Using a theoretical synergy between the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) and Behavioral Ecological Model (BEM), the current dissertation research provides empirical evidence to support that organized participant sporting events can play a significant role in building a healthier community. First, using a proprietary U.S. community-based panel data from 2008 to 2014, study 1 examines the incremental effects of participant sporting events (PSE) in promoting active living at the population level. Panel regression with an instrumental variable approach and Multigroup Latent Growth Curve Analysis were administered. The key findings included (1) these population-based interventions have the capacity to impact population health at the state level; (2) such an influence significantly varies across the United States contingent upon a state’s economic development and the geographical region to which a state belongs. In study 2, the Multilevel Mediation Analysis was conducted with a spatially clustered cross-sectional data in 2014. The findings revealed that the access to exercise opportunities at the state level represents the underlying mechanism through which various forms of participant sporting events have the ability to elicit positive effects on health with respects to mental health, physical health, and physical activity participation at the county level. The findings suggested that PSEs represent effective public health platform to create healthier communities through integrating physically active leisure into population’s everyday routines. Overall, empirical results also help us better understand the importance of effectively leveraging community sporting events to deliver required health benefits to the general public and create practical guidelines to inform policy formation on resource allocation. / Tourism and Sport

The main task of this thesis has been to research the role of sport in the development of Uruguay's state and national consciousness in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It focuses primarily on the formation of organised sport in the country, the international sporting achievements of Uruguay, and the public's response in Uruguay and abroad. For a more detailed understanding, the thesis is subdivided into six time-related chapters, and covers politics, economics, as well as a brief history of the beginnings of world football in addition to the more general topic of sports. The thesis also considers the social sphere and the attitude of Uruguay's social classes to sport and leisure activities. Emphasis has also been placed on other important events that took place during the defined period, which both positively and negatively influenced the country. Key words: Uruguay, sport, 19th century, 20th century, football, history, sporting events, national consciousness

Due to the excitement and prestige surrounding the Olympics, international perceptions of hosting the Games are positive and the Olympics are thought to bring prosperity and economic benefits to the host country. However this paper insists that hosting the Olympic Games is actually more detrimental to the host country than beneficial. Though each Games is different and every host country has the opportunity to create a positive Games, the negative aspects of hosting the Games create a difficult environment for any country to host a successful Games. Due to the negative effects of the Olympics on national unity, economic impact and international legitimacy, hosting the Olympics is a losing gamble for Olympic host nations.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Sport mega-events are a powerful tool for branding nations. There has been a significant shift in countries that bid for and win the rights to host sport mega-events. Historically, Western countries used to be leaders in winning rights to host such events; however a new emerging trend has seen developing countries winning the rights ahead of developed ones, for example, South Africa, Brazil and Russia winning the rights to host the FIFA World CupTM. South Africa faced a serious branding challenge leading up to the 2010 FIFA World CupTM. Therefore, one of the primary objectives of hosting this tournament was to change international tourists’ perceptions of South Africa. There has been limited research on the brand legacies of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM, hence this research examined the brand image legacies of the tournament in the long run. It is believed that the football fans who attended the 2016 UEFA European Championship either visited South Africa during the 2010 FIFA World CupTM or watched the tournament on television (TV) at home, therefore they have certain perceptions of South Africa as a sport tourism destination. A quantitative methodology was employed to survey football tourists at fan parks and stadium precincts in five metropolitan cities in France during the 2016 UEFA European Championship, using a spatially based systematic sampling technique. In total 391 football tourist questionnaires were completed. The key findings reveal that prior to the 2010 FIFA World CupTM, football tourists’ perceptions of South Africa as a sport tourism destination were generally positive; however they indicated that they were very concerned about safety and security, as well as segregation