Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera begreppen urban sprawl och Smart Growth utifrån ett hållbarhetsperspektiv, samt att undersöka vad dessa begrepp innebär för utvecklingen av den amerikanska stadsplaneringen också för de amerikanska städernas utformning. Urban sprawl innebär en utglesning av städer, något som i stor utsträckning har skett i USA sedan bilismens ökade framfart under 1950-talet. Smart Growth är ett ideal som förespråkar motsatsen till sprawl, det vill säga tätare städer där bilens roll blir mindre och mer utrymme ges åt gångare och cyklister. För idealet finns tio stycken principer som ska göra Smart Growth till verklighet. Utifrån dessa principer har jag - med hjälp av en kvalitativ textanalys - undersökt översiktsplaner från fem stycken amerikanska städer. Målet med analysen var att se i vilken utsträckning Smart Growth redovisades inom den amerikanska stadsplaneringen. Resultatet visade att principerna för Smart Growth presenterades i bred utsträckning i fyra av dem fem undersökta planerna. Detta för att det finns goda skäl att tro att den amerikanska stadsplaneringen kommer att sträva mot en tätare stadsbild. Trots detta är det inte säkert att urban sprawl kommer att försvinna. Slutsatsen är således att både urban sprawl och Smart Growth förmodligen kommer att karaktärisera den amerikanska stadsplaneringen under de kommande decennierna.

A process of suburbanization is currently a very much discussed topic. This phenomenon of population and human activities transfer from core cities to their background can have harmful effects not only on local inhabitants, but also on surrounding landscape and its function. Landscape ecology responds to this development by quantifying and evaluating its impact on landscape functions. This diploma thesis summarizes published results about effects of suburbanization on natural environment. The main objective of the thesis is selection of an appropriate indicator(s) (landscapes metrics) to evaluate rate and intensity of this process. These metrics are applied in the study area and the results are discussed. Key words: suburbanization, urban sprawl, landscape metrics

Few data are available on distribution, abundance, and ecology of scyphozoans in the Northern California Current (NCC). This thesis is divided into four chapters, each of which contributes to our understanding of a different stage of the scyphozoan life history. The first study describes the settlement preferences of Chrysaora fuscescens planulae in the laboratory. Planulae were found to respond to the interaction of substrate and orientation. Artificial substrates were identified as viable habitat for C. fuscescens. In the second chapter, a population of scyphistomae in Charleston, Oregon were identified to species-level using DNA barcoding techniques. The third and fourth chapters focus on the medusa stage of the life history. Using surveys mailed to fishers in the Pacific Region, this study provides baseline data on the types and magnitudes of economic damages caused by jellyfish on different fisheries and helps assess fishers' perceptions of jellyfish population trends in the NCC. This thesis includes previously unpublished co-authored material.

A partir do novo século, dinâmicas de dispersão urbana diferenciadas, relacionadas com os avanços da econômica capitalista, alteram os padrões de ocupação do tecido urbano ao longo do vetor noroeste paulista, eixo São Paulo-Campinas. Esse histórico e produtivo corredor, cuja evolução se estrutura em redes de infraestruturas e sobrepõe temporalidades históricas fragmentadas, transformou-se no mais importante vetor econômico do país. Tempos de globalização e reestruturação produtiva avançada configuram novos territórios metropolitanos, que na sua dispersão se integram, redefinindo conceitos e limites instituídos. Com olhar empírico para municípios com formação recente e predomínio de ocupações ligadas à economia moderna, evidenciou-se o impacto destas no tecido urbano deste eixo regional. Formas mais avançadas de urbanização em processo de constituição, extensas, fragmentadas, superpostas, contínuas, dispersas e porosas, apresentam contornos mais nítidos, mas são complexas do ponto de vista dos seus fluxos espaciais. Devido à ausência de planos e políticas públicas mais abrangentes capazes de atuar em novas dimensões, compreendendo a totalidade das relações que este território metropolitano estabelece, elabora-se uma matriz que sistematiza hierarquias e conhecimento, para uma atuação territorial integradora e em múltipla escala. / From the new century, new dynamics of urban sprawl, related to the progress of the capitalist economy, are changing the land use patterns along the northwest vector of São Paulo state capital, São Paulo -Campinas axis. This historical and productive axis, whose evolution is structured in infrastructure networks and overlaps fragmented historical temporalities, has become the most important economic vector of the country. Times of globalization and advanced productive restructuring have shaped new metropolitan territories which, in their sprawl are integrated, redefining concepts and set limits. With focus on small cities, due to their recent formation, the research observed the impact of the greater intensity of tertiary sector occupations linked to the advanced economies in this regional productive axis. More advanced forms of urbanization in the process of constitution, extensive, fragmented, overlapping, continuous, sprawl or diffuse, have more visible boundaries, but are complex from the point of view of their spatial relationships. Based on this and due to the lack of metropolitan and regional public policies that may have a comprehensive and integrated impact on this scattered metropolitan territory, a matrix is elaborated that systematizes hierarchies and knowledge, for an integrative and multiple scale territorial action.

