The aims of the present study were to evaluate: i.) mixtures of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by combining cultivars differing in plant height or time of maturity, and ii) mixtures of cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) based on differences in maturity group. Experiments were conducted on mixtures of cultivars of spring barley and on mixtures of cocksfoot and timothy. The grain yields of all the mixtures tested in 1985 were similar. Of 4 mixtures tested, Midas/Triumph and Kym/Klaxon outyielded (though not significantly) their respective highest yielding pure stand component. Within mixtures, the taller or the earlier maturing component was more aggressive than the other component. All four mixtures produced relative yield totals (RYT) greater than 1.0. The highest RYT's came from mixing cultivars of different maturities. In the second experiment, in 1986, Triumph outproduced both Doublet and Klaxon, having more ears and grains per M2. The mixtures did not vary in grain yield from the mean of their pure stand components. In mixtures, the taller component was generally more dominant. In contrast to the previous year, all three mixtures tested in 1986 had yields approximately double those of the previous year, and RYT's less than 1.00. In the third experiment, application of fertiliser had a significant effect on the grain yield of pure stands and mixtures. At low fertilty, Triumph outproduced Doublet in both number of grains per area and grain yield, though at moderate fertility the opposite was true. In mixture, Triumph outcompeted Doublet at both low and moderate fertility levels. It produced more ears and grains per m2 and thus higher grain yields. The relative yields of Triumph were higher than those of Doublet. Similar results were found in glasshouse experiments. An experiment was set up in 1985, and ran over for 3 years, to investigate the performance of mixtures of early and late cultivars of cocksfoot and timothy. In the establishment year, there was no difference between total dry matter yield of full density pure stands of cocksfoot and timothy, though cocksfoot produced more tillers but less total harvestable leaf area than timothy. In the second year, full density pure stands of timothy produced higher total dry matter, mean number of tillers and total harvestable leaf area than full density pure stands of cocksfoot. In the third year (the only year when fertiliser was applied), full density pure stands of cocksfoot produced higher total dry matter, mean number of tillers and total harvestable leaf area than full density pure stands of timothy. Arguably, the best overall yield came from early cocksfoot/late timothy because it had one very high yielding year and in no year was RYT less than 1.0. The results from all the experiments suggest that mixtures can in some circumstances outyield the midmonoculture yields of their components. This occurs when (i) the components are of contrasting types ( e.g. in morphology and growth pattern) and (ii) when pure stand yields are inherently low. This reinforces the opinion that mixtures may be of greatest benefit in low input agricultural systems.

Tręšimo lauko bandymai buvo atliekami 2007 - 2008 metais, Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto Bandymų stotyje. Keturlaukėje sėjomainoje auginami vasariniai rapsai, vasariniai miežiai + įsėlis, daugiametės žolės I n. m., žieminiai kviečiai. Bandymais buvo siekiama įvertinti kalio trąšų formų, jų normų, bei jų derinių su EPSO Microtop įtaką vasarinių miežių derliui. Bandyme buvo auginama lietuviška vasarinių miežių veislė 'Ūla'. Bandyme tirta - kalio chlorido (MOP) bei kalio druskos (Korn-Kali) normų ir papildomo patręšimo per lapus EPSO Microtop (2 x 20 kg ha-1) efektyvumas vasarinių miežių pasėlyje. Bandyme nustatyta, kad kalio ir EPSO Microtop trąšos didino vasarinių miežių 'Ūla' derlių. 2007 metais, lyginant su kontrole, grūdų derlius didėjo nuo 8,8 % iki 18,8 %, o šiaudų derlius - nuo 10,5 % iki 25,5 %. Didžiausi derliai gauti patręšus K90 Korn-Kali norma ir EPSO Microtop (2 x 20 kg ha-1) trąšomis. Šių trąšų normos buvo efektyvios ir 2008 metais, kadangi, lyginant su kontrole, gautas grūdų derliaus priedas 6,8 % - 16,3 %, o šiaudų derliaus priedas -9,5 % -17,6 %. Žaliųjų proteinų kiekis miežių grūduose tręšiant MOP - K90 norma padidėjo 0,56 proc. vnt. Grūdų kokybė buvo geresnė 2008 m., kai grūdų baltymingumas siekė 10,63 %, o 2007 m. 10,40 %. Didžiausias NEM kiekis kontroliniuose laukeliuose - 78,47 %, patręšus tik N60P60 normomis. Didėjant kalio trąšų normai NEM kiekis mažėjo. Tirtos kalio trąšų formos ir normos, bei jų deriniai su EPSO Mikrotop 1000 sėklų masę padidino... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Fertilizing field experimentation was done in 2007 and 2008 year at the experimental station of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Spring rape, spring barley plus under-crop, perennial grass I years of using, winter wheat are grown in four-field rotation of crops. Purpose of the experimentation was to evaluate the influence of potassium fertilizer forms, its norms and it's combinations on spring barley with EPSO Microtop fertilizers. Spring barley breed 'Ūla' was used for the experimentation. Potassium chloride, potassium salt (Korn-Kali) norms and the additional fertilizing through leaves with EPSO Microtop (2 x 20 kg ha-1) the effectiveness of spring barley crop was researched in the experimentation. The experimentation shoved that potassium and EPSO Microtop fertilizers made the yield of spring barley 'Ūla' increase. Grain yield increased from 8,8 % to 18,8 % and straw yield - from 10,5 % to 25,5 % when comparing year 2007 with the control. Best yields were obtained when fertilizing with K90 Korn-Kali norm and EPSO Microtop (2 x 20 kg ha-1) fertilizers. These fertilizer norms were effective in year 2008 also because in comparison with the control the obtained grain yield addition was 6,8 % -16,3 % and straw yield addition - 9,5 % -17,6 %. The crude protein content in grains, after fertilization with MOP - K90 rate increased 10, 37 percent. pc. Grain quality was better in 2008, when grain proteins up to 10.63 % and in 2007 just 10.40 %. NEM controls the maximum number of... [to full text]

Šis tiriamasis darbas buvo atliekamas norint ištirti vario ir kadmio keliamą poveikį vasarinių miežių (Hordeum vulgare L.) morfologiniams ir fiziologiniams rodikliams bei nustatyti Cu ir Cd bioakumuliaciją šiuose augaluose. Sunkieji metalai veikė augalus pavieniui ir sąveikaudami mišinyje. Tiriami augalai buvo 5 dienas auginami mitybinėje terpėje su skirtingomis vario ir kadmio koncentracijomis (Cu ir Cd pavieniui: 0,1 mg/l, 1 mg/l, 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l ir 100 mg/l bei šių sunkiųjų metalų mišinys: 0,1 mg Cu/l+0,1 mg Cd/l, 1 mg Cu/l+1 mg Cd/l, 5 mg Cu/l+5 mg Cd/l, 10 mg Cu/l+10 mg Cd/l ir 100 mg Cu/l+100 mg Cd/l). Buvo nustatinėti šie parametrai: daigelių aukštis, šaknelių ilgis, stiebelių ir šaknelių biomasė, fotosintezės pigmentų kiekis, malono dialdehido kiekis, vario ir kadmio bioakumuliacija vasarinio miežio lapuose ir šaknyse. Tik esant mažiausiai sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijai stiebelių aukščiai ir šaknelių ilgiai yra didesni arba beveik lygūs kontroliniam variantui (p>0,05), tačiau visos kitos vario ir kadmio koncentracijos nuo 1 mg/l statistiškai patikimai (p<0,05) sumažino stiebų ir šaknų augimą. Esant mažiausiai 0,1 mg/l metalų koncentracijai daigų ir šaknų sausoji biomasė buvo (p>0,05) didesnė arba mažesnė nei kontrolės ir sudarė 96 % - 120 % kontrolės lygio. Esant didesnėms sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijoms daigų ir šaknų biomasės sumažėjo (Cd – p>0,05, Cu – p<0,05) ir sudarė 16 % - 90 % kontrolės lygio. Karotinoidų kiekio padidėjimas nustatytas iki 115 % (100 mg Cd/l) –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This study was conducted to investigate the copper and cadmium effects on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for morphological and physiological parameters and to determine bioaccumulation of Cu and Cd in these plants. Heavy metal effects on plants alone and synergistically in combination. Test plants were grown for 5 days the culture medium containing different concentrations of copper and cadmium (Cd and Cu alone: 0,1 mg/ l, 1 mg/ l, 5 mg/ l, 10 mg/ l and 100 mg/ l, and these heavy metals mixture of 0,1 mg Cu/ l +0,1 mg Cd/ l, 1 mg Cu/ l +1 mg Cd/ l, 5 mg Cu/ l +5 mg Cd/ l, 10 mg Cu / l +10 mg Cd / l and 100 mg Cu/ l +100 mg Cd/ l). The determination of these parameters sprouts height, root length, stem and root biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and a pleasure dialdehyde formed amount of copper and cadmium bioaccumulation of barley leaves and roots. Only at the lowest concentrations of heavy metals in stem height and root length is larger than or nearly equal to the control variant (p>0,05), but all the other copper and cadmium concentration of 1 mg/ l, statistically significant (p<0,05) reduced the stems and root growth. At least 0,1 mg/ l, the concentration of metals in shoot and root dry biomass was (p<0,05) higher or lower than the control was 96% - 120% of control levels. At higher concentrations of heavy metals in shoot and root biomass decreased (Cd - p>0,05, Cu - p<0,05) and accounted for 16% - 90% of control levels. Carotenoid content was determined by 115 % (100... [to full text]

The study was aimed to estimate biological changes in segetal flora in spring barley agrophytocenoses differing in weed suppressive ability. Research subject – spring barley varieties of different stem height (tall-stemmed, of moderate height, short-stemmed) and annual weeds. Research tasks: 1. To estimate yield forming elements of spring barley: emergence, tillering, biomass growth, plant height, and leaf area index. 2. To study weed suppressive ability of tall-stemmed, of moderate height, and short-stemmed spring barley. 3. To assess biological changes in annual weeds growing in different competition environments under field and greenhouse conditions. 4. By relating spring barley and weed growth indicators, to estimate factors (weed suppressive ability of spring barley as influenced by stand density and sowing time) exerting a significant effect on crop-weed competition in an agrophytocenose. / Įvertinti segetalinės floros biologinius pokyčius skirtingo konkurencingumo vasarinių miežių agrofitocenozėje. Tyrimų objektas – vasarinių miežių aukštaūgiai, vidutinio aukščio, žemaūgiai augalai ir trumpaamžės piktžolės. Tyrimų uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti vasarinių miežių derlių formuojančius elementus: augalų sudygimą, krūmijimąsi, žaliosios masės priaugimą, aukštį ir lapų ploto indeksą (LAI). 2. Ištirti aukštaūgių, vidutinio aukščio ir žemaūgių vasarinių miežių augalų gebą konkuruoti su piktžolėmis. 3. Įvertinti trumpaamžių piktžolių, augančių skirtingomis konkurencijos sąlygomis, biologinius pokyčius lauko ir šiltnamio sąlygomis. 4. Siejant vasarinių miežių ir piktžolių augimo rodiklius, įvertinti veiksnius (skirtingo konkurencingumo veisles ir nevienodą pasėlio tankumą bei vasarinių miežių sėjos laiką), turinčius esminės įtakos augalų konkurencijai agrofitocenozėje.

On the grounds of the South Bohemian University was founded in 2015 oneyear experiment. In this experiment we compared three classical and one naked variety of spring barley. Each variety were planted in four replications. For each repetition was assessed the number of emerged plants, number of tillers, number of ears, yield, thousand grain weight, the proportion of leading grain, density andcontent of nitrogenous substances. The average yield of the hulled varieties exceeded 6 t/ha, while in the nudevariety was 4,68 t/ha. The nude variety also showed the lowest HTZ, highest densityand the highest content of nitrogenous substances.

This work is focused on verification of the effect of chosen herbicides on Weeds occuring in sprouts of spring barley which i sone of the main crops grown in the territory of the Czech Republic. Lately, herbicides have influenc the Šeld of spring barley. So as to verify the herbicide efficiency there was founded a small parcel o fland test where there was assessed the efficiency of postmergent herbicides on Leeds which occurred in all parcels and during all the observation. The efficiency was observed on four measurements and it was recorded in percentage by Subjective Estimation Methods. The chosen postmergent herbicides took a very good effect on singl Leeds. As the best effective herbicide could be, hawevr, indicated Sekator OD which operand on all the Leeds the same way as the Catalogue of Preparation for Plant Protection 2012 states. Out of the results of efficiencies and overalobservations of tested area it can be stated that despote good preventative measures the protection of spring barley can not dispense with higt quality treatment with verified herbicides.

