Title: The influence of sport nutrition in the fitness market   Supervisor: Venilton Reinert   Course: Strategic Marketing with Independant Project   Purpose: The objective of the thesis was to get a better comprehension and knowledge by the examination of links between the marketing influence of sport nutrition on people's decision to practice fitness. In fact, the marketing influence of sport nutrition contribute to create new trends of fitness practicing in France.   Methodology: To write this thesis, secondary data coming from books, scientifical revue, website has been used. A quantitative research method and an explorative and descriptive research approach has been used for this study. Then, a questionnaire using a convenience and snowball sample has been done to collect primary data.   Conclusion: Sport nutrition companies’ want to influence people to practice fitness to gain market share. Their product are linked to the practice of fitness therefore, convince people to practice fitness make them gain new potential customers.

Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation may improve recovery from competitive endurance training by reducing symptoms of central and peripheral fatigue. The purpose of this dissertation was to provide evidence for the use of BCAAs as a training nutrition strategy in order to improve recovery from training and further drive adaptive processes to training by increasing readiness to train. Collegiate distance runners undergoing intense competitive endurance training were monitored for symptoms of muscular soreness and psychological stress through a rated soreness chart and the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes Survey (DALDA) while taking either a BCAA supplement or a placebo. When on the BCAA supplement, athletes reported significantly fewer symptoms of psychological stress and reduced muscular soreness. These results point to the importance of nutrient bioavailability, specifically BCAAs, on recovery parameters when undergoing intensive training. This concept was also demonstrated in a case study on a trained distance runner who underwent intensive training for an ultra-endurance marathon. Running kinematics were assessed using Kinovea open-sourced software (Version 0.8.15) during a series of constant-paced endurance runs while on the BCAA supplement or a placebo. We observed a reduction in vertical oscillation when the runner was on the BCAA supplement, indicating improved muscle recovery and therefore efficiency of movement. Improving recovery by reducing global central and peripheral fatigue symptoms may increase readiness to train and further promote desired training adaptations.

This work examined lentils as an optimal and acceptable pre-exercise meal for athletes of high intensity intermittent exercise. Thirteen male athletes participated in 4 simulated soccer trials with a repeated-measures crossover design. Along with a fasted control condition, isocaloric lentil, potato & egg white, or potato meals providing 1.5 g total carbohydrate/kg were consumed 2-h before the trials. Pre-exercise meal sensory acceptability and digestive tolerability were measured throughout testing with fixed-point scales: A sensory test meal analysis and gastrointestinal digestive symptom rating scale. Participant demographics, nutrition knowledge, and psychosocial perceptions towards lentils were assessed with a questionnaire. Distance covered on a 5 x 1 min repeated sprint test (2.5 min rest) at the end of the soccer trial assessed exercise performance. The Borg Scale (0-20) determined ratings of perceived exertion during exercise testing. Barriers toward pulse-based meal consumption negatively correlated with weekly pulse consumption (r=-0.902, p <0.05), while a positive correlation existed between beneficial beliefs of pulse-based meal consumption and weekly pulse consumption (r=0.620, p <0.05). Participants consumed an average of 79.5 ± 1.8% of each meal. The meals were perceived large in size and cumbersome to ingest by the participants, and no between meal differences were observed (p>0.05). The lentil meal was not as appealing in aroma, appearance, or flavour compared to the potato meal, but no different than the potato & egg meal (p>0.05). Lentil consumption resulted in a minimal increase in nausea compared to the other conditions (1.0, 0.54, 0.31 and 0.08, for lentil, potato & egg, potato, and control, respectively, p<0.05). Initially after consumption, all meals resulted in more bloating and fullness, and less hunger than control (p<0.05). Improved overall exercise performance was proportional with greater pre-exercise meal energy (r = 0.68, p <0.05) and carbohydrate intake (r = 0.67, p<0.05). Pre–exercise consumption of the low glycemic index lentil meal, as well as the two high glycemic pre-exercise meals, resulted in improved total sprint distances compared to the fasted control condition (p<0.05). The comparative sensory acceptability, digestive tolerability and similar performance outcomes of the lentil meal to the other pre-exercise meals indicates lentils may be a suitable pre-exercise meal for athletes of high intensity intermittent exercise.

