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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Micropartículas de metotrexato e ácido poli lático-co-glicólico obtidas por “spray-drying”

Garcia, Mirela Cardoso [UNESP] 16 June 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-16Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000819746.pdf: 1243227 bytes, checksum: abcc54e6cedc24ecfc90de6e45c55da2 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O metotrexato (MTX) é um antineoplásico de meia vida curta, pouco solúvel em água, álcool, éter e clorofórmio, o que compromete sua biodisponibilidade. O ácido poli lático-co-glicólico (PLGA) é um polímero biodegradável, que sofre hidrólise no organismo, comumente usado em sistema de liberação prolongada devido suas características de degradação. Micropartículas de PLGA/fármaco obtidas por spray-drying têm sido empregadas em diversas patologias, incluindo doenças do segmento anterior e posterior do olho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar micropartículas de PLGA contendo MTX obtidas por spray-drying para potencial administração intraocular. Micropartículas de PLGA contendo MTX em duas diferentes concentrações foram obtidas. A morfologia das micropartículas demostraram-se de forma esférica e quanto mais se adiciona fármaco, a partícula tende a se deformar e o fármaco a se depositar na superfície da partícula. As análises de infravermelho (FTIR) sugerem a ocorrência de uma mistura física entre o PLGA e o MTX, provavelmente da interação entre os ácidos carboxílicos e aminas presentes no MTX com os ésteres da molécula do PLGA. A calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e difração de raios X resultam que o MTX está disperso na matriz polimérica com a prevalência de estado amorfo, favorecendo a eficiência de encapsulação (superior a 80%) e liberação, onde as micropartículas PLGA contendo MTX 10% obtiveram um perfil de liberação prolongada após 72 horas, enquanto as contendo 50% caracterizaram um efeito “burst” inicial e uma liberação mais lenta. Os resultados experimentais conclui êxito na obtenção das micropartículas de PLGA contendo MTX por spray drying e seu potencial como sistema de liberação prolongada de fármaco podendo ser interessante no tratamento ocular. / Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic agent of a short half-life, poorly soluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform, which affects your bioavailability. Poly lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a biodegradable polymer that is hydrolyzed in the body, often used in controlled release system because of your characteristics the degradation. Microparticles PLGA / drug obtained by spray drying have been used in various pathologies, including anterior and posterior segment of the eye diseases. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize PLGA microparticles containing MTX obtained by spray-drying for a potential intraocular administration. PLGA microparticles containing MTX at two different concentrations were obtained. The morphology of the microparticles was spherical and the more drug is added, the particle tends to deform and the drug to be deposited on the particle surface. The infrared analysis (FTIR) suggest the occurrence of a physical mixture of PLGA and MTX, probably the interaction between carboxylic acids and amines present in MTX and the esters in PLGA molecule. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction result that MTX is dispersed in the polymeric matrix with the prevalence of amorphous state, favoring the encapsulation efficiency (greater than 80%) and release, where PLGA microparticles containing 10% MTX showed sustained release profile after 72 hours, while containing 50% MTX characterize an initial burst effect and a slower release. The experimental results concludes successfully in obtaining microparticles PLGA containing MTX by spray drying and its potential as sustained drug release system may be interesting in treatment of eye diseases.
52

Micropartículas lipídicas sólidas obtidas por spray drying para liberação intraocular de ibuprofeno

