sobre a criopreservação do sêmen destas e de outras espécies de primatas neotropicais. / Studies on the reproductive biology of nonhuman primates are important for the development of reproductive biotechnologies, in order to species conservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods for sperm cryopreservation from Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata. Semen was collected by penile vibrostimulation from adult animals kept in captivity. Immediately after collection, the variables analyzed were volume, pH, concentration, total and progressive motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, cytochemical mitochondrial activity, DNA fragmentation and morphology. The samples were then chilled in TEST egg yolk extender without glycerol; after this period, the glycerol was added at concentrations of 4 and 6% and further analyzes were performed. The semen was frozen in nitrogen vapour and finally immersion in nitrogen. After a minimum of one month and a half, the samples were thawed and further analysis performed at 10, 40 and 80 minutes after thawing. Fresh semen from C. jacchus and C. penicillata were found to be similar in many aspects. The extender TEST egg yolk with glycerol as much as 4 to 6% concentration was not effective for the protection of spermatozoa from both species during cryopreservation. Further studies are needed to develop a protocol for cryopreservation of semen from both species. However, this work contains information that can guide future studies on sperm cryopreservation of these and other Neotropical primates species.
164

Biologia reprodutiva da cobra coral verdadeira Micrurus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (SQUAMATA: ELAPIDAE) / Reproductive biology of the coral snake Micrurus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (SQUAMATA: ELAPIDAE)

Coeti, Rafaela Zani 05 August 2016 (has links)
Recentes estudos do gênero Micrurus, o qual é popularmente conhecido como o das “cobras-corais verdadeiras”, dividem este táxon em dois grupos morfologicamente distintos, o grupo das cobras corais com anéis negros em mônades (BRM) e o grupo das cobras corais com anéis negros em tríades (BRT) e, com base na morfologia macroscópica, supõe-se que esses grupos possuam estratégias reprodutivas diferenciadas. Assim, este estudo analisa e descreve a biologia reprodutiva de machos e fêmeas da espécie de serpente de tríades Micrurus lemniscatus de algumas regiões do Brasil. Micrurus lemniscatus é um complexo, com evidências polifiléticas, sendo composto por quatro subespécies: Micrurus l. carvalhoi, Micrurus l. helleri, Micrurus l. diutius e M. l. lemniscatus que habitam Mata atlântica, Cerrado e Floresta Amazônica brasileiros. Para isto foram utilizados animais preservados em coleções herpetológicas, dos quais obteveram-se dados biométricos e merísticos. Além disso, estes espécimes foram dissecados e suas gônadas medidas e coletadas para análises morfológicas e histológicas. Outras características, relacionadas à biologia reprodutiva, como presença de dimorfismo sexual, morfologia macro e microscópica, diferenciação das gônadas durante as estações e estocagem de espermatozoides também foram estudadas. O ciclo reprodutivo de Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi da Mata Atlântica e Cerrado foi estudado separadamente do ciclo reprodutivo de Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus da Amazônia e a comparação entre eles evidencia diferenças consideráveis, assim, é provável que o habitat esteja influenciando o ciclo dessas subespécies, o que pode gerar uma barreira reprodutiva e futura especiação entre elas / Recent studies about the genus Micrurus, popularly known as “true coral snakes”, divide this taxon in two morphologically distinct groups: the group which has black rings arranged in monads (BRM) and the group which has black rings in triads (BRT) and, based on macroscopic morphology, it is assumed that these groups have different reproductive strategies. Therefore, this research analyzes and describes male and female Micrurus lemniscatus reproductive biology of some regions in Brazil. M. lemniscatus is a species complex with polyphyletic evidence, consisting of four subspecies: Micrurus l. carvalhoi, Micrurus l. helleri, Micrurus l. diutius and M. l. lemniscatus, which inhabit the Atlantic rainforest, Cerrado and Amazon rainforest. For such, animals of herpetological collections were used to obtain biometric and meristic data. In addition, these specimens were dissected and their gonads measured and collected for morphological and histological analyzes. Other features related to reproductive biology were examined, such as the presence of sexual dimorphism, macroscopic and microscopic morphology, gonadal differentiation during the seasons, and sperm storage. The reproductive cycle of Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi from Atlantic forest and Cerrado was studied separately from the reproductive cycle of Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus from the Amazon forest and the comparison between them shows considerably differences, so it is likely that the habitat is influencing the cycle of these subspecies, which can generate a reproductive barrier and future speciation between them
165

