Few data are available on distribution, abundance, and ecology of scyphozoans in the Northern California Current (NCC). This thesis is divided into four chapters, each of which contributes to our understanding of a different stage of the scyphozoan life history. The first study describes the settlement preferences of Chrysaora fuscescens planulae in the laboratory. Planulae were found to respond to the interaction of substrate and orientation. Artificial substrates were identified as viable habitat for C. fuscescens. In the second chapter, a population of scyphistomae in Charleston, Oregon were identified to species-level using DNA barcoding techniques. The third and fourth chapters focus on the medusa stage of the life history. Using surveys mailed to fishers in the Pacific Region, this study provides baseline data on the types and magnitudes of economic damages caused by jellyfish on different fisheries and helps assess fishers' perceptions of jellyfish population trends in the NCC. This thesis includes previously unpublished co-authored material.

Selon le Rapport mondial des risques publié par l'Institut universitaire des Nations Unies pour l'environnement et la sécurité humaine, le Mexique a une vulnérabilité de 46% et un manque de capacité d'adaptation de 76% en termes de risques de catastrophe. Un de ceux est les risques d'inondation en cas de catastrophe qui pose un sérieux défi pour le développement et la vie des habitants du Mexique. Mexico est confronté à des problèmes d'inondation dans certaines zones à l'ONU certaines périodes de l'année, causant des pertes et des dommages importants sur les propriétés et les résidents dont certains blessés. En conséquence, il est important de procéder à une évaluation des risques d'inondation dans le bassin de Mexico et d'estimer les dommages des inondations probables. Cependant, les données limitées de débits observés et des profondeurs d'eau dans les principaux cours d'eau de la ville sont disponibles, et esta distributeur d'un obstacle à la compréhension des inondations dans la ville de Mexico. Pour la raison d'origine, plusieurs études doivent être effectuées intérêt dans le but d'avoir une compréhension claire disponibles du bassin versant, qui impliquent, études hydrauliques, météorologiques et hydrologiques, la répartition des précipitations, l'analyse des eaux de ruissellement, les risques d'inondation et de la vulnérabilité, et des études de esta permettent l'estimation de dommages directs et indirects à l'économie, aux actifs et à la vie humaine / According to the World Risk Report released by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security, Mexico has a vulnerability of 46% and a lack of coping capacity of 76% in terms of disaster risk. One of those disaster risks is flooding which poses a serious challenge to the development and the lives of the inhabitants of Mexico. Mexico City is facing problems of flooding in some areas at certain times of the year, causing important losses and damages on properties and residents including some casualties. Therefore, it is important to carry out a flood risk assessment in the catchment of Mexico City and estimate damages of probable flood events. However, limited data of observed discharges and water depths in the main rivers of the city are available, and this represents an obstacle for the understanding of flooding in Mexico City. For these reason, several studies have to be carried out in order to have a clear understanding of the catchment, which involve, meteorological and hydrological/hidraulic studies, rainfall distribution, runoff analysis, flood risk and vulnerability, and this studies allow the estimation of direct and indirect damages to the economy, to assets and to human life. The premise of this study is that with the limited data and resources available, the catchment can be represented to an acceptable degree by the construction of a deterministic hydrological model of the Mexico City basin. The objective of the developed tool is to provide an efficient support to management of the flood processes by predicting the behavior of the catchment for different rainfall events and flood scenarios

No / The threat of biological weapons has never attracted as much public attention as in the past five years. Current concerns largely relate to the threat of weapons acquisition and use by rogue states or by terrorists. But the threat has deeper roots--it has been evident for fifty years that biological agents could be used to cause mass casualties and large-scale economic damage. Yet there has been little historical analysis of such weapons over the past half-century. Deadly Cultures sets out to fill this gap by analyzing the historical developments since 1945 and addressing three central issues: Why have states continued or begun programs for acquiring biological weapons? Why have states terminated biological weapons programs? How have states demonstrated that they have truly terminated their biological weapons programs? We now live in a world in which the basic knowledge needed to develop biological weapons is more widely available than ever before. Deadly Cultures provides the lessons from history that we urgently need in order to strengthen the long-standing prohibition of biological weapons.

