Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-154). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis(M.I.D.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Abstract. Includes bibliographic references (p.89-91).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Erskine Theological Seminary, 1998. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-135).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Erskine Theological Seminary, 1998. / Abstract. This is an electronic reproduction of TREN, #064-0026. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-135).

The aim of this study was to investigate the young child's experience of intensive sport participation. The study concentrated on the following aspects: The role that adults play in children's sport experience. The reasons for children's sport experience becoming negative. Children's sport experience with special focus on enjoyment, pressure to win, competition anxiety, sportsmanship, crowd behaviour and withdrawal from participation. A comparison between children's sport experience and the perceptions of parents and coaches of those experiences. It was found that children experience aspects such as pressure to win, competition anxiety and crowd behaviour as negative. Another outcome of this study was the finding that children experience their sport participation more negative than parents and coaches think they do. Lastly it was found that children, in spite of having a negative experience of some aspects of sport, still enjoy participating in sport and are not considering withdrawal from it. / Educational Studies / M. Ed (Guidance and Counselling)

A substantial amount of evidence exists which strongly suggests that elementary school teachers play a significant role in the socialization process through the inculcation of value and attitude systems in their students. Further, it is the teacher's own personal set of attitudes and beliefs that are either knowingly or unknowingly communicated. In this regard, the researcher undertook the systematic study of attitudes held by Vancouver elementary school teachers toward physical activity as manifest in sports and games, in an effort to gain some understanding of the role played by the elementary school system in influencing values held by children for physical activity. A sample of 135 non-specialist, elementary school, classroom teachers was drawn from the Vancouver Public School system. Each subject was requested to complete and return to the researcher, a copy of "Kenyon's Attitude Inventory." The data gleaned from the completed inventories was statistically analyzed through univariate analysis of variance techniques to determine what, if any, differences existed in teacher attitudes held toward physical activity, as a function of their sex, age and grade levels taught. With the exceptions of an age x level interaction effect for the ascetic subdomain for female teachers and a statistically significant, more positive attitude held by older as opposed to younger female teachers toward the vertigo subdomain, the attitudes held by Vancouver elementary school teachers toward physical activity failed to differentiate according to the sex, age, and grade levels taught criteria. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Pang, On Hei Bonnie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-168). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Introduction --- p.1 / Background of the Study --- p.1 / Summary --- p.6 / Purposes of the Study --- p.7 / Hypotheses --- p.8 / Definition of Terms --- p.9 / Delimitations of the Study --- p.10 / Limitations of the Study --- p.11 / Significance of the Study --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- Review of Literature --- p.13 / Introduction --- p.13 / Theoretical Literature --- p.14 / Overview of the Expectancy Value Model --- p.17 / Expectancy Value Model Constructs --- p.19 / Expectancy Value Model Assumptions --- p.24 / Empirical Research --- p.27 / Parental Socialization --- p.27 / The Social and Cultural Milieu of Hong Kong Parents and Children --- p.37 / Summary --- p.45 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Method --- p.46 / Participants --- p.46 / Children --- p.46 / Parents --- p.47 / Procedures --- p.48 / Instrumentation --- p.49 / Children Measures --- p.49 / Parental Measures --- p.51 / Interviews --- p.53 / Data analysis --- p.55 / Questionnaire Data --- p.55 / Interview Data --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- Results --- p.58 / Confirmatory Factor Analysis --- p.59 / Exploratory Factor Analysis --- p.61 / Descriptive Statistics................................................................- --- p.63 / Gender Differences in Children´ةs STV and Sport Participation --- p.66 / Parental Differences in Perceived-Sport Value in Children --- p.67 / Correlations and Regression Analyses of Parental and Children´ةs Variables --- p.68 / Mediating Effect between Parental Influence and Children´ةs Sport Participation --- p.75 / Interview Results --- p.77 / Experiences in terms of STV Components in Sport (High STV group) --- p.78 / Experiences in terms of STV Components in Sport (Low STV group) --- p.83 / Parental Influences on Children´ةs STV and Sport Participation (High STV group) --- p.88 / Parental Influences on Children´ةs STV and Sport Participation (Low STV group) --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- Discussion --- p.107 / Chapter Part One: --- Quantitative Inquiry --- p.109 / Theoretical Expansion on Eccles，STV Components Work --- p.109 / Gender Differences and Correlations in Children´ةs STV Components and Sport Participation --- p.111 / Differences in Parental Value Placed on Children´ةs Sport --- p.116 / Relations between Parental influences and Children´ةs STV Components and Participation in Sport --- p.117 / Chapter Part Two: --- Qualitative Inquiry --- p.121 / Understanding Children´ةs Experiences and their influence on their STV in sport: a Social and Cultural Milieu Approach --- p.121 / Understanding Children´ةs Perceptions on Parental Influence on their STV Components and Participation in Sport --- p.132 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- "Conclusion, Limitations and Recommendations" --- p.141 / Conclusion --- p.141 / Practical Recommendations --- p.142 / Limitations and Theoretical Recommendations --- p.143 / REFERENCES --- p.146 / Appendix A --- p.169 / Appendix B --- p.170 / Appendix C --- p.171 / Appendix D --- p.172 / Appendix E --- p.173 / Appendix F --- p.175 / Appendix G --- p.177 / Appendix H --- p.178 / Appendix I --- p.180 / Appendix J --- p.182 / Appendix K --- p.184 / Appendix L --- p.186 / Appendix M --- p.187 / Appendix N --- p.188 / Appendix O --- p.189 / Appendix P --- p.190 / Appendix Q --- p.191 / Appendix R --- p.192 / Appendix S --- p.193