Criopreservação do sêmen ovino com incorporação de colesterol por ciclodextrina / Criopreservation of ram semen with colesterol loaded cyclodextrin

Batissaco, Leonardo 31 October 2014 (has links)
A preocupação com a qualidade do sêmen ovino congelado tem sido motivo de muitas pesquisas, principalmente pela dificuldade da transposição cervical durante a inseminação artificial. Contudo, a inseminação intra-cervical é frequentemente usada em ovinos e resulta em redução da fertilidade com o uso do sêmen congelado. Neste sentido, esse estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. No 1o experimento foi verificado o potencial da ciclodextrina pré-carregada com colesterol como aditivo ao diluidor na proteção da cinética espermática, integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, função mitocondrial, capacitação espermática e produção de espécies reativas ao oxigênio (ROS) em espermatozoides criopreservados ovinos. Cinco ejaculados de seis carneiros (n = 30) foram divididos em três tratamentos: apenas diluidor (CON); diluidor + colesterol incorporado a ciclodextrina (CLC + CHO); e diluidor + ciclodextrina pura (CLCP). Após a diluição (50x106 espermatozóides/mL), o sêmen foi envasado em palhetas, identificado e criopreservado utilizando um sistema automatizado. Duas palhetas da mesma partida de cada tratamento foram descongeladas (a 37°C durante 30 segundos) e analisadas quanto motilidade (CASA), morfologia dos espermatozoides (DIC), integridade do plasma (PI-H342) e acrossomal (FITC-PSA) membranas, potencial mitocondrial (JC-1), produção de radicais livres (CellRox), peroxidação lipídica (BODIPY) e fluidez da membrana celular (merocianina 540). As comparações entre os grupos foram analisadas pelo PROC MIXED do SAS e o efeito de grupo foi detectado pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05) ou pela estatística não paramétrica de ordem (Kruskal-Wallis), quando era necessário. No 2º experimento os mesmos ejaculados foram divididos por congelabilidade baseados na motilidade total pós-descongelação (MTPD) e na porcentagem de redução na motilidade total (%RMT) quando comparados o sêmen in natura e o sêmen pós-descongelação (somente diluidor), sendo divididos nos grupos alta (MTPD>60% e %RMT<40%), intermediária (60%>MTPD>40% e 60%>RMT>40%) e baixa (MTPD<40% e %RMT>60%) congelabilidade. Foram analisados os tratamentos CON e CLC+CHO dentro de cada animal e de cada grupo quanto a motilidade (CASA), a integridade das membranas plasmática (PI-H342) e acrossomal (FITC-PSA), potencial mitocondrial (JC-1), peroxidação lipídica (BODIPY) e fluidez da membrana celular (merocianina 540). As comparações foram realizadas por análise de variância (ANOVA) em arranjo fatorial 3X3 (Tratamento CLC+CHO, CON e in natura X grupos alta, intermediária e baixa congelabilidade), as comparações entre os grupos foram analisadas pelo PROC MIXED do SAS e o efeito de grupo foi detectado pelo teste de Tukey (p <0,05) ou pela estatística não paramétrica de ordem (Kruskal-Wallis), quando era necessário. No 1o experimento o tratamento CLC+CHO se mostrou mais eficaz em preservar os parâmetros de motilidade, integridade de membranas e potencial mitocondrial quando comparado aos demais tratamentos. O grupo CLCP mostrou queda nos parâmetros de motilidade, integridade de membrana, potencial mitocondrial, mostrando, com isso, uma queda na preservação espermática. No 2o experimento observou-se que o tratamento CLC+CHO mostrou maior grau de preservação para motilidade total e progressiva, células rápidas, preservação de membranas plasmática e acrossomal e potencial mitocondrial quando comparado ao CON. Esse efeito teve maior significância nos grupos de baixa e intermediária congelabilidade, não sendo tão expressivo no grupo de alta. Pode-se concluir com esse estudo que o tratamento com ciclodextrina acrescida de colesterol