The glycemic index (GI) of a pre-exercise meal has been shown to affect substrate oxidation during exercise and may influence exercise performance. Previous research in this area has focused on continuous, moderate intensity exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low and high glycemic index (GI) pre-exercise meals on metabolism and performance during soccer-specific intermittent exercise. Thirteen trained male soccer players (22.3 ± 3.3 yrs) participated in four experimental trials in a repeated crossover design. Isocaloric low GI-high protein (lentils), high GI-high protein (potato + egg whites), or high GI-low protein (potato) meals were consumed two hours before a 90-minute treadmill soccer match simulation. A fasted control condition was also employed. Blood and expired gas samples were collected before and during exercise to assess markers of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The distance covered on five 1-minute sprints (separated by 2.5 minutes of recovery) performed during the last 15 minutes of the match was used to assess performance. Serum insulin concentration at the start of exercise was higher in the high GI-low protein condition compared to all other conditions (p<0.001). During exercise, the rate of carbohydrate oxidation was significantly higher and the rate of fat oxidation was significantly lower in the high GI-low protein condition compared to control (p<0.05). The distance covered on sprints 1 and 2 was significantly greater in the low GI-high protein condition compared to control (p<0.05). The distance covered on sprint 2 was significantly greater in the high GI-high protein condition compared to control (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between conditions for sprints 3-5. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) throughout exercise were significantly lower in the low GI-high protein condition compared to both control and high GI-low protein conditions (p<0.05). It is concluded that low GI-high protein and high GI-high protein pre-exercise meals result in small improvements in initial repeated sprint performance compared to fasted control. Performance was not improved following a high GI-low protein pre-exercise meal compared to control, indicating that the increased carbohydrate oxidation and decreased fat oxidation in this condition may have negated any potential performance advantage of carbohydrate consumption. The lower RPE throughout exercise in low GI-high protein compared to control and high GI-low protein indicates a possible beneficial effect of consuming a low GI meal prior to soccer-specific intermittent exercise.

The glycemic index (GI) of a pre-exercise meal has been shown to affect substrate oxidation during exercise and may influence exercise performance. Previous research in this area has focused on continuous, moderate intensity exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low and high glycemic index (GI) pre-exercise meals on metabolism and performance during soccer-specific intermittent exercise. Thirteen trained male soccer players (22.3 ± 3.3 yrs) participated in four experimental trials in a repeated crossover design. Isocaloric low GI-high protein (lentils), high GI-high protein (potato + egg whites), or high GI-low protein (potato) meals were consumed two hours before a 90-minute treadmill soccer match simulation. A fasted control condition was also employed. Blood and expired gas samples were collected before and during exercise to assess markers of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The distance covered on five 1-minute sprints (separated by 2.5 minutes of recovery) performed during the last 15 minutes of the match was used to assess performance. Serum insulin concentration at the start of exercise was higher in the high GI-low protein condition compared to all other conditions (p<0.001). During exercise, the rate of carbohydrate oxidation was significantly higher and the rate of fat oxidation was significantly lower in the high GI-low protein condition compared to control (p<0.05). The distance covered on sprints 1 and 2 was significantly greater in the low GI-high protein condition compared to control (p<0.05). The distance covered on sprint 2 was significantly greater in the high GI-high protein condition compared to control (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between conditions for sprints 3-5. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) throughout exercise were significantly lower in the low GI-high protein condition compared to both control and high GI-low protein conditions (p<0.05). It is concluded that low GI-high protein and high GI-high protein pre-exercise meals result in small improvements in initial repeated sprint performance compared to fasted control. Performance was not improved following a high GI-low protein pre-exercise meal compared to control, indicating that the increased carbohydrate oxidation and decreased fat oxidation in this condition may have negated any potential performance advantage of carbohydrate consumption. The lower RPE throughout exercise in low GI-high protein compared to control and high GI-low protein indicates a possible beneficial effect of consuming a low GI meal prior to soccer-specific intermittent exercise.

2 pp. / This publication provides active children and their parents information about the role protein plays in their sports nutrition diet and how to choose healthy foods to meet the protein needs of growing active children.