Pere, Cristiane Patricia Pissinato [UNESP] 17 February 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:21:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000793011.pdf: 4473589 bytes, checksum: 6efe4ffd011a0ce2f17d559ad6495623 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Doenças vítreoretinianas são doenças graves do segmento posterior do olho caracterizadas por manifestações inflamatórias importantes e que se não tratadas adequadamente evoluem para perda irreversível da visão. Embora grandes avanços tenham ocorrido nas áreas médicas e tecnológicas, o tratamento de doenças que acometem o segmento posterior do olho continua sendo um desafio, em virtude das barreiras anatômicas e fisiológicas desse órgão que dificultam a entrada de substâncias exógenas. Uma alternativa é a administração local de fármacos veiculados em sistemas de liberação prolongada, capazes de prolongar o tempo de liberação do fármaco dentro da faixa terapêutica, reduzindo o número de administrações requeridas e proporcionando maior conforto e segurança ao paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de Micropartículas Lipídicas Sólidas contendo ibuprofeno obtidas por spray dryer para potencial aplicação intraocular. MLS de fosfatidilcolina de soja hidrogenada modificadas por monoestearato de glicerila ou álcool estearílico, adicionadas de 15 ou 30% de ibuprofeno foram obtidas. De acordo com a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, as MLS apresentaram morfologias predominantemente esféricas e homogêneas. As análises de infravermelho, calorimetria exploratória diferencial e difração de raios X sugerem que o fármaco esteja disperso ou dissolvido na matriz da MLS. Tais resultados também mostraram que o método foi capaz de reduzir a cristalinidade do fármaco e dos demais componentes da micropartícula, favorecendo a eficiência de encapsulação e a subsequente difusão do fármaco no estudo de liberação. O estudo de liberação mostrou uma saída rápida de fármaco das MLS nos tempos iniciais, seguido por uma liberação mais lenta, podendo ser interessante tanto em tratamentos de pós-operatórios como em tratamentos de outras doenças vitreoretinianas. / Vitreoretinal diseases are serious disease of the posterior segment of the eye. They are characterized by important inflammatory manifestations and if it is not treated properly they develop into irreversive blindness. Although major advances have occurred in the medical and tecnhological fiels, the treatment of deseases that affecting the posterior segment of the eye remains a challenge, because of the anatomical and physiological barrier's eyes that hinder the entrance of exogenous substances. An alternative is the local drug delivery in drug delivery systems, whom are able to prolong release of the drug within the therapeutic range systems, reducing the number of administrations and providing more confort and safety for patient. The aim of this work was the development and characterization ibuprofen loaded solid lipid microparticles obtained by spray drying method for a potential intraocular application. Hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine SLM modified by glyceryl monostearate or stearyl alcohol, added 15 to 30% of ibuprofen were obtained. According to scanning electron microscopy, the MLS showed mostly spherical and homogeneous morphologies. The infrared analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction suggest that the drug is solubilized in the MLS array. These results also showed that the method was able to reduce the crystallinity of the drug and other components of the microparticle, favoring the encapsulation efficiency and the subsequent diffusion of the drug release study. The release study showed a busrt release followed by a sustained release, that may be useful not only in the treatment of postoperative cataract surgery and in the treatment of diseases vitreoretinianas itself.
53

Micropartículas lipídicas sólidas obtidas por spray drying para liberação intraocular de ibuprofeno /