issues, prior to the tournament. It can be argued that the tournament had a significant impact on reinforcing the positive perceptions of the destination as well as reducing the negative perceptions of the destination. The findings reveal statistically significant differences in most aspects between tourists’ perceptions prior to, and six years after, the 2010 FIFA World CupTM. Tourists’ perceptions on most aspects changed positively six years after the event, including those that were major concerns prior to the tournament. The findings also show that there has been very little repeat visitation to South Africa since South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA Word CupTM. However, an overwhelming majority of respondents indicated that they were willing to travel to South Africa should it host another sport mega-event in the near future. The key findings of this study have a wider applicability to sport mega-events legacy research and body of knowledge. These key findings can assist destination marketers in managing the destination image and foster a greater understanding of brand image legacies of past mega-events in order to inform the bidding and hosting of future sport mega-events.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Events Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. / In recent years, events have shown rapid growth as types of attraction within destinations, with such events creating a favourable image of a host destination, expanding the traditional tourist season, spreading tourist demand more evenly through an area and attracting foreign and domestic visitors (Keyser, 2002:18). As such, events are starting to become an established element and major part of tourism growth and marketing strategies. East London (in the Eastern Cape, South Africa) has hosted a number of successful events (Buffalo City Tourism, 2010) however no known social impact studies related to the community of East London are known to have been conducted. The purpose of this study was to address this gap and to evaluate the social impacts of events tourism on the East London community. The overall research question in this study was, What are the socio-cultural impacts of events tourism on East London? This was a quantitative study that utilised a survey to collect the data. The sampling frame was the community at the Spec-Savers Ironman South Africa Triathlon 2010 held in East London. Potential participants were included in the sample through utilising a random sampling method. The research instrument consisted of four sections, namely demographic profiling (age, gender, race, marital status, education and income), overall event impact perceptions, reasons for spectator participation, and the social impact perceptions of the respondents. The event attendees were interviewed. No incentive was offered for participation, and participants were assured of the confidentiality of their responses.

Orientador: Lino Castellani Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T17:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barandao_JulianaCristina_M.pdf: 4158253 bytes, checksum: d08c410c6f920e81c702c6441d987b08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O cenário da realização dos megaeventos esportivos já, e a serem, encenados em solo brasileiro, de 2007 até 2016, evidência a emergência de um modelo de planejamento de cidade pautado na racionalidade econômica e na gestão empresarial do espaço urbano. A lógica mercantil de organização dos megaeventos esportivos e a sua utilização como dispositivo econômico do capital de criação de novos nichos e demandas de serviços voltados à contenção da crise estrutural do capitalismo, revelam-se expressão dos interesses dos detentores do capital financeiro - empresários dos setores da construção civil e de serviços, por exemplo. Por sua vez, como acontece na história social e política brasileira, o preço a ser pago para o prevalecer de tal lógica de desenvolvimento urbano é debitado na conta dos setores desfavorecidos da população. Isso porque a organização desses eventos se vale da lógica da Gentrificação de setores da cidade, vale dizer, a incumbência de organizar o evento carrega em si a justificativa ideal para o "saneamento socioeconômico" do local, dele decorrendo a remoção desses espaços dos segmentos sociais ali assentados em épocas onde tais espaços urbanos não possuíam o valor econômico a eles hoje atribuídos. Muitos são os relatos de violações dos direitos da população local das cidades sedes de eventos esportivos de grande porte, como a Copa/FIFA se configura, e muitos são os grupos/movimentos sociais articulados a partir da temática desse evento debatendo, questionando e colocando em evidência a violação dos direitos sociais dessa população. Foi essa organização, suas características e ações, o objeto de nosso estudo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu no mapeamento dos movimentos sociais que vêm fazendo o embate político contra aqueles responsáveis pelas ações contrárias aos interesses dos setores sociais desprivilegiados, discutindo os aspectos políticos, econômicos e principalmente sociais decorrentes da realização da Copa FIFA 2014 nas 12 cidades-sedes escolhidas. Foi possível constatar a existência de entidades e movimentos sociais aglutinadores dos reclamos de parcela da população prejudicada