Name: Opinion of children of senior school age on physical activity, health and sport Aim: The aim of the diploma thesis is to create a comprehensive overview of issues associated with physical activity, health, sport and healthy lifestyle. This thesis investigates the knowledge and opinions of school children at second stage of Primary School on healthy eating, exercise and lifestyle. It further explores what factors influence students to take care of their lifestyles and whether there are differences in their opinions on healthy lifestyle influenced by gender, family or school they attend. The task of the work also determines whether the students of two selected primary schools in Slaný have a different opinion on the above mentioned physical activity, health, nutrition, physical education and sport. This thesis as well explains the students' motivation resulting in healthy lifestyle and discusses why are students entertained by physical education and sport as well as why they are not. Methods of the research: To obtain results relevant to the thesis, we have chosen a quantitative method - a questionnaire. It is a noninvasive anonymous survey which focuses on individuals in the older school-age - the second stage of Primary School. The essence of investigation is in collection of data and...

Topic: Practical aspects of high-carbohydrate dieting in top sport The topic of this thesis is sports nutrition. After a comprehensive summary of current scientific and generally accepted guidelines, the practical part is based on an example of the current state of sports nutrition in one concrete men's basketball team. Subsequently, the practical part combines the knowledge of theory and results of diet analysis of the current nutritional status in the team. The aim of the analytical part of the thesis was to find out the individual and subsequently average data of the monitored file through the registration of weekly eating diaries, both in terms of macro and micronutrients. These data were statistically processed using the program Sportvital-Nutrition (http://www.bonfit.cz/), whose database contains the most comperhensive information about the composition of individual foods and meals, allowing analysis of up to 30 nutritional parameters. The main aim of the application part of the thesis was to design and calculate a sample menu for seven whole days for top athletes based on predetermined and defined criteria based on theoretical background and analysis of collected eating diaries. These criteria were to follow the principles of healthy nutrition, i.e. primarily the variety, regularity and...