Pere, Cristiane Patricia Pissinato. January 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Anselmo Gomes de Oliveira / Banca: Clovis Augusto Ribeiro / Banca: Leila Aparecida Chiavacci / Resumo: Doenças vítreoretinianas são doenças graves do segmento posterior do olho caracterizadas por manifestações inflamatórias importantes e que se não tratadas adequadamente evoluem para perda irreversível da visão. Embora grandes avanços tenham ocorrido nas áreas médicas e tecnológicas, o tratamento de doenças que acometem o segmento posterior do olho continua sendo um desafio, em virtude das barreiras anatômicas e fisiológicas desse órgão que dificultam a entrada de substâncias exógenas. Uma alternativa é a administração local de fármacos veiculados em sistemas de liberação prolongada, capazes de prolongar o tempo de liberação do fármaco dentro da faixa terapêutica, reduzindo o número de administrações requeridas e proporcionando maior conforto e segurança ao paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de Micropartículas Lipídicas Sólidas contendo ibuprofeno obtidas por spray dryer para potencial aplicação intraocular. MLS de fosfatidilcolina de soja hidrogenada modificadas por monoestearato de glicerila ou álcool estearílico, adicionadas de 15 ou 30% de ibuprofeno foram obtidas. De acordo com a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, as MLS apresentaram morfologias predominantemente esféricas e homogêneas. As análises de infravermelho, calorimetria exploratória diferencial e difração de raios X sugerem que o fármaco esteja disperso ou dissolvido na matriz da MLS. Tais resultados também mostraram que o método foi capaz de reduzir a cristalinidade do fármaco e dos demais componentes da micropartícula, favorecendo a eficiência de encapsulação e a subsequente difusão do fármaco no estudo de liberação. O estudo de liberação mostrou uma saída rápida de fármaco das MLS nos tempos iniciais, seguido por uma liberação mais lenta, podendo ser interessante tanto em tratamentos de pós-operatórios como em tratamentos de outras doenças vitreoretinianas. / Abstract: Vitreoretinal diseases are serious disease of the posterior segment of the eye. They are characterized by important inflammatory manifestations and if it is not treated properly they develop into irreversive blindness. Although major advances have occurred in the medical and tecnhological fiels, the treatment of deseases that affecting the posterior segment of the eye remains a challenge, because of the anatomical and physiological barrier's eyes that hinder the entrance of exogenous substances. An alternative is the local drug delivery in drug delivery systems, whom are able to prolong release of the drug within the therapeutic range systems, reducing the number of administrations and providing more confort and safety for patient. The aim of this work was the development and characterization ibuprofen loaded solid lipid microparticles obtained by spray drying method for a potential intraocular application. Hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine SLM modified by glyceryl monostearate or stearyl alcohol, added 15 to 30% of ibuprofen were obtained. According to scanning electron microscopy, the MLS showed mostly spherical and homogeneous morphologies. The infrared analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction suggest that the drug is solubilized in the MLS array. These results also showed that the method was able to reduce the crystallinity of the drug and other components of the microparticle, favoring the encapsulation efficiency and the subsequent diffusion of the drug release study. The release study showed a busrt release followed by a sustained release, that may be useful not only in the treatment of postoperative cataract surgery and in the treatment of diseases vitreoretinianas itself. / Mestre
54

Micropartículas de metotrexato e ácido poli lático-co-glicólico obtidas por "spray-drying" /

Garcia, Mirela Cardoso. January 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Virgínia da Costa Scarpa / Banca: Marco Vinícius Chaud / Banca: Leila Aparecida Chiavacci / Resumo: O metotrexato (MTX) é um antineoplásico de meia vida curta, pouco solúvel em água, álcool, éter e clorofórmio, o que compromete sua biodisponibilidade. O ácido poli lático-co-glicólico (PLGA) é um polímero biodegradável, que sofre hidrólise no organismo, comumente usado em sistema de liberação prolongada devido suas características de degradação. Micropartículas de PLGA/fármaco obtidas por spray-drying têm sido empregadas em diversas patologias, incluindo doenças do segmento anterior e posterior do olho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar micropartículas de PLGA contendo MTX obtidas por spray-drying para potencial administração intraocular. Micropartículas de PLGA contendo MTX em duas diferentes concentrações foram obtidas. A morfologia das micropartículas demostraram-se de forma esférica e quanto mais se adiciona fármaco, a partícula tende a se deformar e o fármaco a se depositar na superfície da partícula. As análises de infravermelho (FTIR) sugerem a ocorrência de uma mistura física entre o PLGA e o MTX, provavelmente da interação entre os ácidos carboxílicos e aminas presentes no MTX com os ésteres da molécula do PLGA. A calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e difração de raios X resultam que o MTX está disperso na matriz polimérica com a prevalência de estado amorfo, favorecendo a eficiência de encapsulação (superior a 80%) e liberação, onde as micropartículas PLGA contendo MTX 10% obtiveram um perfil de liberação prolongada após 72 horas, enquanto as contendo 50% caracterizaram um efeito "burst" inicial e uma liberação mais lenta. Os resultados experimentais conclui êxito na obtenção das micropartículas de PLGA contendo MTX por spray drying e seu potencial como sistema de liberação prolongada de fármaco podendo ser interessante no tratamento ocular. / Abstract: Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic agent of a short half-life, poorly soluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform, which affects your bioavailability. Poly lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a biodegradable polymer that is hydrolyzed in the body, often used in controlled release system because of your characteristics the degradation. Microparticles PLGA / drug obtained by spray drying have been used in various pathologies, including anterior and posterior segment of the eye diseases. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize PLGA microparticles containing MTX obtained by spray-drying for a potential intraocular administration. PLGA microparticles containing MTX at two different concentrations were obtained. The morphology of the microparticles was spherical and the more drug is added, the particle tends to deform and the drug to be deposited on the particle surface. The infrared analysis (FTIR) suggest the occurrence of a physical mixture of PLGA and MTX, probably the interaction between carboxylic acids and amines present in MTX and the esters in PLGA molecule. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction result that MTX is dispersed in the polymeric matrix with the prevalence of amorphous state, favoring the encapsulation efficiency (greater than 80%) and release, where PLGA microparticles containing 10% MTX showed sustained release profile after 72 hours, while containing 50% MTX characterize an initial "burst effect" and a slower release. The experimental results concludes successfully in obtaining microparticles PLGA containing MTX by spray drying and its potential as sustained drug release system may be interesting in treatment of eye diseases. / Mestre
55