com os impactos nocivos a ela, dando voz e organizando a resistência através de mecanismos próprios e caros à luta popular / Abstract: The scenario of sporting mega events, already realized and yet to take place in Brazilian soil, from 2007 to 2016 evidence the emergency of model of city planning based on economical rationality and business management of the urban space. The market logic of the organization of these sporting mega events and its use as an economical device of the capital that generates new niches and demands of services in order to restrain the structural crisis of capitalism, turn to be the expression of the interests of those who possess financial capital - entrepreneurs of urban construction and service sectors, for example. On the other hand, as it is usual in social and political Brazilian history, the amount to be paid for this logic of urban development is debited to the account of the less privileged sectors of the population. The reason is that the organization of these events relies on the logic of Gentrification of the city sectors, that to say, the task of organizing the event brings along the ideal justification for "socioeconomic sanitation" of the place, from that elapsing the removal of social segments that were present there since the time when the area wasn¿t valued as high as it is nowadays. Many are the reports of violation of the rights of the local population of the host cities of large scale sporting events, as FIFA¿s Cup, and many are the groups-social movements articulated around the theme of this event that are debating, questioning and highlighting the violation of the social rights of this population. This organization, its characteristics and actions are the object of our study. Therefore, the objective of this work consisted in mapping the social movements that have been doing the political confrontation against those who are responsible for the impacts that oppose the interests of the less privileged social sectors, discussing the political, economic and, mainly the social aspects that derive from FIFA World Cup 2014 in the 12 Host Cities. It was possible to note the existence of entities and social movements that gather the claims of part of the population that was impaired by harmful impacts, giving voice and organizing the resistance leaning on their own mechanisms that are cherished by popular struggles / Mestrado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Mestra em Educação Física

Orientador: Lino Castellani Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:32:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guirra_FredericoJorgeSaad_D.pdf: 10427128 bytes, checksum: 7a7821878a2f0cf57811c49081ef46cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As duas primeiras décadas do século XXI vêm reservando ao Brasil uma série de megaeventos esportivos iniciados em 2007 com os Jogos Pan-Americanos do Rio de Janeiro, seguidos da realização da V edição dos Jogos Mundiais Militares (JMM), em 2011, da Copa das Confederações e da Gymnasíade, em 2013 e do Mundial de Futebol FIFA, em 2014, ainda vindo à frente os Jogos Olímpicos e Paralímpicos, em 2016, a Copa América de Futebol, em 2017 e da Universíade, em 2019. Esses megaeventos integram as estratégias governamentais brasileiras para a almejada inserção protagônica do país no cenário mundial, em um movimento de reposicionamento geopolítico definidor, para tanto, de uma sincronia entre a agenda definida pelos segmentos conservadores do campo esportivo brasileiro ¿ por si só, conservador ¿ e a "nova" ordem político-econômica mundial, configurativa muito mais do quadro de atendimento dos interesses do desenvolvimento urbano centrado na lógica dos negócios, do que propriamente daquele vinculado à materialização de uma política esportiva. Essas ideias constituem o ponto de partida do presente estudo, que versará sobre o Esporte Militar, no Brasil, das quais deriva a questão central que norteia esta pesquisa: Qual o atual lugar do Esporte Militar na política esportiva brasileira? A resposta a esse questionamento concretiza o objetivo geral deste estudo, ou seja, analisar a estratégia de sua reinserção na política esportiva, tendo os V JMMs como elemento canalizador de suas ações, no âmbito dos megaeventos esportivos. As questões foram enfrentadas a partir dos dados obtidos em uma pesquisa de cunho documental/bibliográfico, tendo como referencial teórico o Materialismo Histórico-Dialético, ancorada em peças orçamentárias, dispositivos normativos, matérias jornalísticas, por meio dos quais se pretendeu desvelar as entrelinhas do discurso acerca da realização de uma edição dos JMMs no Brasil. Para dar conta de tal tarefa, o caminho percorrido incluiu os seguintes objetivos específicos: i) partindo da realização da V Edição dos JMMs, retornar às quatro edições anteriores, identificando a participação do Esporte Militar Brasileiro em diálogo com a política esportiva à época de cada uma delas; ii) analisar o dia seguinte aos JMMs, os investimentos realizados, seus legados, a preparação brasileira para as Olimpíadas de Londres, em 2012, os JMMs em 2015 e os Jogos Olímpicos, em 2016; iii) analisar criticamente a realização dos Jogos Mundiais Militares no Brasil à luz do referencial teórico adotado. Foi possível constatar que o posicionamento estratégico das Forças Armadas junto ao Governo Federal e