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ingesting an 8% carbohydrate (CHO) beverage during a moderate intensity exercise trial on performance outcomes, fuel utilization and blood glucose levels of wheelchair athletes (spinal cord injury (SC I) or cerebral palsy (CP)). The secondary purpose was to analyze the dietary intake of the eight participants and to determine if they were meeting current sport nutrition guidelines for macronutrients and fluids recommended in the joint position statement developed by the American Dietetic Association (ADA), the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and Dietitians of Canada (DC).<p> Under random, double blind conditions eight athletes (6 males, 2 females); mean age 36 ± 8.5 y with a SCI (n = 7) or CP (n = 1) completed two exercise trials on an adapted stationary hand cycle; each trial was 60 minutes in duration at 65 % VO2peak followed immediately by a 30-minute performance trial. During the first 60-minutes the participants were given four 200 ml dosages (15, 30, 45, 60-min) of an 8% CHO beverage or a taste-matched placebo beverage. Blood lactate and glucose levels were sampled during the 60-minute exercise trial (pre, 20, 40, 60-min) and immediately after the 30-minute performance trial (post, 2, 5, 10-min). Heart rate was monitored continuously during the exercise and performance trial. Expired gas samples were also taken for 5-min periods during the exercise trial and then continuously during the performance trial. These values were used to calculate respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and carbohydrate oxidation. Dietary intake was assessed with a three day food record.<p> No significant differences were apparent between beverage trials for total distance (km), average speed (kmhr-1) or maximum speed achieved (kmhr-1). Significant differences were evident for blood glucose values, RER and CHO oxidation between the two beverage trials (p< .05). At the end of the 30-minute performance trial blood glucose values were significantly higher in the CHO trial (4.8 ± 1.3 mmol.l-1 vs. 4.0 ± 0.5 mmol.l-1 for placebo trial; p< .05). The CHO beverage resulted in higher CHO oxidation during the last 5 minutes of the performance trial, 2.1 ± 1.0 gmin-1 vs. the placebo beverage 1.9 ± 1.0 gmin-1 (p< .05). The CHO beverage trial resulted in significantly higher RER values during the final 5 minutes of the exercise trial and during the final 10 minutes of the performance trial. At the 20-25 minute mark RER values were significantly higher with the CHO beverage trial (1.04 ± 0.10) vs. the placebo trial (1.01 ± 0.11) (p< .05). During the final 5 minutes of the performance trial RER values were also significantly higher with the CHO beverage trial (1.06 ± 0.11) vs. the placebo trial (1.01 ± 0.10) (p< .05). The results indicated the participants were not meeting the current dietary guidelines for able-bodied athletes and active adults. Only 25% of the participants met the daily caloric requirements for active adults. Carbohydrate recommendations of 6 to 10 gkg-1 body weightd -1 were not met by any of the wheelchair athletes Seven participants were within the acceptable macronutrient range (AMDR) for CHO. For protein intake, 63% of the participants were meeting the protein recommendations active adults and all of them were within the AMDR. Average caloric intake from fat exceeded current recommendations of 20 to 25%; two participants were above the AMDR. The results demonstrate that the 8% CHO beverage consumed during exercise resulted in higher CHO oxidation rates and elevated blood glucose values, but it did not result in a performance gain.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ingesting an 8% carbohydrate (CHO) beverage during a moderate intensity exercise trial on performance outcomes, fuel utilization and blood glucose levels of wheelchair athletes (spinal cord injury (SC I) or cerebral palsy (CP)). The secondary purpose was to analyze the dietary intake of the eight participants and to determine if they were meeting current sport nutrition guidelines for macronutrients and fluids recommended in the joint position statement developed by the American Dietetic Association (ADA), the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and Dietitians of Canada (DC).<p> Under random, double blind conditions eight athletes (6 males, 2 females); mean age 36 ± 8.5 y with a SCI (n = 7) or CP (n = 1) completed two exercise trials on an adapted stationary hand cycle; each trial was 60 minutes in duration at 65 % VO2peak followed immediately by a 30-minute performance trial. During the first 60-minutes the participants were given four 200 ml dosages (15, 30, 45, 60-min) of an 8% CHO beverage or a taste-matched placebo beverage. Blood lactate and glucose levels were sampled during the 60-minute exercise trial (pre, 20, 40, 60-min) and immediately after the 30-minute performance trial (post, 2, 5, 10-min). Heart rate was monitored continuously during the exercise and performance trial. Expired gas samples were also taken for 5-min periods during the exercise trial and then continuously during the performance trial. These values were used to calculate respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and carbohydrate oxidation. Dietary intake was assessed with a three day food record.<p> No significant differences were apparent between beverage trials for total distance (km), average speed (kmhr-1) or maximum speed achieved (kmhr-1). Significant differences were evident for blood glucose values, RER and CHO oxidation between the two beverage trials (p< .05). At the end of the 30-minute performance trial blood glucose values were significantly higher in the CHO trial (4.8 ± 1.3 mmol.l-1 vs. 4.0 ± 0.5 mmol.l-1 for placebo trial; p< .05). The CHO beverage resulted in higher CHO oxidation during the last 5 minutes of the performance trial, 2.1 ± 1.0 gmin-1 vs. the placebo beverage 1.9 ± 1.0 gmin-1 (p< .05). The CHO beverage trial resulted in significantly higher RER values during the final 5 minutes of the exercise trial and during the final 10 minutes of the performance trial. At the 20-25 minute mark RER values were significantly higher with the CHO beverage trial (1.04 ± 0.10) vs. the placebo trial (1.01 ± 0.11) (p< .05). During the final 5 minutes of the performance trial RER values were also significantly higher with the CHO beverage trial (1.06 ± 0.11) vs. the placebo trial (1.01 ± 0.10) (p< .05). The results indicated the participants were not meeting the current dietary guidelines for able-bodied athletes and active adults. Only 25% of the participants met the daily caloric requirements for active adults. Carbohydrate recommendations of 6 to 10 gkg-1 body weightd -1 were not met by any of the wheelchair athletes Seven participants were within the acceptable macronutrient range (AMDR) for CHO. For protein intake, 63% of the participants were meeting the protein recommendations active adults and all of them were within the AMDR. Average caloric intake from fat exceeded current recommendations of 20 to 25%; two participants were above the AMDR. The results demonstrate that the 8% CHO beverage consumed during exercise resulted in higher CHO oxidation rates and elevated blood glucose values, but it did not result in a performance gain.