contribui para uma melhor preservação dos parâmetros espermáticos do sêmen ovino, principalmente em animais apresentando baixa congelabilidade, contudo não apresenta diferença em ejaculados de alta congelabilidade. / Frozen ram semen has been the subject of many researches, mainly due to the difficulty of cervical transposition during artificial insemination. However, intra-cervical insemination in sheep is often used, resulting in reduced fertility with the use of frozen semen. To this end, this study was divided into two experiments. In the first experiment was verified the potential of cyclodextrin loaded with cholesterol as an additive to the extender in the protection of sperm kinetics, integrity of plasmatic and acrosomal membranes, mitochondrial function, sperm capacitation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cryopreserved sheep sperm. Five ejaculates from six rams (n = 30) were divided into three treatments: only extender (CON); extender + cyclodextrin loaded with cholesterol (CLC + CHO); and extender + pure cyclodextrin (CLCP). After dilution (50x106 spermatozoa/mL), semen was stored in straws, identified and cryopreserved using an automated system. Two straws from each ejaculate and treatment were thawed (at 37° C for 30 seconds) and analyzed for motility (CASA), morphology of spermatozoa (DIC), plasmatic (PI-H342) and acrosomal (FITC-PSA) membrane integrity, mitochondrial potential (JC-1), production of free radicals (CellRox), lipid peroxidation (BODIPY) and cell membrane permeability (Merocyanine 540). Comparisons between groups were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and the effect of group was detected by Tukey (p <0.05) or by the order of nonparametric statistics (Kruskal-Wallis) test, when necessary. In the 2nd experiment the same ejaculates were divided by freezability based on the total post-thaw motility (TPTM) and the percentage of reduction in total motility (%RTM) when compared fresh and post-thaw semen (only extender), and divided into the groups: high (TPTM ≥ 60% and %RTM ≤ 40%), intermediate (60%> TPTM > 40% and 60%> %RTM > 40%) and low (TPTM ≤ 40% and %RTM ≥ 60%) freezability. CON and CLC + CHO treatments were analyzed within each animal and each group for motility (CASA), plasmatic (PI-H342) and acrosomal (FITC-PSA) membrane integrity, mitochondrial potential (JC-1), lipid peroxidation (BODIPY) and cell membrane permeability (Merocyanine 540). Comparisons were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a factorial arrangement 3x3 (groups CLC+CHO, CON and fresh X groups high, medium and low freezability), comparisons between groups were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and the group effect was detected by the Tukey test (p < 0.05) or no statistical order parametric (Kruskal-Wallis), when necessary. In the first experimente, CLC + CHO treatment was more effective in preserving the parameters of motility, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial potential compared to other treatments. The CLCP group showed a fall in the parameters of motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial potential, showing thereby a decrease in sperm preservation. In the 2nd experiment, it was observed that the treatment CLC + CHO showed greater preservation for total and progressive motility, rapid cell preservation, plasmatic and acrosomal membranes and mitochondrial potential when compared to CON. This effect was most significant in the groups of low and intermediate freezability, not being as significant in the group of high freezability. We can conclud from this study that treatment with cyclodextrin loaded with cholesterol contributes to better preservation of sperm parameters in ram semen, especially in animals displaying low freezability, however there where no diference in the high freezability group.
166

