We consider a communication method, where the sender encodes n classical bits into 1 qubit and sends it to the receiver who performs a certain measurement depending on which of the initial bits must be recovered. This procedure is called (n,1,p) quantum random access code (QRAC) where p > 1/2 is its success probability. It is known that (2,1,0.85) and (3,1,0.79) QRACs (with no classical counterparts) exist and that (4,1,p) QRAC with p > 1/2 is not possible. We extend this model with shared randomness (SR) that is accessible to both parties. Then (n,1,p) QRAC with SR and p > 1/2 exists for any n > 0. We give an upper bound on its success probability (the known (2,1,0.85) and (3,1,0.79) QRACs match this upper bound). We discuss some particular constructions for several small values of n. We also study the classical counterpart of this model where n bits are encoded into 1 bit instead of 1 qubit and SR is used. We give an optimal construction for such codes and find their success probability exactly---it is less than in the quantum case. Interactive 3D quantum random access codes are available on-line at http://home.lanet.lv/~sd20008/racs

This thesis describes an investigation of the velocity field in a fluid around a solid sphere undergoing transient motion parallel to, and midway between, two plane walls. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the velocity at many discrete locations in a plane that was perpendicular to the walls and included the centre of the sphere. The transient motion was achieved by releasing the sphere from rest and allowing it to accelerate to terminal velocity. <p>To avoid complex wake structures, the terminal Reynolds number was kept below 200. Using solutions of glycerol and water, two different fluids were tested. The first fluid was 100%wt glycerol, giving a terminal Reynolds number of 0.6 which represents creeping flow. The second solution was 80%wt glycerol yielding a terminal Reynolds number of 72. For each of these fluids, three wall spacings were examined giving wall spacing to sphere diameter ratios of h/d = 1.2, 1.5 and 6.0. Velocity field measurements were obtained at five locations along the transient in each case. Using Y to denote the distance the sphere has fallen from rest, velocity fields were obtained at Y/d = 0.105, 0.262, 0.524, 1.05, and 3.15. <p>It was observed that the proximity of the walls tends to retard the motion of the sphere. A simple empirical correlation was fit to the observed sphere velocities in each case. A wall correction factor was used on the quasi-steady drag term in order to make the predicted unbounded terminal velocity match the observed terminal velocity when the walls had an effect. While it has been previously established that the velocity of a sphere is retarded by the proximity of walls, the current research examined the link between the motion of the sphere and the dynamics of the fluid that surrounds it. By examining the velocity profile between the surface of the sphere at the equator and the wall, it was noticed that the shear stresses acting on the sphere increase throughout the transient, and also increase as the wall spacing decreases. This is due to the walls blocking the diffusion of vorticity away from the sphere as it accelerates leading to higher shear stresses. <p>In an unbounded fluid, the falling sphere will drag fluid along with it, and further from the sphere, fluid will move upward to compensate. It was found that there is a critical wall spacing that will completely prevent this recirculation in the gap between the sphere and the wall. In the 80%wt glycerol case, this critical wall spacing is between h/d = 1.2 and 1.5, and in the 100%wt glycerol case the critical wall spacing is between h/d = 1.5 and 6.0.

This paper deals with the development of scientific geography during Antiquity from its mythical background before the seventh century BC to Claudius Ptolemy during the second century AD. The main focus is on questions concerning the shape of the earth, its place in the universe, size and mapping of the earth. Already before 400 BC, the idea of the earth as a globe was firmly estabished. During classical time, Aristotle used empirical and rational arguments to prove that the earth was a sphere and that it was situated motionless in the center of the universe. In the third century BC, the first reasonably correct measurements of the circumference of the earth was carried out by Eratosthenes. Later, a lower, incorrect measurement of the circumference of the earth was made by Poseidonius. His measurement was for some reason accepted by later geographers.The first map of the earth that we know of is on a clay tablet from Mesopotamia from c. 600 BC. The first useful maps were constructed during the Roman era.