A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar os principais aspectos relacionados ao tema de danos em cartel: sobrepreço, efeito repasse (pass-on) e multa ótima. Com o aumento de políticas de combate a cartéis, pelo sério caráter lesivo à concorrência e à sociedade, intensificaram-se os esforços para estimar o impacto econômico no bem-estar provocado por tais condutas. O estudo confirma que a principal medida de dano econômico do cartel é o sobrepreço, ainda que os demais fatores, como o repasse (pass-on) e o efeito perda de vendas também devam ser considerados na mensuração do dano privado. Metodologias para o cálculo destes três componentes foram mapeadas, revelando que as técnicas disponíveis não são complexas, até fáceis de serem aplicadas, quando se tem amplo acesso a dados. Como avaliação empírica, apresenta-se o caso inédito do cartel dos compressores, sobre danos causados por tão nociva prática, comprovando-se que os valores de sobrepreço calculado estão em linha com a literatura. Por fim, a tese apresenta o histórico de multas impostas por autoridades, em casos de cartel, em diversas jurisdições, e questiona a efetividade dos montantes aplicados para devida dissuasão ou restabelecimento do bem-estar à sociedade. Análise de casos condenados pelo CADE recentemente mostram que as multas não têm sido suficientes para impor dissuasão, recomendando-se o uso de parâmetros que tragam racionalidade econômica e desestimulem as práticas anticompetitivas. / The present research had the aim of analyzing the main aspects related to cartel damages: overcharge, pass-on effect and optimal fine. With the growth of anti-cartel enforcement efforts and given the detrimental nature of conduct, efforts to estimate the economic impact on the welfare have increased. The study shows that the main measure of economic damage of the cartel is the overcharge, although other factors such as the pass-on effect and the output effect cannot be neglected in the calculation of private damage. Methodologies for these three components were mapped, revealing that the available techniques are not complex and even easy to apply when data is available. An empirical evaluation is presented using an unprecedented in the Brazilian market \"compressors cartel case\", showing an overcharge in line with the literature. Finally, the thesis presents the history of fines imposed by authorities in cartel cases in several jurisdictions and questions the effectiveness of the amounts applied for a proper deterrence or restoration of welfare to society. Case studies condemned by CADE recently show that fines have not been sufficient to impose deterrence, recommending the use of parameters that bring economic rationality and discourage anticompetitive practices.

A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar os principais aspectos relacionados ao tema de danos em cartel: sobrepreço, efeito repasse (pass-on) e multa ótima. Com o aumento de políticas de combate a cartéis, pelo sério caráter lesivo à concorrência e à sociedade, intensificaram-se os esforços para estimar o impacto econômico no bem-estar provocado por tais condutas. O estudo confirma que a principal medida de dano econômico do cartel é o sobrepreço, ainda que os demais fatores, como o repasse (pass-on) e o efeito perda de vendas também devam ser considerados na mensuração do dano privado. Metodologias para o cálculo destes três componentes foram mapeadas, revelando que as técnicas disponíveis não são complexas, até fáceis de serem aplicadas, quando se tem amplo acesso a dados. Como avaliação empírica, apresenta-se o caso inédito do cartel dos compressores, sobre danos causados por tão nociva prática, comprovando-se que os valores de sobrepreço calculado estão em linha com a literatura. Por fim, a tese apresenta o histórico de multas impostas por autoridades, em casos de cartel, em diversas jurisdições, e questiona a efetividade dos montantes aplicados para devida dissuasão ou restabelecimento do bem-estar à sociedade. Análise de casos condenados pelo CADE recentemente mostram que as multas não têm sido suficientes para impor dissuasão, recomendando-se o uso de parâmetros que tragam racionalidade econômica e desestimulem as práticas anticompetitivas. / The present research had the aim of analyzing the main aspects related to cartel damages: overcharge, pass-on effect and optimal fine. With the growth of anti-cartel enforcement efforts and given the detrimental nature of conduct, efforts to estimate the economic impact on the welfare have increased. The study shows that the main measure of economic damage of the cartel is the overcharge, although other factors such as the pass-on effect and the output effect cannot be neglected in the calculation of private damage. Methodologies for these three components were mapped, revealing that the available techniques are not complex and even easy to apply when data is available. An empirical evaluation is presented using an unprecedented in the Brazilian market \"compressors cartel case\", showing an overcharge in line with the literature. Finally, the thesis