The literature suggests that grain number largely determines and as such limits yield in barley. Many of the reported studies were conducted in relatively low yielding environments and it is unclear if grain number is also a limiting factor in high yield potential climates. Nor is it known with certainty what physiological or morphological traits must be targeted in order to increase grain number. There may be a degree of trade-off between yield components whereby grain number is adjusted according to resource availability to the plant, either pre- or post-anthesis, in a way that ensures consistently well-filled grains at harvest. If mechanisms exist for adjusting grain numbers or grain storage capacity after anthesis to match assimilate availability, this may place limits on how far yield can be increased without increasing post-anthesis assimilate production. In order to determine the scope for increasing the yield potential of barley a more thorough understanding of the potential trade-offs between grain number, grain storage capacity and post-anthesis assimilate supply is required. The aim of research reported in this thesis was to establish what determines the yield of spring barley in Ireland and to investigate the timing and possible mechanisms involved in regulating grain number and grain storage capacity in relation to the supply of photoassimilates. Field experiments were carried out on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Quench) at several locations in Ireland from 2011 to 2013. A sub-set of experiments involving destructive sampling and in-field assessments on plots managed as per current best farm practice gathered crop growth, development, and yield component data across sites and seasons in order to establish what determines yield under typical crop production conditions. Separate experiments artificially manipulated the source:sink ratio of plots via shading and seed rate treatments to investigate in more detail the mechanisms determining grain number and grain weight and any potential trade-off between the two components. Grain number accounted for most of the variation in yield across 9 site/seasons of crops managed as per current best practice in Ireland (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.84) while grain weight remained relatively conserved. Ear number accounted for most of the variation in grain number (P = 0.002; R2 = 0.75) and ear number itself was largely determined by shoot survival from an early season peak through to harvest (P <0.001; R = 0.96). Shoot size and weight at the beginning of stem extension had the largest influence on shoot survival. Shading treatments were used to test whether there was a mechanism for adjusting grain numbers after anthesis to match the availability of assimilate for grain filling. Substantial post-anthesis reductions in assimilate supply during grain filling in 2011 and 2012 did not significantly reduce grain number (P > 0.05). A small reduction in grain number (8%) was found in response to shading for a two week period early post-anthesis in 2013, however this was likely a reduction in grain set in shoots or spikelets that reached anthesis after the treatment was imposed rather than a post-anthesis abortion or down-regulation of grain number. Percentage light interception by well managed (unshaded) canopies shortly after anthesis was generally greater than 93% across several sites and seasons, therefore increasing grain numbers to increase sink capacity would likely be associated with an unavoidable decrease in the amount of light intercepted per grain during the early grain development period. However, experiments showed that grain weight at harvest was neither reduced nor increased in response to variations in light interception during this period of endosperm development (P > 0.05), because soluble sugar concentrations in the grain were maintained at the expense of storage reserve deposition in the stems. Results suggest that grain number and grain storage capacity may both be determined pre-anthesis resulting in a trade-off during stem extension whereby grain numbers are adjusted in a way that helps conserve grain weight. A strong negative relationship between ear number and grain number per ear (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.81) across two sites of seed rate experiments in 2013 resulted in a plateau in overall grain number of approximately 18,000 grains m-2 suggesting that there may be a limit to how many grains can be established in a given environment; this was achieved with an ear number of approximately 1000 ears m-2. Yield potential for Irish conditions was estimated at 12.29 t ha-1 at 85% dry matter based on estimates of potential assimilate supply during grain filling; with a grain number of 26,481 m-2 required to utilise this. These estimates are both 44% higher than the mean yield and grain number achieved in crops managed as per current best farm practice. Once high potential ear numbers are secured (> 1000 m-2), breaking the negative relationship between ear number and grain number per ear may hold the key to further increasing grain number and hence yield potential. Increasing assimilate production and partitioning to ears during stem extension, either through increases in the duration of stem extension or solar radiation use efficiency, may enable larger grain numbers to be produced whilst maintaining or increasing individual grain storage capacity and deposition of stem storage reserves. Water and nutrient availability, as well as susceptibility to lodging may present further limitations to yield in the future.