às entidades de administração do esporte nacional, por meio da realização dos JMMs no Brasil, fez parte de um planejamento muito bem articulado, voltado à desoneração dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, e à expansão do esporte de alto rendimento por meio dos Programas de cunho esportivo do Governo Federal, em que os militares figuram como parceiros, derrubando a tese de que os JMMs serviram apenas como evento teste para a realização da Copa do Mundo FIFA, em 2014, e os Jogos Olímpicos e Paralímpicos de Verão, em 2016 / Abstract: The first two decades of the twenty-first century come to Brazil reserving a number of mega sporting events started in 2007 with the Pan-American Games in Rio de Janeiro, followed the completion of the V edition of the Military World Games (MWG), in 2011, of the Cup confederations and Gymnasíade in 2013 and the FIFA World Cup in 2014, still coming forward the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016, the America's Cup Football in 2017 and the Universiade in 2019. These mega events integrate Brazilian governmental strategies for the targeted insertion of the protagonist the world stage, in a move of defining geopolitical repositioning, therefore, of synchrony between the schedule defined by conservative segments of the Brazilian sports field - alone, conservative - and the "new "global political-economic order, configurative much of the framework for meeting the interests of urban development centered on business logic, than that linked to the materialization of a sporting policy. These ideas constitute the starting point of this study, which will focus on the Military Sports in Brazil, which derives the central question guiding this research: What is the actual place of Military sports in Brazilian policy sporting? The answer to this question embodies the objective of this study, analyzing the your strategy of reinsertion in sporting policy and the V JMMs as plumber element of their actions within the sports mega-events. The issues were addressed from the data obtained in a survey of documentary / bibliographic nature, having as theoretical-Dialectical Materialism History, anchored in budget pieces, regulatory requirements, newspaper articles, through which it was intended to unveil the subtext of the speech about performing an edition of JMMs in Brazil. To realize this task, the path taken included the following specific objectives: i) to present the context of realizing the V edition of the JMM; ii) analyze the following day to JMMs, investments, their legacies, Brazil's preparations for the London Olympics in 2012, the JMMs in 2015 and the Olympics in 2016; iii) to review the achievement of the World Military Games in Brazil in light of the theoretical framework adopted. It was found that the strategic positioning of the Armed Forces from the Federal Government and entities to administer the national sport, through the realization of JMMs in Brazil, was part of a well articulated plan, aimed at relief of the 2016 Olympic Games, and the expansion of high performance sport through programs sporty of the Federal Government, in which the military figure as partners, dropping the thesis that JMMs served only as a test event for the hosting of the FIFA World Cup in 2014, and the Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games in 2016. Keywords: Military Sports. Sporting Mega-Events. Brazilian Sporting Policy. V Military World Games / Doutorado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Doutor em Educação Física

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of Master of Management Sciences: Public Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / The costs of bidding to host mega sporting events such as the Olympics and FIFA World cups are huge. The demand for massive infrastructure to deliver such games is high irrespective of slow economic growth and constrained fiscal budgets. Very few governments are able to properly assess the actual economic value of the investments in infrastructure. The existing infrastructure appraisal and prioritisation methodologies usually take a very narrow view of value. There is scholarly evidence that there is little effort directed towards studies that investigate intangible benefits associated with infrastructural investment in stadia. Much research effort has been invested in the development of methods and models to measure the economic impacts of mega events. While the focus has been, on balance, on financial benefits of hosting mega events, the independent empirical research has found no evidence of economic benefits associated with mega sport events. This study then determined, first the conceptual definition, and the nature of novelty value derived from infrastructural investment. Secondly, an index was constructed to assess the novelty value of infrastructural investment on stadia. The index creation process commenced with the identification of items that define the concept from literature. This was followed by interviews of key informants who are experts and insightful on world cup stadia infrastructural investment. The themes from literature as well as insights from key informants shaped the survey instrument for the second phase of the study. A sample (n =399) was drawn from the study population which is made up of patrons of Moses Mabhida stadium. Factor analysis, a multivariate analytical tool was used to develop a reliable novelty value index (V-ndex). The constructed index has three valid and reliable constructs; spectator experience, novelty continuance and modernity. These three construct define the nonfinancial value, which this study describes as novelty value derived from infrastructural investment. It is therefore recommended that when policy makers seek to assess the value of infrastructural investment on sporting facilities, they incorporate non financial value to the financial value added by investment. / M