presents the history of fines imposed by authorities in cartel cases in several jurisdictions and questions the effectiveness of the amounts applied for a proper deterrence or restoration of welfare to society. Case studies condemned by CADE recently show that fines have not been sufficient to impose deterrence, recommending the use of parameters that bring economic rationality and discourage anticompetitive practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edi Carlos Martins dos Santos.pdf: 2441010 bytes, checksum: a8b22a8372a512ed57f3ea07b0ff445d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-05 / The economic damages caused by the global warming are used expressed in a percentage loss of the gross domestic product or as a ratio of world output or even by the absolute value of certain monetary units. Generally, no much attention is given to the estimation methodology or calculation process itself. More detailed analysis of this process (damage valuation) shows that a lot of factors can contribute to the increase or decrease of the economic amount damage: externalities which are not included in the calculation, simplification, extrapolation, per capita income correction (in the form of equity weighting), and choice of discounting rates. The aim of this work is to do a review of that estimation methodology, pointing out the way, sequence, key parameters and procedures that have influence over the total amount of the economic damage, caused by the global warming / Os danos econômicos causados pelo aquecimento global costumam ser expressos na forma de uma perda percentual do produto nacional ou mundial ou ainda pelo valor absoluto de certo valor de unidades monetárias. Em geral, não é dada muita atenção ao processo ou método de estimação do cálculo em si. Uma análise mais detalhada desse processo (valuation do dano) mostra que vários fatores podem contribuir para aumentar ou diminuir o montante econômico do dano: a não captura de várias externalidades, simplificações, extrapolações, correções por meio da renda per capita (ponderação ou pesos de igualdade) e por meio da escolha das taxas de desconto. O objetivo desse trabalho é fazer uma revisão dessa metodologia de cálculo, evidenciando a forma, a seqüência, os parâmetros e os procedimentos fundamentais que têm influência sobre montante total do dano econômico, causado pelo aquecimento global

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV08MA069.pdf: 749700 bytes, checksum: 8827df9f189a59df731fb6cc3e561047 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-06 / The white oat (Avena sativa L.) is a winter cereal adapted different regions, used in the production of grains, green grass, hay, silage and mutch soil coverage in the winter. The leaf rust and helminthosporium are considered frequent diseases in oats. The damages are due to the reduction of the plant green area photosynthesis. This report aimed to obtain equations of damage function to multiple pathosystem involving leaf rust and helminthosporiosis in two white oat cultivars and correlate the disease intensity with the yield components. The experiments were performed in the Center of Agroveterinarian Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC experimental area, in the 2006 and 2007 agricultural harvest. The leaf diseases degree was generated through the use of increasing doses and number of applications (one, two and four) of pyraclostrobina + epoxiconazole (33.25 +12.5, 49.87 +18.75, 66.5 +25 g ai ha-1) fungicide in UPFA 20 Teixeirinha and UPFA 22 Temprana cultivars. The experimental units consisted of five lines of sowing, spaced at 0.20 m and five meters in length. Were analyzed the following variables: leaf incidence and severity, grain yield, a thousand grain mass and hectoliter weight. The disease evaluations were performed every 10 days pulling up randomly 10 plants per plot. Generally the helminthosporiosis was the prevalent disease in both agricultural harvest and oat cultivars until the flowering beginning. The leaf rust had its intensity increased in subsequent stages. In the first part of this study was attempted to determine the equations of damage function by the regression analysis between disease intensity and grain yield for each plant development stage. Significant equations were obtained for the UPFA 20 and UPFA 22 cultivars in both agricultural harvests, where through them was possible to calculate the Economic Damage Threshold (EDT) by phonological stage of culture. In its second part, the leaf incidence and severity values were submitted to the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), which were correlated with the grain yield, thousand grain mass and hectoliter weight. There were negative and significant correlations from the AUDPC with grain yield, thousand grain mass and hectoliter weight in both growing season. From these values it was achieved that as higher is the leaf diseases intensity highest are the AUDPC values, resulting in the decrease of productive variables values. With values of grain yield, thousand grain mass and hectoliter weight the third work