This work presents the results of Finite Element Analyses (FEA) used to simulate sliding contact in two (2D) and three dimensions (3D) between two interfering elasto-plastic bodies. Cylinders are used to model sliding contact in 2D, simplified by the assumption of plane strain. Sliding is studied between two cylinders modeled with material properties of steel, and separately with a Glidcop cylinder sliding over an Al 6061-T651 cylinder. All materials are modeled as elastic-perfectly plastic and follow the von Mises yield criterion. Both frictionless as well as frictional sliding are investigated. The FEA results in trends in the deformation, reaction forces, stresses, and net energy loss as a function of sliding distance. All these results are found to be related to the magnitude of vertical interference. This work shows that for the plastic loading cases of frictionless sliding, the ratio of the vertical force to the horizontal reaction force is not zero at the point where the bodies are perfectly aligned about the vertical axis. This work also presents empirical equations that relate the net energy loss due to sliding under an elasto-plastic deformation as a function of the sliding distance. In addition, a load ratio of the horizontal reaction force to the vertical one is defined for frictionless sliding. Although this is analogous to the common definition of the coefficient of friction between sliding surfaces, it just contains the effect of energy loss in plasticity. The contact dimensions are obtained for different vertical interferences as sliding progresses. Comparisons are drawn between the FEA results of frictional and frictionless sliding. 3D modeling has been initiated to yield similar result parameters.

In this research, two major experiments, including the self-assembly of silica spheres, were performed by using a physical confinement method with an attractive capillary force. The silica spheres were dragged and aggregated as results of the evaporation of the solvent. In the first experiment, silica spheres were assembled into the two-dimensional pattered substrate, constructed by the photo-resist film formed under a lithography process. Several patterned substrates could work as a physical trap during the flow of the silica spheres. The ordered arrangement of the silica spheres was controlled by the concentration and the size of the silica spheres, the thickness of the photo-resist film, and the titled angle of the substrate. In our conditions, the silica spheres could orderly arrange in larger area of the substrate. In the second experiment, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement was observed from a chain of silica spheres with silver nanoparticles, which worked as a excitation source to provid a strong local electromagnetic fields exciting the crystal violet (CV) dye coated on the silica spheres. We found that the CV molecules has a strong SERS intensity due to the refraction and reflection of the incident light within the silica spheres. When the silica spheres were linearly arranged, longer length of the chained silica spheres would lead to a maximum value of the SERS intensity.

The objective of this study is to determine the mean heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate and to analyse the effect of inclination angles,the effect of subcooling temperatures and the effect of vapour velocity for laminar filmwise condensation of water vapour on a vertical tier of spheres experimentaly and analyticaly. For this purpose, the experimental aparatus were designed and manufactured. In the free condensation experimental study &Oslash / 50mm and &Oslash / 60 mm O.D. spheres were used to analyse the diameter effect . In the experimental studies of free and forced condensation &Oslash / 60mm O.D. spheres on which vapour flows at 2,75 bars were used to analyse the effect of vapour velocity. For the experimental study of the annular condensation in the concentric spheres the effect of vapour velocity was studied by forcing the vapour to flow in the area between two concentric spheres. In the free condensation experiments it is observed that at smaller diameters the heat flux and mean heat transfer coefficients for sphere is higher. In the free and forced condensation experiments increasing the velocity of vapour increases the mean heat transfer coefficient. At the experiments with annular condensation between the concentric spheres high mean heat transfer coefficient values have been obtained compared to the free and forced condansation over the surface of spheres experimental studies.