Efeitos de modificações físicas sobre as propriedades de amido de tuberosas /

Santos, Thaís Paes Rodrigues dos, 1983. January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: Magali Leonel / Coorientador: Célia Maria Landi Franco / Banca: Juliano Carlos Calonego / Banca: Regina Marta Evangelista / Banca: Mariana Camargo Schimidt / Banca: Ivo Mottin Demiate / Banca: Ana Paula Cerino Coutinho / Resumo: Amidos pré-gelatinizados podem ser usados em aplicações de produtos de conveniência pela indústria de alimentos, pois apresentam maior solubilidade em água fria e menor temperatura de gelatinização. As modificações físicas por spray drying e por extrusão são métodos que podem resultar em alterações na região cristalina, com mudanças nas propriedades térmicas e de pasta dos amidos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho verificar as alterações estruturais e funcionais provocadas, pelos métodos de modificações físicas citados, nos amidos de mandioca, mandioquinha-salsa e batata-doce. A modificação por spray drying foi realizada com aquecimento da suspensão à 57 °C e concentração de 8 % de amido, com temperatura de saída e vazão no spray dryer, respectivamente, de 105 °C e 0,5 L h-1. A modificação por extrusão foi realizada no amido a 20 % de umidade, temperaturas de 25, 50 e 75 ºC, respectivamente, na 1a zona, 2ª zona e 3ª zona do extrusor e rotação de 245 rpm. Após a finalização deste experimento, os resultados evidenciaram que a modificação por spray drying provocou alterações menos severas nas características dos amidos estudados. Sendo assim, foi realizado um segundo experimento com os amidos de mandioca e batata-doce a fim de determinar as melhores condições de processo da modificação por spray drying, seguindo planejamento experimental central composto rotacional nos dois ensaios experimentais. Os amidos modificados no primeiro experimento foram analisados em relação as características estruturais e propriedades de pasta e térmica. A modificação por spray drying não provocou alterações no teor de amilose, massa molecular e raio médio de giro, assim como na distribuição dos comprimentos das cadeias ramificadas de amilopectina, mostrando que não houve degradação das ligações glicosídicas. Houve redução dos picos do padrão de difração ... / Abstract: Pregelatinized starches can be used in applications of convenience products by the food industry, since they have greater solubility in cold water and low gelatinization temperature. The physical modification by spray drying and extrusion are methods which can result in changes in the crystalline region, with changes in the thermal and pasting properties of starch. The aim of this work was to verify the structural and functional changes caused by physical modification methods mentioned in starches from cassava, Peruvian carrot and sweet potato. The modification by spray drying was performed using temperature of 57 °C and concentration of 8 %, with outlet temperature and feed rate in spray dryer of 105 °c and 0.5 L h-1, respectively. The modification by extrusion was carried out with 20 % of starch moisture, with temperatures of 25 °C, 50 °C and 75 °C in the 1st zone, 2nd zone and 3rd zone respectively, and rotation 245 rpm. After completion of this experiment, the results show that the modification by spray drying caused less severe changes in the characteristics of the studied starches. Thus, it was conducted a second experiment with starches from cassava and sweet potato, in order to determine the best process conditions of modification by spray drying, following experimental design central composite rotational in both experimental tests. The modified starches of the first experiment were analyzed for structural characteristics and thermal and pasting properties. The modification by spray drying caused no changes in the amylose content, molecular weight and the average gyration radius, and distribution branch chains-length of amylopectin showing that there was no degradation of glycosides bonds. There was reduction of the peaks of the diffraction pattern of starches, reflecting in decrease of relative crystallinity. The morphology of the granules showed agglomerates for the starches of cassava ... / Doutor
56