Avaliação do processo de congelação do sêmen equino in natura diluído, 5ºC, -55ºC e pós-descongelação / Evaluation of the freezing process of extender equine semen, 5°C, -55°C and thawing

Carvalho, Carla Patricia Teodoro de 24 November 2017 (has links)
Durante o processo de criopreservação o espermatozoide passa por diversas mudanças físico-químicas, podendo ocasionar variados graus de lesões as células espermáticas. Determinar o momento do processo de congelação pelo qual o espermatozoide está mais suscetível às injúrias seria importante passo para progresso do processo de congelação e, com isso, a fertilização. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do processo de congelação na integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e potencial mitocondrial (PIAIA) integridade das membranas plasmática (MPI), acrossomal (AI), potencial mitocondrial (APM) e citoesqueleto de espermatozoides equinos in natura diluído, 5°C, -55°C e -196°C. Além de, estudar as etapas de refrigeração, congelação e dentro da congelação, a etapa de supercooling. Assim como, verificar o efeito de duas curvas de congelação (-15°C/min e -33°C/min) durante o supercooling 5°C à -55°C, para isto, foram utilizadas duas máquinas de congelação modelo TK 3000. Para desenvolvimento do experimento, o sêmen foi envasado em palhetas de 0,5mL com concentrações de 100x106 espermatozoides/palheta e submetidos a uma curva 1 (rápida; -0,25°C/min de 22°C até 5°C, com período de 20 minutos para estabilização, -33°C/min de 5°C até -80°C e, -10°C/min de -80°C para -120°C) e a outra para uma curva 2 (lenta; -0,25°C/min de 22°C até 5°C, com período de 20 minutos para estabilização, -15°C/min de 5°C até -80°C e, -10°C/min de -80°C até -120°C). Para realização do experimento foram utilizados 4 garanhões com 6 repetições. Os dados obtidos dos procedimentos experimentais foram analisados com auxílio do software Statistical Analysis System for Windows SAS®, versão 9.3 (SAS, 2005). Não houve diferença estatística significativa (P>0,05) entre as duas curvas de congelação usadas. No entanto, houve efeito de tempo (P<0,05) para todas as características estudadas. Quando foi analisado progressivamente a criopreservação in natura diluído, 5°C, -55°C e -196°C, foi observado que as lesões progrediram com a congelação. Entretanto, quando estudado, as etapas do processo de congelação, a refrigeração in natura diluído até 5°C, supercooling dentro da congelação de 5°C até -55°C e congelação -55°C até -196°C, assim, o citoesqueleto sofreu maior despolimerização durante a refrigeração, entretanto, a membrana acrossomal, sofreu danos reduzidos durante esta etapa. Para MPI e APM ocorreu maior porcentagem de redução da integridade no momento final da congelação -55°C até -196°C, assim, como PIAIA influenciada pela redução de MPI e APM, sofrerem mais injúrias, nessa etapa. De uma forma geral, o processo de congelação causa danos irreversíveis ao espermatozoide equino. Sendo que, a refrigeração causou maior despolimerização do citoesqueleto, porém, praticamente não afetou o acrossomo. A redução de células com MPI, APM e PIAIA, ocorre no momento final da congelação -55°C e -196°C. O acrossomo é a membrana que menos lesa com o processo de congelação. Também, observamos similaridade entre as curvas de congelação rápida (-33°C/min) e lenta (-15°C/min), para os parâmetros estudados. Assim, este estudo permitiu avaliar progressivamente a resposta biológica do espermatozoide durante a criopreservação, obtendo um compreensão dinâmica e quantitativa, dos momentos mais críticos para o espermatozoide, para as características avaliadas e técnicas utilizadas. / During the cryopreservation process the sperm cells undergo several physico-chemical changes, which can cause varying degrees of injury to the sperm cells. Determining the timing of the freezing process by which sperm is most susceptible to injury would be an important step in progressing the freezing process and thus fertilization. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the freezing process on the integrity of plasma membranes, acrosomal and mitochondrial potential (PIAIA) plasma membranes integrity (MPI), acrosomal (AI), mitochondrial potential (APM) and equine spermatozoa diluted in natura, 5°C, -55°C and -196°C. In addition to, study the steps of refrigeration, freezing and within freezing, the stage of supercooling. The freezing curves -15°C/min and -33°C/min during supercooling 5°C to -55°C were used to verify the effect of two freezing machines model TK 3000. For the development of the experiment, the semen was packed in 0.5mL straw with concentrations of 100x106 spermatozoa/straws and su-mitted to a curve 1 (fast; -0.25°C/min from 22°C to 5°C, with a period of 20 minutes for stabi-lization, -33°C/min from 5°C to -80°C and -10°C/min from -80°C to -120°C) and the other for a curve 2 (with a period of 20 minutes for stabilization, -15°C/min from -5°C to -80°C and -10°C/min from -80°C to -120°C). For the experiment, 4 stallions with 6 replicates were used. The data obtained from the experimental procedures were analyzed with the aid of Statistical Analysis System for Windows SAS®, version 9.3 (SAS, 2005). There was no significant statistical difference (P> 0.05) between the two freezing curves used. However, there was a time effect (P <0.05) for all the characteristics studied. When cryopreservation was progressively analyzed (semen extender, 5°C, -55°C and -196°C), it was observed that the lesions progressed with freezing. However, when studied, the steps of the freezing process, refrigeration (in natura diluted to 5°C), supercooling within freezing 5°C to -55°C and freezing -55°C to -196°C, thus, the cytoskeleton underwent greater depolymerization during refrigeration; however, the acrosomal membrane was almost not damaged during this stage. For MPI and APM, a higher percentage of integride reduction occurred at the final freezing point -55°C to -196°C, thus, as PIAIA, probably due to MPI and APM, suffered more injuries at this stage. In general, the freezing process causes irreversible damage to the equine sperm. Since, the refrigeration caused greater depolymerization of the cytoskeleton, however, it practically did not affect the acro-some. The reduction of cells with MPI, APM and PIAIA, occurs at the final moment of freezing -55°C and -196°C. The acrosome is the membrane that suffepe damages from freezing process. Also, similarities were observed between the freezing (-33°C/min) and slow (-15°C/min) freezing curves for the studied parameters. Thus, this study allowed to progressively evaluate the spermatozoid biological response during cryopreservation, obtaining a dynamic and quantita-tive understanding of the most critical mommies for the spermatozoon, for the evaluated para-meters and techniques used.
167