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti armens apvertimo kokybės įtaką vasarinių miežių (Hordeum vulgare L.) pasėlio piktžolėtumui modeliniame lauko tyrime. Modelinis lauko tyrimas vykdytas LŽŪU bandymų stotyje 2009-2010. Tirti keturi armens apvertimo variantai: armuo apverstas 135° (kontrolinis variantas), 157,5º ir 180° kampu bei neverčiamas (0°). Įrengti stacionarūs 0,25 m2 modeliniai laukeliai Nustatyta piktžolių vasarinių miežių derliuje, rūšinė sudėtis, biomasė ir skaičius, miežių antžeminės dalies biomasė ir stiebų skaičius, derlius, 1000 grūdų masė ir kiti parametrai. Pasėlio piktžolėtumo ir piktžolių sėklų pasiskirstymo armenyje duomenys vertinami dispersinės analizės metodu, nustatant esminio skirtumo ribą (R05, R01) ir vidurkių vidutinę kvadratinę paklaidą Apibendrinus tyrimo duomenis, gauti rezultatai parodė, kad esant skirtingam armens apvertimo kampui piktžolių biomasė pasėlyje skyrėsi iki 3 kartų. Piktžolių sėklų atsargose dirvoje vyravo trumpaamžės piktžolės, daugiausiai baltoji balanda (Chenopodium album L.). Paviršiniame dirvos sluoksnyje piktžolių sėklų pasiskirstymas tarp variantų buvo nevienodas (skyrėsi kelis kartus) skirtingais metais. Eksperimento rezultatai iš esmės patvirtino hipotezę, kad nuo armens apvertimo kampo priklauso pasėlio piktžolėtumas, tačiau reikėtų atlikti papildomus tyrimus ir nustatyti optimalų armens apvertimo kampą mūsų klimato ir dirvožemių sąlygomis. / The aim of the investigation was to estimate the influence of arable soil turnover angle on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop yield and weediness in model field experiment. The model field experiment carried out at the Experimental Station of LŽŪU in 2009-2010. Four arable soil turnover angle treatments were investigated: 135° (control treatment), 157.5° and 180° and not overturned (0°). Stationary 0.25 m-2 model fields were equipped. The following parameters were measured: weeds harvested along with barley (weed species composition, weed biomass and number), spring barley density, and stem density, yield, 1000 grain weight and other parameters. Weediness and weed seed distribution in the arable soil layer were assessed by variance method by determining the LSD05, LSD01 and the average SEM Summarized survey data revealed that weed biomass in the spring barley crop differed by three times at the different arable soil turnover angle, short-living weeds dominated in the seed bank, mostly Chenopodium album L., weed seed distribution in top soil layer as well as spring barley yield has been uneven between the treatments (several times) in different years. Experimental results broadly confirmed the hypothesis that the arable soil overturning angle has influence on the crop yield and weediness, but further studies should be carried out to determine the optimum turnover angle for our climate and soil conditions.

The object of study – spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Research tasks: 1. To investigate the effect of growing intensity, applying fertilisers according to normative for target yield, on spring barley and winter wheat leaf index, biomass and grain yield formation. 2. To quantitatively assess accumulation of nitrogen and carbon in the biomass during vegetation. 3. To explore the effect of water and nitrogen induced stresses on productivity of photosynthesis and to evaluate feasibility of DSSAT v4.0.2.0 model for the diagnosis. 4. To estimate likely effect of climate change on winter wheat and spring barely yield. / Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti skirtingo auginimo intensyvumo, tręšiant pagal normatyvus planuojamam derliui, poveikį vasarinių miežių ir žieminių kviečių lapų indekso, biomasės ir grūdų derliaus formavimuisi. 2. Nustatyti kiekybinius azoto ir anglies kaupimosi biomasėje pokyčius vegetacijos metu. 3. Ištirti vandens ir azoto trūkumo sukeltų stresų pasireiškimą migliniuose javuose ir įvertinti galimybes juos diagnozuoti modeliu DSSAT v4.0.2.0. 4. Įvertinti tikėtiną klimato kaitos poveikį žieminių kviečių ir vasarinių miežių derlingumui. Tyrimų objektas – vasarinis miežis (Hordeum vulgare L.), žieminis kvietys (Triticum aestivum L.).

The occurrence of spot type net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata) and net type net blotch (P. teres f. teres) as well as the occurrence of net blotch mating types has been investigated in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Genetic diversity of barley net blotch isolates from various locations in Lithuania was investigated using ISSR and AFLP markers. The net blotch resistance of 150 spring barley varieties was investigated under artificial and natural infection conditions in the field. / Panaudojant molekulinius žymeklius ištirta tinkliškosios dryžligės patogeno Pyrenophora teres populiacijos genetinė įvairovė, nustatyti P. teres formų ir lytinio dauginimosi tipų sutinkamumas Lietuvoje, Latvijoje ir Estijoje. Lietuvos sąlygomis įvertintas Vakarų Europos ekotipo 150 vasarinių miežių veislių ir linijų jaurumas tinkliškajai dryžligei esant skirtingai pradinei infekcijai.