La dégradation de la mangrove de la Casamance a fortement été influencée par des contraintes physiques. Mais c’est l’étalement des villes du fait de la croissance démographique, les importants prélèvements de ses ressources par les populations et la mise en œuvre de techniques d’aménagements inadaptées qui ont accentué sa destruction. L’analyse de l’histoire des usages de cet écosystème, sa perception par les populations de diverses origines, les changements de législation foncière et le contexte politique propre à la région expliquent aussi cette situation. On remarque ainsi qu’au fil des années la mangrove péri-urbaine de Ziguinchor ne cesse de perdre des surfaces. Pourtant depuis les années 1990 l’amorce de la prise de conscience croissante de son importance écosystémique a conduit à la multiplication de projets de la part des organismes de développement et de protection de l’environnement pour endiguer ce phénomène. Il ressort en revanche à la suite d’enquêtes réalisées sur le terrain auprès des populations et des opérateurs du développement que ces initiatives et notamment les reboisements de la mangrove n’ont pas toujours eu les résultats escomptés, et cela en raison de leur faible acceptabilité sociale, de l’existence de grandes disparités dans l’exécution des travaux et dans la répartition des moyens de travail.Au regard de ces difficultés, des pistes de travail sont alors proposées et notamment un Système d’Information Géographique (SIG) qui permet de faire un état actualisé des changements de l’occupation du sol.Ce travail de thèse permet de mieux comprendre les changements survenus dans l’occupation du sol et notamment la mangrove avec l’évolution des pratiques des populations et de l’augmentation de leurs besoins. Il permet aussi de disposer d’une base de données sur l’évolution des unités du sol de la région péri-urbaine de Ziguinchor. / Degradation of mangroves in Casamance has been strongly influenced by physical constraints. But it is urban sprawl due to population growth, the sharp drawdown of its resources by the population and the implementation of inadequate technical facilities to which accentuated its destruction.The analysis of the history of the uses of this ecosystem, its perception by people of diverse origins, changes in land laws and the specific political context in the region explainalso this situation. It is thus noted that over the years the peri-urban mangrove Ziguinchor keeps losing surfaces. Yet since the 1990s, the beginning of the growing awareness of its importance ecosystem led to the multiplication of projects from development and environmental protection agencies to curb this phenomenon. It appears however as a result of investigations carried out on the ground with the population and operators of these development initiatives including reforestation of mangroves have not always had the desired results, and that because of their low acceptability social, the existence of large disparities in the performance of work and in the allocation of labor resources.Given these difficulties, work tracks are proposed including a Geographic Information System (GIS) which allows for an update on changes in land use.This work provides insight into the changes in land use, including mangrove populations with changing practices and increasing needs. It also helps to have a database onthe development of ground units in the area peri-urban Ziguinchor.