Preparação de microesferas de quitosana por spray drying com diferentes tipos de reticulação para uso na vacinação genica / Preparation of spray dried chitosan microspheres with differents kinds of crosslinking agents useful in genic vaccination

Oliveira, Bergson Fogaça de 05 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Helena Andrade Santana / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T09:37:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_BergsonFogacade_M.pdf: 2498560 bytes, checksum: addf7bff0c71745fb9460b5f5e61fa49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A quitosana, um poliaminossacarídeo natural, tem atraído atenção considerável para uso na área de saúde como polímero com baixa toxicidade apresentando características favoráveis tais como biocompatibilidade, biodegradabilidade e mucoadesividade. A quitosana tem sido usada em diferentes aplicações com engenharia de tecidos bem como em sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos e vacinas por diferentes vias de administração incluindo as vias oral e nasal. Para a maior parte das aplicações em sistemas de liberação controlada, devido às propriedades hidrofílicas da quitosana, a reticulação se torna uma estratégia para controlar propriedades desses sistemas como capacidade de adsorção de água, carga superficial, dentre outras que afetam diretamente a sua cinética de liberação. A reticulação da quitosana pode ser de natureza química, formada por ligações covalentes irreversíveis, e reticulação física, formada por várias ligações reversíveis (ligações iônicas, complexos de polieletrólitos). Nesse trabalho, sistemas de liberação modificada à base de quitosana (microesferas) foram obtidos empregando-se a técnica de spray drying. Estudou-se, a seguir, a reticulação química e física das mesmas: 1) reticulação química com diferentes aldeídos, gliceraldeído (GAL) ou glutaraldeído (GLU); 2) reticulação física com hialuronato de sódio (HNa). As partículas foram caracterizadas quanto às propriedades de intumescimento, carga superficial, área superficial, análise térmica, teor de umidade, cristalinidade, espectroscopia no infravermelho e análise elementar. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a reticulação com GAL gerou propriedades de superfície tais como potencial zeta elevado e um melhor controle sobre o intumescimento. Essas microesferas foram testadas para a adsorção superficial de pDNA e analisadas quanto à capacidade de transfecção de células in vitro. Os resultados confirmaram a transfecção, apontando o uso potencial destas partículas como carreadoras de vacinas gênicas / Abstract: In recent years, chitosan, a natural cationic polysaccharide, has attracted considerable attention as a new non-toxic polymer having favourable characteristics such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and mucoadhesiveness. Chitosan has found several applications as a biomaterial in tissue engineering as well in controlling drug release by various routes of delivery including oral and nasal. For most of the drug delivery applications, due to its hydrophilic properties, chitosan crosslinking becomes a strategy to control properties of these systems such as sweling properties, superficial charge, among others that affect release kinetic. The chitosan crosslinking can be chemical, formed by irreversible covalent bounds, and physical crosslinking, formed by several reversibles bounds (ionic bounds, polyelectrolyte complex). In this work, modified delivery system made of chitosan (microspheres) had been obtained using spray drying technique. It was studied, to follow, chemical and physical crosslinking of that: 1) chemical crosslinking with different aldehydes, glyceraldehyde (GAL) ou glutaraldehyde (GLU); 2) physical crosslinking with sodium hyaluronate (HNa). The particles had been characterized by swelling properties, surface charge, surface area, thermal analysis, humidity quantification, crystalinity, infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
57

Produção e avaliação de micropartículas lipídicas contendo Lactobacillus acidophilus ou Bifidobacterium lactis produzidas por spray chiling / Production and evaluation of lipid microparticles containing Lactobacillus acidophilus or Bifidobacterium lactis produced by spray chilling