Desvio de segregação em humanos / Segregation distortion in humans

Magalhães, Monize Lazar 23 March 2011 (has links)
O desvio de segregação, processo biológico definido pela formação de progênie cujas proporções genotípicas diferem das predições mendelianas, pode apresentar diferentes causas: a segregação não aleatória dos cromossomos durante a meiose, a seleção gamética e a viabilidade pós-zigótica diferencial. A fim de investigar a distorção de segregação em humanos, estudamos uma família com transmissão preferencial paterna de uma alteração patogênica no gene CAPN3(CAPN3 c.759_761del), previamente associada à distrofia muscular de cinturas do tipo 2A (LGMD2A). Inicialmente, definimos uma região com 2,1 Mb de extensão, presente na maior parte dos indivíduos da família. O sequenciamento direto de 14 genes contidos nesse intervalo não revelou variantes raras que pudessem estar diretamente associadas à vantagem da subpopulação de gametas portadores da alteração em CAPN3. Entretanto, a presença de variantes comuns distribuídas em cinco genes da região pode indicar que a distorção de segregação observada é consequência da interação, em nível proteico, de pequenas alterações genômicas, resultando no desempenho diferencial de tais células gaméticas. Além disso, utilizamos outra abordagem: espermatozoides de indivíduos saudáveis foram selecionados segundo sua motilidade e as frequências alélicas de cada loco em heterozigose foram comparadas entre células lentas e rápidas, a fim de identificarmos regiões suscetíveis ao desvio de segregação. Alguns resultados estatisticamente significantes foram obtidos para regiões que contêm genes envolvidos na reação acrossômica e na motilidade espermática, como PDE1C e PDE4D. Isso nos sugere que tais processos constituem alvos da seleção, o que pode culminar em formação de progênie com proporções que fogem às predições mendelianas. Esses achados são importantes porque possibilitam a ampliação de nossos conhecimentos acerca do desvio de segregação e seu impacto na espécie humana, considerando ainda possíveis efeitos na fertilidade masculina / The transmission ratio distortion (TRD), a biological process defined as a deviation from Mendelian predictions, is caused by different mechanisms: nonrandom segregation of chromosomes during meiosis or gametic and postzygotic viability selection. In order to investigate TRD in humans, we have studied a family with an overtransmitted pathogenic deletion in the CAPN3 gene (CAPN3 c.759_761del), previously associated to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A). Initially, it was possible to define a 2.1 Mb region which was present in most of the individuals. The direct sequencing of 14 genes contained in this interval did not reveal rare variants that could be responsible for the advantage of gametes carrying the CAPN3 mutation. Nevertheless, common variants identified in five genes could indicate that the observed transmission distortion is caused by the interaction among proteins with small dissimilarities, resulting in differential performance of these gametic cells. Subsequently we developed another approach: spermatozoa from healthy individuals were sorted according to their motility and allelic frequencies at each locus in heterozygous state were compared in order to identify genomic regions susceptible to TRD. Surprisingly, some statistically significant results were achieved for regions containing genes involved with acrosome reaction and sperm motility, as PDE1 and PDE4, suggesting these processes are targets of the selection that ends in offspring with proportions skewed away from the Mendelian predictions. These results are important for enlarge our knowledge about TRD and its impact in humans, considering possible effects in male fertility
168

Reproduction and immunity in ant queens: Reproduction et immunité chez les reines de fourmis