Parent marital status is a highly influential variable within the family context, as it can serve as a protective factor in many ways. However, it can also be a risk factor for youth. Despite the large body of literature that delineates the benefits of sports participation and the negative outcomes associated with divorce, researchers have yet to examine the impact of athletic participation on youth who have experienced familial disruptions, such as divorce, separation, and remarriage. Sports participation was chosen as a moderating variable in the present study, as it is believed to serve as a protective factor for those who experience parental divorce. Specifically, the present study aims to answer the following research question: Does sports participation moderate the effects of parent marital status and belongingness on achievement and behavior problems after controlling for sex, socioeconomic status, and maternal education? Many theoretical mechanisms support the hypothesis that positive outcomes are be associated with sporting programs, such as Social Capital Theory, as well as theories associated with 7 motivation and belonging. This study analyzed data collected as part of the NICHDSECCYD comprehensive longitudinal study. Specifically, the effects of parent marital status and belongingness on academic achievement were analyzed in AMOS 22, using a multiple group path model with sports participation as a moderator. Although results did not support sports participation as a moderator, findings supported previous research that connects intact, two-parent marriages with positive outcomes for youth.

Text in Afrikaans / The primary aim of this investigation was to compile guidelines to improve the concentration techniques of primary school sport participants. In order to achieve this goal, a theoretical as well as an empirical investigation were conducted. During the literature study, different aspects of concentration were analyzed and the role of the primary school coach was highlighted in each instance. The literature study indicated that the primary school sport participants’ sport experience would benefit, if the primary sport participants would use concentration techniques during their sport participation. During the empirical study (in which 61 primary school sport participants participated), it was indicated that • Most of the primary school sport participants had very little exposure to concentration techniques. • Self talk, as a concentration technique, was used by most of the participants. The Here-and-Now concentration technique was the least used concentration technique by the participants. The literature study as well as the empirical study indicated that there are guidelines that primary school participants can use in order to better their concentration techniques. / Die primêre doel van hierdie ondersoek was om riglyne saam te stel wat laerskoolsportbeoefenaars kan help om beter te konsentreer gedurende hulle sportdeelname. Ten einde hierdie doel te bereik, isʼn teoretiese sowel as ʼn empiriese ondersoek uitgevoer. Tydens die teoretiese ondersoek is verskillende aspekte van konsentrasie ontleed, waarin die rol van die laerskoolafrigter telkens toegelig is. Die teoretiese ondersoek het aangetoon dat die laerskoolsportbeoefenaars se sportbelewenis daarby sou baat indien die laerskoolsportbeoefenaars konsentrasietegnieke gedurende hulle sportdeelname sou gebruik. Volgens die empiriese ondersoek (waaraan 61 proefpersone deelgeneem het) is aangetoon dat: • Die meerderheid laerskoolsportbeoefenaars baie min bloot gestel word aan konsentrasietegnieke. • Selfspraak, as konsentrasietegniek, was die meeste gebruik, terwyl die Hier-en- Nou konsentrasietegniek die minste gebruik is deur die proefpersone. Die teoretiese sowel as die empiriese ondersoek het aangetoon dat daar wel riglyne is wat gevolg kan word om die laerskoolsportbeoefenaars te help om hulle konsentrasietegnieke te verbeter. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Voorligting)

This research study is a qualitative research study which examines the experiences of adolescents in Soshanguve who are participating in sport. The aim of the study is to explore the value of sport participation as a therapeutic tool. The problem statement is how adolescents experience the effects of sport participation. The research study was conducted using ethnomethodology which examines how people make sense of their daily lives. The intention was to focus on how the participants interpreted their everyday activities. The absence of symptoms that one would expect from the participants was viewed as an indicator of therapeutic effects of sport participation. There appeared to be an absence of depressive and anxious symptoms, no substance use and sound academic results. Participants also displayed a generally positive outlook on their futures. The conclusion was that sport participation has some benefits for adolescents. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)