Daniela Lara Pedroso de Oliveira 10 June 2011 (has links)
Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterium lactis são microrganismos probióticos frequentemente utilizados em alimentos funcionais. No entanto, estes microrganismos devem resistir ao processamento, à estocagem do alimento, e sobreviver à passagem pelo trato-gastrointestinal, para chegarem ativos ao intestino e exercerem seus efeitos benéficos. Uma vez que os probióticos são sensíveis a uma série de fatores, tais como meio ácido, sais biliares e presença de oxigênio, a microencapsulação tem sido estudada com objetivo de protegê-los aos efeitos adversos do ambiente, além de promover a liberação controlada no local de ação do microrganismo, melhorando sua eficiência. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a produção e avaliação de micropartículas lipídicas contendo B. lactis ou L. acidophilus, produzidas por spray chilling, utilizando gorduras de baixo ponto de fusão, tais como gordura de palma e manteiga de cacau, como agente encapsulante. O diâmetro médio e a morfologia das partículas foram avaliados. Ensaios de sobrevivência foram conduzidos com objetivo de avaliar a resistência dos microrganismos ao processo encapsulação, resistência in vitro aos fluidos gástrico e intestinal simulados e estabilidade das células durante 90 dias de armazenamento a -18, 7 e 20 ou 37°C, dependendo da gordura utilizada. As micropartículasapresentaram-se em formato esféricoe com diâmetro médio que pode permitir o fácil escoamento no alimento, sem proporcionar impacto tecnológico negativo.A tecnologia de encapsulação por spray chilling, utilizando gordura de palma e manteiga de cacau, como agentes encapsulantes, proporcionou a obtenção de micropartículas eficientes na proteção dos probióticos frente ao processo de encapsulação e na manutenção da estabilidade das células quando estocados sob congelamento. Entretanto, aeficiência das micropartículas frente aos fluidos gastrointestinais e a estabilidade das células quando estocadas a 7 e 20 ou 37°C variaram de acordo com a gordura utilizada e com o microrganismo encapsulado. As micropartículas lipídicas obtidas são, portanto, uma matriz inovadora para a aplicação de probióticos, de baixo custo e com grande possibilidade de obtenção em escala industrial. O desafio futuro para o presente estudo é a seleção de um agente encapsulante que aumente a estabilidade das células, nas temperaturas ambiente e de refrigeração, a fim de aumentar as possibilidades de aplicação destas microcápsulas em produtos alimentícios. / L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis are probiotic microorganisms frequently used in food product. However they must remain viable during processing, entire shelf life of product and passing-through the gastrointestinal tract to provide beneficial effects on human health. Since theses microorganisms are sensitive to a series of factors, especially presence of oxygen and acid medium, microencapsulation has been studied as an alternative to increase probiotic cells viability and to provide the controlled release in the site of action, improving their efficiency. The aim of this study was to produce and evaluate lipid microparticles of L. acidophilus or B. lactis produced by spray chilling technology using low melting point fats, such as palm fat and cocoa butter, as the encapsulant agent. The mean diameter and morphology of the microparticles were evaluated. Survival assays were conducted to evaluate the resistance of the microorganisms to the spray chilling process, viability to the in vitro simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and viability during 90 days of storage at -18, 7 and 20/37°C, depending on the fat used. Microparticles presented a spherical shape and mean diameter that allows the flow of material in the food product without conferring technology influence. Spray chilling technology using fat palm or cocoa butter as the encapsulant agent was efficient in protecting the microorganism to the encapsulation process and 90 days of storage at -18°C. However the efficiency of the microparticles on the gastric and intestinal fluids and the cells stability during storage at 7 e 20 or 37°C varied according to the fat and microorganism used. The lipid microparticles seem to be a relatively innovative matrix for the application of probiotics with low costs and possibility of scale up. The future challenge in this study is to choose an encapsulant agent that improves cells resistance and viability at refrigerator and room temperatures to increase the possibility of application of these microcapsules in food products.
58

Méthodes morphologique et par éléments finis combinées pour une nouvelle approche de la modélisation 3D du dépôt par projection dynamique par gaz froid (« cold spray ») / A new approach to 3D modeling of the cold spray process, combining morphological methods and finite element simulations