Cherasse, Sarah 01 March 2019 (has links) (PDF)
Ants and other social Hymenoptera (social bees and wasps) have a remarkable mating strategy. Social Hymenoptera live in societies where reproduction is monopolized by a fertile caste consisting of males and queens. On the other hand, the logistical tasks of the colony are carried out by a sterile female caste known as workers. Reproductive individuals mate during a single bout early in their life and will never engage in additional reproductive events later on. Males die soon after mating while queens store millions of sperm cells in a specialized organ, the spermatheca. Queens will use this sperm stock to fertilize eggs during the rest of their life that can last up to several decades. With a record of 28.5 years in the black garden ant, ant queens have the longest lifespan recorded to date among the social Hymenoptera. In my thesis, I addressed three aspects of ant queen reproduction. First, I tested the effect of mating on the expression of several genes involved namely in fecundity, longevity and immunity. I found that mating induces an up-regulation of the yolk precursor vitellogenin and of the antimicrobial peptide defensin. Second, I measured the intensity of different immune responses in male and queen genital organs in order to determine which immune pathways are activated to protect sperm. Antimicrobial peptide genes are expressed in the genital tract of both sexes and the queen spermatheca is capable of strongly inhibiting bacterial growth. The immune melanization response is, however, overall inactive in the organs tested probably because its unspecific mode of action and cytotoxic by-products are likely to damage sperm cells. Immunity thus seems to be closely regulated in organs that are in contact with sperm. Third, I determined if activation of the queen immune system had an impact on the survival of sperm stored in the spermatheca. There is no detectable effect in young newly mated queens whereas, in one year old queens, immune activation induces a significant reduction in sperm viability. Life stage thus seems to influence queen ability to preserve sperm viability in the event of an immune challenge. In addition, one year old queens have higher sperm viability than newly mated queens suggesting queens are able to displace dead sperm cells from their spermatheca. Finally, I relied on the well-established sequence of behaviors inherent to the early life of ant queens to try to uncover the largely unknown roles of inotocin, the insect ortholog of the vertebrate hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, in regulating insect behavior. I measured gene expression of the inotocin receptor and found that it is highly expressed during social and reproductive behaviors, which is consistent with previous results in vertebrates. Inotocin might thus also be involved in modulating these behaviors in insects, but further studies are needed to be able to fully understand this complex signaling system. Overall, I show that reproduction and immunity are closely linked in ant queens and that the latter provide promising models for investigating the roles of hormones in insects. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Sexual conflict in the penduline tits (Remizidae) : implications for sperm competition and speciation

Ball, Alexander January 2015 (has links)
This thesis explores the far-reaching impacts of sexual conflict over care on a suite of traits in the penduline tit family (Remizidae), further confirming the intricate relationships between parental care, mating systems and sexual selection. The results reveal the first genetic phylogeny of this family and suggest that uniparental care evolved once in this group. The transition to uniparental care is associated with rapid evolution of male plumage ornaments most likely driven by increased sexual selection. The results also suggest a relationship between male care and the likelihood of paternity on an evolutionary time-scale, as the biparental species exhibit much lower levels of promiscuity than the uniparental European penduline tit. Increased promiscuity was also found to impact sperm morphology in the penduline tits and allies with greater sperm length uniformity in more promiscuous species. This sperm trait was also discovered to co-vary with a sexually selected plumage trait in the European penduline tit suggesting potential interactions between female mate choice and male fertility. An investigation into genetic diversity within the Sylvioidea super-family finds large variation but does not suggest any link between promiscuity and genetic diversity as predicted if promiscuity maintains a higher effective population size in these passerines. The work highlights the interlinked relationships between parental care, mating systems and sexually selected traits, which are increasingly studied in concert. The consequences of sexual conflict over care appear to be far-reaching in the penduline tits, however the degree to which they feedback upon each other and the effect that it has on speciation remains to be seen. The penduline tits further prove their ability to provide valuable insight into the evolution of sexual conflict.
170

Qualifying kinship : how do UK gamete donors negotiate identity-release donation?

Gilman, Leah Isabelle January 2017 (has links)
With effect from 1st April 2005, UK law was amended such that gamete donors must now consent to their identity being released to their donor offspring, should they request it after the age of eighteen. This qualitative study investigates the views and experiences of those donating in this new context. Drawing primarily on twenty-four in-depth interviews with donors, supplemented by twenty staff interviews and observation in two fertility clinics, I examine how donors make sense of their role in relation to offspring, recipients and the wider community. I argue that donors make sense of their role as “biological” parents to offspring through creative reference to kinship repertoires, drawing on their own experiences of “doing family.” However, crucially, kinship connections are always qualified in some way to show that they are not quite family to donor offspring, and certainly not their “real” parent. Often this discursive work involved emphasising their relationship to recipients or the wider community (rather than offspring), framing the donation as a gift or a public act. In addition, donors drew on their kinship expertise to dilute, reshape or “re-route” their connection to offspring. Ultimately, this is a thesis about the limiting work involved in “doing kinship.” I demonstrate that donors did this limiting work in highly creative ways, not restricted to forgetting or ignoring connections. Instead, I show that not constructing kinship claims can be as active a process as making them.

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