Esta dissertação discute as ações do poder público no tocante à localização dos conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social e sua relação com a expansão urbana e criação de espaços segregados na malha urbana da cidade de Aracaju, capital do estado de Sergipe. Para isso foi elaborado, primeiramente, um histórico das políticas públicas voltadas para habitação social no Brasil, que serviu de subsídio para compreensão dos momentos e características da política desenvolvida no âmbito local. Posteriormente foi elaborado um resgate histórico da gestão desta política em Aracaju, que foi dividido em dois momentos: o primeiro cujo principal interventor urbano e gestor das políticas habitacionais foi o Governo do Estado e o seguinte quando a Prefeitura Municipal assumiu este papel. A partir dos dados obtidos por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, de campo e entrevistas, e da elaboração de tabelas e mapas, nota-se que a escolha da localização dos conjuntos, por parte do poder público, impulsionou o crescimento urbano de Aracaju, criando novos eixos de expansão urbana horizontal, sem que houvesse um planejamento ou prévia estruturação destas áreas. A contribuição da presente pesquisa está na apresentação e sistematização das ações do poder público referentes à localização dos conjuntos habitacionais em Aracaju e sua vinculação com a expansão urbana do município, gerando espaços segregados socialmente. Além disso, possibilita uma reflexão crítica sobre a influência da localização habitacional no desenvolvimento urbano de Aracaju. / The subject to be discussed in this work is the manner how actions of public policies of location of social interest housing have inducted urban sprawl as well as have given rise to socially segregated urban spots in the city of Aracaju, the capital of Sergipe. First of all, a report progress was made of public policies concerned with social interest housing in Brazil, which has contributed to an understanding of the steps and characteristics of local public policies. Then another report progress was made of mentioned public policies in Aracaju, which was divided in two parts: the first one is related to the mentioned actions of the State Government, while the second is related to the mentioned actions of the Municipality. Based on the data obtained from bibliographies, documentary as well as from field research, interviews, and elaborated maps and statistics, it is seen how the location of chosen estates for building has inducted an urban sprawl in Aracaju due to public power, though nothing was done concerning a previous planned basic structural condition in mentioned areas. This work contributes in presenting data on actions of mentioned public policies on location of social interest housing inducting urban sprawl and socially segregated urban spots in Aracaju. Besides this, this work allows a critical analysis about the influence of public policies of location of social interest housing inducting urban sprawl in Aracaju.

Esta dissertação discute as ações do poder público no tocante à localização dos conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social e sua relação com a expansão urbana e criação de espaços segregados na malha urbana da cidade de Aracaju, capital do estado de Sergipe. Para isso foi elaborado, primeiramente, um histórico das políticas públicas voltadas para habitação social no Brasil, que serviu de subsídio para compreensão dos momentos e características da política desenvolvida no âmbito local. Posteriormente foi elaborado um resgate histórico da gestão desta política em Aracaju, que foi dividido em dois momentos: o primeiro cujo principal interventor urbano e gestor das políticas habitacionais foi o Governo do Estado e o seguinte quando a Prefeitura Municipal assumiu este papel. A partir dos dados obtidos por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, de campo e entrevistas, e da elaboração de tabelas e mapas, nota-se que a escolha da localização dos conjuntos, por parte do poder público, impulsionou o crescimento urbano de Aracaju, criando novos eixos de expansão urbana horizontal, sem que houvesse um planejamento ou prévia estruturação destas áreas. A contribuição da presente pesquisa está na apresentação e sistematização das ações do poder público referentes à localização dos conjuntos habitacionais em Aracaju e sua vinculação com a expansão urbana do município, gerando espaços segregados socialmente. Além disso, possibilita uma reflexão crítica sobre a influência da localização habitacional no desenvolvimento urbano de Aracaju. / The subject to be discussed in this work is the manner how actions of public policies of location of social interest housing have inducted urban sprawl as well as have given rise to socially segregated urban spots in the city of Aracaju, the capital of Sergipe. First of all, a report progress was made of public policies concerned with social interest housing in Brazil, which has contributed to an understanding of the steps and characteristics of local public policies. Then another report progress was made of mentioned public policies in Aracaju, which was divided in two parts: the first one is related to the mentioned actions of the State Government, while the second is related to the mentioned actions of the Municipality. Based on the data obtained from bibliographies, documentary as well as from field research, interviews, and elaborated maps and statistics, it is seen how the location of chosen estates for building has inducted an urban sprawl in Aracaju due to public power, though nothing was done concerning a previous planned basic structural condition in mentioned areas. This work contributes in presenting data on actions of mentioned public policies on location of social interest housing inducting urban sprawl and socially segregated urban spots in Aracaju. Besides this, this work allows a critical analysis about the influence of public policies of location of social interest housing inducting urban sprawl in Aracaju.