Delloro, Francesco 08 July 2015 (has links)
L'objectif principal de cette étude était de réaliser une modélisation du procédé cold spray, fondée sur l'observation expérimentale et sur des modèles physiques capables de prédire la microstructure du dépôt en fonction de la morphologie de la poudre et des paramètres de projection. Pour y arriver, le travaux se sont organisés autour de trois axes principaux de recherche : caractérisation de la poudre en 3D, simulations d'impact par éléments finis et modélisation d'empilement. Un procédé innovant de caractérisation morphologique de la poudre en 3D, utilisant la microtomographie par rayons X, a été développé. Le traitement des images résultantes a permis d'isoler les particules individuelles, regroupées dans une bibliothèque 3D d'environ 18000 objets. Leur taille et forme ont été caractérisées quantitativement. La méthode de partitionnement des données dite « K-means » a été utilisée pour la répartition des particules en 7 classes de forme.Le deuxième axe de recherche portait sur la simulation d'écrasement des particules, par la méthode des éléments finis (logiciel Abaqus, approche lagrangienne). L'utilisation d'outils de maillage adaptés a permis de réaliser des simulations d'écrasement des particules réelles (en provenance de la bibliothèque 3D). L'automatisation de ces simulations visait la possibilité d'en effectuer en grand nombre mais, face aux problèmes de robustesse rencontrés, le nombre de simulations menées à bien fut limité.Le troisième axe de recherche portait sur le développement d'un modèle d'empilement itératif, fondé sur l'utilisation des résultats des simulations d'écrasement. Ce modèle a été mis en place en 2D par simplicité. Différentes implémentations ont été essayées mais leur développement ne fut pas suffisamment abouti pour l'application à des cas pratiques.La validation des modèles s'est limitée aux simulations d'impact par éléments finis. Les deux types de splats (Ta sur Cu et Ta sur Ta), exigeant de méthodes d'observation expérimentale différentes, ont été traités séparément. Les premiers ont pu être directement observés par microtomographie et regroupés dans une bibliothèque 3D des splats Ta sur Cu. Ensuite, ils ont été comparés, de façon statistique mais aussi individuellement, aux correspondants simulés sans qu'aucune divergence évidente n'apparaisse. Le cas des Ta sur Ta est, en revanche, compliqué du fait de l'homogénéité du système qui empêche l'utilisation directe de la microtomographie. Bien que différentes méthodes visant à apporter une couche du contraste entre particule et substrat aient été essayées, la construction d'une bibliothèque 3D des splats Ta sur Ta n'a pas été possible.L'optimisation des poudres (choix de la granulométrie et de la forme, en vue d'une application donnée) est une des utilisations envisagées pour le modèle d'empilement, ainsi que la simulation de la projection de poudres composites (métal et oxyde). L'inclusion dans le modèle des transformations de phase ouvrirait la porte de la famille de la projection plasma ou de la fabrication additive. Plus généralement, la philosophie derrière la modélisation d'empilement développée dans cette thèse peut être appliquée à tout procédé où l'apport de matière est fait à partir d'une « poudre » subissant une certaine transformation. Enfin, le couplage avec un modèle de comportement pourrait permettre l'estimation de certaines propriétés physiques (par exemple, les conductivités thermique et électrique), dépendant de la microstructure du dépôt. / This study on the cold spray process aimed at achieving an original coating build-up model, capable of predicting the resulting microstructure as a function of powder morphology and process parameters. The work focused on three main interrelated subjects: 3D powder characterization, simulation of individual impacts on a flat substrate by the finite element method and deposition build-up modeling.An innovative method based on microtomographical observations was used for 3D characterization of the powder. Image analysis allowed to separate single powder particles and to gather them into a 3D collection containing approximatively 18 000 objects. Their size and shape were quantitatively measured. A cluster analysis method (K-means) was then applied to this data set to divide the particles into 7 classes based on their shape.The second main research topic consisted in performing particle impact simulations on a flat substrate by the finite element method (using the commercial software Abaqus). The use of dedicated meshing tools allowed to simulate the impact of real particles, as observed by microtomography. Scripting techniques were used to carry out a large number of these simulations but, due to limited robustness of the procedure, only few of them were successfully conducted.The third research area focused on the development of a deposition build-up model (in 2D to allow a simpler implementation). Data from finite element results were interpolated and used in an iterative simulation, where impacting particles were deposited one by one. Different approaches were tested but the development of the model could not be completed in the framework of this thesis.Model validation could be performed on finite element simulations. The two kinds of splats (Ta on Cu and Ta on Ta) were considered separately. Concerning the first, direct microtomographical imaging could be applied, due to the heterogeneity of materials. Splats were observed, individually separated and gathered in a 3D collection as done before with powder particles. Simulated and observed splats could then be compared on a statistical basis. No particular discrepancy was observed, confirming the impact simulation method used. The second kind of splats (Ta on Ta) was complicated by the homogeneity of the materials, preventing the use of microtomography. The deposition (before spraying) of a contrast layer between Ta substrate and Ta particle was tried by different techniques. The only method giving exploitable results was the chemical vapor deposition of a Fe layer onto the powder particles. However, the small number of adherent particles and the weak contrast obtained in the images prevented the use of the methods already applied to powder particles and Ta splats onto Cu.The optimization of powder granulometry and shape (towards a specific application) is one of the main expected applications of the deposition build-up model, together with the simulation of composite powders (typically, metal and oxide). The involvement of phase transformation phenomena into the model could extend its application to the whole family of thermal spray processes (plasma, HVOF, etc.) or to other additive manufacturing techniques. In general, the philosophy behind our modeling approach could be applied to every manufacturing/coating technique where the supply material is in powder form and undergoes a certain transformation during the process. Finally, the coupling of such a model with homogenization techniques would allow the prediction of macroscopic properties depending on deposit microstructure (e.g. thermal or electrical conductivity).
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Effects Of Internal Oxidation On Thermo-mechanical Properties Of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Conicraly Coatings