The main research work in this thesis is to organize the intersubjectivity of Husserl¡¦s theory and to study the two documents of ¡§Ideas II¡¨ and ¡§Cartesian Meditations¡¨ which translate and reorganize the part of intersubjectiveity. The author talks about the ¡§Cartesian Meditations¡¨ first, the late publication, then ¡§Ideas II¡¨ and try to use a reverse method, form transcendental to empiricial, to explore the possibility of intersubjectivity and the trace of the phenomenology in French toward ethics and aesthetics. In addition, author organizes Schutz¡¦s criticism of intersubjectivity of the transcendental theory to contrast with the Husserl¡¦s viewpoint and poses the refutation of Schutz¡¦s criticism in the final part of this thesis. What is the possibility of intersubjectivity? This thesis itself has not been able to provide the concrete opinion. The author poses the "less then contented" as a basis of intersubjectivity, but it only retains in the appendix for the purposes of reference because of its lack of theoretical basis and the persuasiveness.

This study deals with the development of journalism in post-Cold War Romania, and it does so with a particular interest in the transnational dimension this entails. Many NGOs and international organizations are currently seeking to monitor journalists’ situations in countries around the world, while at the same time aiming at having the whole world aligned with international standards of the journalistic profession. Much attention is put on the safety of individual journalists and on the need to protect them from both legal and physical harm. Reports are continuously launched, frequently worded to impart a sense of emergency, effectively linking putative universal values of journalism with the image of vulnarable journalists carrying out dangerous work for the benefit of large publics. Romania is a fertile place for this kind of global activism, partly due to the country’s totalitarian past and to what many commentators see as an unfulfilled process of democratization where powerful media owners and executives influence journalistic standards with business interests foremost in mind, and where harassments of journalists have been on the rise during the last decade. By combining an ethnographic account of the journalism field with an exploration of how global media development activities are operating in contemporary Romania, the prime question of the thesis is how journalism is constructed and made meaningful in a transnational context. The study is based on ethnographic material collected during the period of 2000-2002 among journalists and NGO activists in Bucharest, Romania.

Rheological properties of idealised models which exhibit all the non-Newtonian flow phenomenology commonly seen in dense suspensions are investigated by particulate-dynamics computer-simulations. The objectives of these investigations are: (i) to establish the origins of various aspects of dense suspension rheology such as shear-thinning, shear thickening and dilatancy; (ii) to elucidate the different regions of a typical dense suspension rheogram by examining underlying structures and shear induced anisotropies in kinetic energy, diffusivity and pressure; (iii) to investigate the scaling of the simplest idealised model suspension; i.e. the hard-sphere model in Newtonian media and its relationship to the isokinetic flow curves obtained through non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations; (iv) to preliminarily determine the effect of perturbations present in all real colloidal suspensions, namely particle size polydispersity and a slight 'softness' of the interparticle potential. Non-equilibrium isokinetic simulations have been performed upon ;systems of particles interacting through the classical hard-sphere potential and a perturbation thereof, in which the hard-core is surrounded by a 'slightly soft' repulsive skin. The decision to base the present work upon isokinetic studies was made in order to obtain a better under- standing of suspension rheology by making a direct connection with previous NEMD studies of thermal systemst(93). These studies have shown that the non-linear behaviour exhibited by these systems under shear is atttributable to a shear-induced perturbation of the equilibrium phase behaviour. The present study shows this behaviour to correspond to the high shear region of the generalised suspension flow curve.

How does the international system move from an anarchic system driven by power to a global community driven by the needs/wants of the community at large? Jürgen Habermas utilizes the tenets of his Communicative Action Theory to underline the importance of communicatively based repertoire in the international system between and among states and non-state actors and the citizens themselves. How does arguing and reasoning among states and international institutions bring together legitimization and order? My research aims to analyze the movement of the international system from anarchy towards a global civil society. In doing so, I will examine Communicative Action Theory in International Relations, in particular the development of legitimization processes in international politics, the role of state sovereignty and its effect on the legitimization process of non-state actors. I argue that underdeveloped legitimization processes at the international level consist of fragile consensus building mechanisms that explain why disagreement can and often does lead to violence. However, I also contend that the international system is moving toward a more developed global civil society.