M. Tech. Business Administration / Sport tourism events in recent years have become one of the fastest-growing types of tourism attractions globally. For the aim of this study, it is important to understand spending patterns, socio-economic characteristics and activities that relate to the sport tourist to have a greater understanding of the impact of these events on the host community. The sport tourism event spectator is a consumer who, through a process of decision making, obtains certain goods and services from the sport tourism event for personal consumption. Sport tourism event leverage begins by encouraging visitor spending and by retaining visitor expenditure within the host community, which can be achieved by fostering spending during the sport tourism event and by lengthening visitor stays The purpose of this research study was to determine the spending patterns and expectations of sport tourism event spectators. This research study was exploratory to determine spectator spending patterns, demands and possible economic impacts that a sport event being hosted at Loftus Versveld will have on shareholders involved.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-02-28T12:01:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carlos_quintella.pdf: 1149013 bytes, checksum: 11d4f73f4f3b9eb7d899193ae148d791 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-02-28T12:01:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlos_quintella.pdf: 1149013 bytes, checksum: 11d4f73f4f3b9eb7d899193ae148d791 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-02-28T12:01:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlos_quintella.pdf: 1149013 bytes, checksum: 11d4f73f4f3b9eb7d899193ae148d791 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-02-28T12:02:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlos_quintella.pdf: 1149013 bytes, checksum: 11d4f73f4f3b9eb7d899193ae148d791 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Os mega-eventos internacionais diferem muito nos seus propósitos, que podem ser econômicos, políticos, de meio ambiente, culturais, turísticos, esportivos etc. Independente dos seus propósitos, a essência de todos, é sediá-los com sucesso, proporcionando segurança às pessoas que deles participam. Esses eventos representam uma grande oportunidade para a cidade e para o país que os hospeda, pois permitem divulgar ao mundo inteiro seu potencial cultural e turístico, mas, por outro lado, a responsabilidade é um grande desafio para as autoridades envolvidas na organização. Este trabalho aborda a questão da segurança pública no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, perante a realização dos próximos eventos internacionais, como o Mundial de Futebol de 2014 e as Olimpíadas de 2016. O objetivo principal que norteou esta investigação foi identificar os fatores necessários para a construção de uma agenda coletiva que oriente o trabalho matricial de segurança no planejamento destes eventos. Para esse efeito, realizamos uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas e observação para coletar as informações. Concluímos que esses fatores são: a integração entre governos (Federal, Estaduais e Municipais); a integração das comunidades e de toda a sociedade civil; o planejamento de responsabilidades; conhecimento prévio de cenários anteriores; cooperação com instituições nacionais e internacionais; administração orçamentária e participação logística dos recursos. / The mega-international events differ greatly in their purposes, which may be economic, political, environmental, cultural, tourism, sports etc.. Whatever your goals, the essence of all is to host them successfully, providing security to people who participate. These events represent a great opportunity for the city and the country that hosts them, because they allow the promotion of worldwide cultural and tourist potential, but on the other hand, responsibility is a big challenge for the authorities involved in the organization. This paper addresses the issue of public safety in the State of Rio de Janeiro, before the realization of the coming international events including the 2014 World Cup and the Olympics in 2016. The main goal that guided this research was to identify the factors necessary to build a common agenda to guide the work matrix of security in planning these events. To this end, we conducted an extensive literature search, interviews and observation to collect information. We conclude that these factors are: the integration between governments (federal, state and local), the integration of all communities and civil society, the responsibilities of planning, prior knowledge of the preceding scenarios, cooperation with national and international institutions, budget management and participation of logistics resources.