A partir do novo século, dinâmicas de dispersão urbana diferenciadas, relacionadas com os avanços da econômica capitalista, alteram os padrões de ocupação do tecido urbano ao longo do vetor noroeste paulista, eixo São Paulo-Campinas. Esse histórico e produtivo corredor, cuja evolução se estrutura em redes de infraestruturas e sobrepõe temporalidades históricas fragmentadas, transformou-se no mais importante vetor econômico do país. Tempos de globalização e reestruturação produtiva avançada configuram novos territórios metropolitanos, que na sua dispersão se integram, redefinindo conceitos e limites instituídos. Com olhar empírico para municípios com formação recente e predomínio de ocupações ligadas à economia moderna, evidenciou-se o impacto destas no tecido urbano deste eixo regional. Formas mais avançadas de urbanização em processo de constituição, extensas, fragmentadas, superpostas, contínuas, dispersas e porosas, apresentam contornos mais nítidos, mas são complexas do ponto de vista dos seus fluxos espaciais. Devido à ausência de planos e políticas públicas mais abrangentes capazes de atuar em novas dimensões, compreendendo a totalidade das relações que este território metropolitano estabelece, elabora-se uma matriz que sistematiza hierarquias e conhecimento, para uma atuação territorial integradora e em múltipla escala. / From the new century, new dynamics of urban sprawl, related to the progress of the capitalist economy, are changing the land use patterns along the northwest vector of São Paulo state capital, São Paulo -Campinas axis. This historical and productive axis, whose evolution is structured in infrastructure networks and overlaps fragmented historical temporalities, has become the most important economic vector of the country. Times of globalization and advanced productive restructuring have shaped new metropolitan territories which, in their sprawl are integrated, redefining concepts and set limits. With focus on small cities, due to their recent formation, the research observed the impact of the greater intensity of tertiary sector occupations linked to the advanced economies in this regional productive axis. More advanced forms of urbanization in the process of constitution, extensive, fragmented, overlapping, continuous, sprawl or diffuse, have more visible boundaries, but are complex from the point of view of their spatial relationships. Based on this and due to the lack of metropolitan and regional public policies that may have a comprehensive and integrated impact on this scattered metropolitan territory, a matrix is elaborated that systematizes hierarchies and knowledge, for an integrative and multiple scale territorial action.

Accessibility is the most important concept in transportation planning because it describes the ease of travel to opportunities vital for everyday needs. Theoretically, people locate closer to transit corridors if accessibility improves. One desired benefit from light rail is denser land use patterns in the form of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) that captures population growth. In October 1994, the City of Denver, CO, joined the list of American cities that have implemented light rail within the last 33 years. Since then, five corridors have opened there, and planners are retooling their zoning codes to allow TOD near light rail. The hope is to mitigate road-centric policies that enabled sprawl during the second half of the 20th Century. This thesis investigates light rail in the Denver region in the context of accessibility. It asks the following research question: What land use and transportation conditions must exist to encourage the general population to locate near light rail? Five linear regression models test a range of accessibility variables. Evidence suggests that accessibility to jobs and housing near station areas is important for facilitating population growth near light rail. Specifically, land use policy needs to allow residential and non-residential mixed uses near station areas for population growth to occur. It is too early to draw any definitive conclusions for the Denver region. Anecdotal evidence indicates that planners are achieving land use goals of growth, even though many of the region's TOD-supportive policies were recently adopted.

<p>Temat för denna studie är tätorters utveckling och regionala rumsliga inordning. Med utgångspunkt i det amerikanska begreppet sprawl, som brukar användas för att beskriva hur framför allt nordamerikanska städer har utvecklas, har statistik över tätorter i Örebros lokala arbetsmarknadsregion bearbetats och analyserats. Syftet med undersökningen har varit att relatera begreppet sprawls innebörder till de befolknings-, yt- och täthetsmässiga förändringar som tätorterna i Örebros lokala arbetsmarknadsregion genomgår under perioden 1980-2005 och den rumsliga formering som härmed genereras baserat på dem. Genom att utforska vad som avses med begreppet sprawl erhålls en tämligen klar bild av den stadsutveckling som begreppet beskriver. Denna beskrivning ligger sedan till grund för hur det statistiska materialet kan analyseras. Som sprawl förstås i denna undersökning befolknings- och yttillväxt i en central större ort där befolkningstätheten huvudsakligen kommer att öka, samt att närliggande system av tätorter också ökar sin befolkning och yta. Sammantaget ger detta en typ av sprawl som är rumsligt diskontinuerlig till sin karaktär genom att den består av flera från varandra fysiskt åtskilda platser som skiljer ut sig från andra tätorter genom att de ökar både sin befolkning och yta, alternativt har en variabel oförändrad medan den andra ökar. Analysen av det statistiska materialet över tätorterna i Örebro LA visar att sprawl förstådd på detta sätt återfinns i och runt Örebro tätort, medan mönstret inte går att finna hos övriga större tätorter i regionen.</p>