purpose quantify the economic damage treschold and control percentage of these two diseases according to the number and dose of fungicide application. The damage to the grain yield, thousand grains mass and hectoliter weight were higher in the 2007 harvest for both cultivars. The leaf diseases control percentage was higher in both cultivars in the 2007 harvest, reaching based on the leaf severity 86.74 % and 85.90 % respectively for UPFA 20 and UPFA 22 / A aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) é um cereal de estação fria adaptado a diferentes regiões, usada na produção de grãos, forragem verde, feno, silagem, e cobertura verde/morta de solo no inverno. A ferrugem da folha e a helmintosporiose são consideradas doenças freqüentes em aveia. Os danos causados são atribuídos à redução da área foliar fotossintetizante ativa da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter equações da função de dano para patossistema múltiplo envolvendo ferrugem da folha e helmintosporiose em duas cultivares de aveia branca e correlacionar a intensidade das doenças com componentes do rendimento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Lages, SC, nas safras agrícolas de 2006 e 2007. O gradiente das doenças foliares foi gerado pelo uso de doses crescentes e número de aplicações (uma, duas e quatro) do fungicida piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole (33,25+12,5, 49,87+18,75, 66,5+25 g de i.a. ha- 1) nas cultivares UPFA 20 Teixeirinha e UPFA 22 Temprana. As unidades experimentais constaram de cinco linhas de semeadura, espaçadas em 0,20 m, com cinco metros de comprimento. Analisaram-se as seguintes variáveis: incidência e severidade foliar, rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro. As avaliações de doença foram realizadas a cada 10 dias retirando-se 10 plantas aleatoriamente das parcelas. Em geral a helmintosporiose foi a doença predominante nas duas safras agrícolas e duas cultivares de aveia até o início do florescimento. A ferrugem da folha teve sua intensidade aumentada nos estádios subseqüentes. Na primeira parte deste trabalho procurou-se determinar as equações da função de dano pela análise de regressão entre intensidade de doença e rendimento de grãos para cada estádio de desenvolvimento das plantas. Foram obtidas equações significativas para as cultivares UPFA 20 e UPFA 22 nas duas safras agrícolas, onde por meio destas pode-se calcular o Limiar de Dano Econômico por estádio fenológico da cultura. Em sua segunda parte, os valores de incidência e severidade foliar foram utilizados para calcular à Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença (AACPD), os quais foram correlacionados com o rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro. Houve correlações negativas e significativas da AACPD com rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro nas duas safras agrícolas. Destes concluiu-se que quanto maior a intensidade das doenças foliares maior são os valores da AACPD, resultando na diminuição dos valores das variáveis produtivas. De posse dos valores de rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro a terceira parte deste trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar o percentual de dano, e controle destas duas doenças em função do número e dose de aplicação do fungicida. Os danos ao rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro foram maiores na safra de 2007 para as duas cultivares. A percentagem de controle das doenças foliares foi maior nas duas cultivares na safra de 2007, atingindo com base na severidade foliar 86,74 % e 85,90 %, respectivamente para UPFA 20 e UPFA 22

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV11MA101.pdf: 1302742 bytes, checksum: b7efc06d336ca4a49c0225d1d0b03cfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-08 / The objectives of the work were: a) to obtain the damage function equations for multiple pathosystem to calculate the EDT to time fungicides application; b) to quantify the control and damage of the yield components, and c) To relate the brown spot incidence and severity in different growth stages. The experiments were carry out at the NBN Seeds Company during the 2009 and 2010 crop seasons, located in Muitos Capões county, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil and in the Agro science Center at Santa Catarina State University only in 2010. The cultivar BRS Cauê was used as susceptible cultivar to brown spot and powdery mildew. The experiments design was in randomized block with four replications. The nine treatments consisting of different rates (half and recommended rates) and fungicide applications number (one, two, three and four) of mixture strobilurin and triazole fungicides, generating the disease gradients intensity. The total area of 5.0 x 2.5 m was the experimental unit in both experiments. The fungicide applications and incidence and severity assessment were done at EC 22, EC 31, EC 39, EC 45 and EC 56 plant development stages. Plants from central rows of each plot were manually harvested and grain yield (GY), one-thousand grain weight (TGW) and granulometry (G) were evaluated. In the first chapter, the damage function equations between disease intensity and GY for each plant development stages, obtained by regression analysis, in both 2009-10 crop growing seasons were significant and negative indicative that increasing disease severity lead into decreasing grain yield. The damage coefficients of these equations can be used to calculate the economic damage threshold. In the second chapter, the values of disease intensity were used to calculate the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The GY, TGW, G and AUDPC values were tested using the mean comparison between treatments and the percentage of damage and disease control were determinated. The largest 2009 crop damage was 45.87%, 15.47% and 25.84% for GY, G and TGW, respectively. The ultimate control was 68.11% when considered the severity and four foliar applications, independent of the used dose. In 2010, the greatest damage were 31.16%, 14.02% and 10.76% in Muitos Capões and 39.44%, 23.59% and 45.88%, in Lages, for GY, 10 TGW and G, respectively. The highest percentage of control, based on the leaf severity were 71.63% and 73.96% for Muitos Capões and Lages, respectively. The greater control, independent of used dose were obtained with three and four applications in Muitos Capões and four applications in Lages. In the third chapter, brown spot incidence and severity data were subjected to regression analysis and correlation and the obtained values were significant and positive. The brown spot and powdery mildew diseases incidence and severity recommended by the Technique Indication of crop (TIC) to initiate fungicide applications is 20% and 5% respectively. The severity average values for initiating chemical control are 0.77% and 0.34% respectively for 2009 and 2010 crop seasons when the incidence diseases were substituted in the equations. These values are lower than TIC recommended values / Os objetivos do trabalho foram: a) obter equações de função de dano para patossistema múltiplo para calcular o LDE servindo como critério indicador de aplicação de fungicidas; b) quantificar controle e dano nos componentes de rendimento; e c) relacionar incidência e severidade foliar da mancha marrom em diferentes estádios fenológicos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas safras agrícolas 2009 e 2010 na NBN Sementes no município de Muitos Capões, RS; e, na safra de 2010 no Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias no município de Lages, SC. Em todos os experimentos foi utilizada a cultivar BRS Cauê suscetível à mancha marrom e oídio. O delineamento foi blocos casualisados, com quatro repetições e nove tratamentos constituídos de diferentes doses (meia dose e dose indicada) e número (uma, duas, três e quatro) de aplicações de fungicidas triazóis e estrobilurinas para gerar os gradientes de intensidade das doenças. A área de cada unidade experimental correspondeu a 5,0 x 2,5 m. As aplicações e as avaliações da incidência e severidade foliar ocorreram nos estádios de crescimento (EC) EC 22, EC 31, EC 39, EC 45 e EC 56. A colheita foi manual cortando as plantas das linhas centrais de cada parcela. Foram avaliados rendimento de grãos (RG), massa de mil grãos (MMG) e granulometria (G). No primeiro capítulo, as equações de função de dano entre intensidade de doença e RG para cada EC, obtidas por análise de regressão, em ambas as safras agrícolas, foram significativas e negativas, ou seja, à medida que aumentou a intensidade de doença, diminuiu o RG. Os coeficientes de dano obtidos podem ser utilizados no cálculo do limiar de dano econômico. No segundo capítulo, os valores de intensidade das doenças foram usados para o cálculo da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Os valores de RG, MMG, G e AACPD foram submetidos ao teste de comparação de médias. Foram determinados o percentual de dano e de controle das doenças. Na safra 2009, os maiores danos foram 45,87%, 15,47% e 25,84% para RG, MMG e G, respectivamente. O controle máximo foi 68,11% considerando a severidade foliar e quatro aplicações, independente da dose usada. Em 2010, os maiores danos foram 31,16%, 14,02% e 10,76% em Muitos Capões e 39,44%, 23,59% e 8 45,88% em Lages, respectivamente para R, MMG e G. Com base na severidade obteve-se controle de 71,63% e 73,96% em Muitos Capões e Lages, respectivamente. Em Muitos Capões três e quatro aplicações e em Lages quatro aplicações, independente da dose, apresentaram maior percentual de controle. No terceiro capítulo, os dados de incidência e severidade foliar de mancha marrom foram submetidos à análise de regressão e correlação. As equações obtidas foram significativas e positivas. A incidência e a severidade foliar recomendado pela Indicação Técnica da cultura (ITC) para iniciar as aplicações de fungicidas é de 20% e 5%, respectivamente. Substituindo esse valor de incidência nas equações obtidas têm-se valores médios de severidade para iniciar o controle químico de 0,77% e 0,34% respectivamente para 2009 e 2010, inferior ao recomendado pela ITC

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