Patterson, Travis 01 January 2008 (has links)
Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) with MCrAlY (M=Co and/or Ni) bond coats have been widely used in hot sections of gas turbines to protect underlying superalloys from high temperatures, oxidation, and hot corrosion. Deposition of MCrAlY bond coats using atmospheric plasma spray (APS), as oppose to conventionally employed vacuum/low-pressure plasma spray and high velocity oxy-fuel deposition, allows greater flexibility in ability to coat economically and rapidly for parts with complex geometry including internal surfaces. There were three objectives of this study. First, relationships between APS spray parameters and coating microstructure was examined to determine optimum spray parameters to deposit APS CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Second, free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY coatings were isothermally oxidized at 1124ºC for various periods to examine the evolving microstructure of internal oxidation. Third, as a function of time of isothermal oxidation (i.e., internal oxidation), thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion were measured for free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Thirteen CoNiCrAlY coatings were deposited on steel substrates by APS using the F4-MB plasma torch. APS CoNiCrAlY bond coats were produced by incremental variation in the flow rate of primary (argon) gas from 85 to 165 SCFH and the flow rate of secondary (hydrogen) gas from 9 to 29 SCFH. Optimum coating microstructure was produced by simultaneously increasing the flow rate of both primary and secondary gas, so that the particle temperature is high enough for sufficient melting and the particle velocity is rapid enough for minimum in-flight oxidation. Optimum spray parameters found in this study were employed to deposit free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY coatings that were isothermally oxidized at 1124ºC for 1, 6, 50,100, and 300 hours. Extent of internal oxidation was examined by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Internal oxidation occurred by a thickening of oxide scales segregated at the splat boundaries oriented parallel to the coating surfaces. Thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY coatings were measured as a function of internal oxidation (i.e., time of oxidation or extent of internal oxidation). Thermal conductivity of free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY was found to decrease with increasing internal oxidation from 28 to 25 W/m-K. This decrease is due to an increase in the amount of internal oxides with lower thermal conductivity (e.g., Al2O3). CTE of free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY, measured in temperature range of 100°~500°C, was also found to decrease with increasing internal oxidation. Internal oxides have lower CTE than metallic CoNiCrAlY coatings. These evolving properties of APS CoNiCrAlY should be beneficial to the overall performance of TBCs in gas turbine applications.
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Modelling of biodiesel spray combustion

Mohd Yasin, Mohd Fairus Bin January 2014 (has links)
No description available.

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