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Flores das espécies Sambucus nigra, de origem européia, e Sambucus australis, nativa da América do Sul (Caprifoliaceae), denominadas sabugueiro e sabugueirodo- brasil, respectivamente, são utilizadas popularmente sob forma de infusão, como antiinflamatórias, laxativas e para condições febris resultantes de afecções do trato respiratório. Estudos prévios para S. nigra indicam compostos fenólicos como principais constituintes químicos, sendo estes relacionados às principais atividades biológicas avaliadas. Objetivando comparar esta espécie com Sambucus australis, foram realizadas análises botânicas macro e microscópicas das flores, identificando as principais diferenças entre as espécies, tais como o número de lóculos no ovário e presença de idioblastos cristalíferos em algumas estruturas, e observando os possíveis contaminantes (pedicelos). Também foram determinados os parâmetros farmacopéicos: cinzas totais e perda por dessecação. Após a análise química, foi escolhido o flavonóide rutina como marcador das espécies, para realizar análises quantitativas nas 31 amostras adquiridas e / ou coletadas, utilizando método de CLAE previamente validado. Soluções hidroetanólicas apresentaram maior capacidade de extração do produto alvo. Os limites mínimos de rutina observados para ambas as espécies foram de aproximadamente 0,65%. Também foram quantificados, por método espectrofotométrico, os flavonóides totais expressos em quercetina, sendo 0,93% e 1,46% os teores mínimos determinados para S.nigra e S. australis, respectivamente. O estudo da estabilidade acelerada (50°C ± 90% U.R.), avaliando a degradação dos constituintes químicos presentes permitiu sugerir a cinética de degradação de segunda ordem para da rutina nas duas espécies. Comparações de atividades biológicas das espécies foram realizadas pelos ensaios das atividades antiinflamatória (inibição do edema em pata de rato induzido por carragenina) e antioxidante (DPPH). Os resultados para o primeiro ensaio demonstraram ação equivalente em ambas as espécies para extratos hidroetanólicos a 80% (86% de inibição) e aquosos (81%), com atividade semelhante ao padrão indometacina (~83%); para a atividade antioxidante os extratos hidroetanólicos a 80% foram mais ativos (CE50 = 16 μg/ml) que os aquosos (CE50 = 27 μg/ml) em S. australis, e ambos extratos, superiores ao 28 extrato padronizado Gingko biloba (CE50 = 40 μg/ml) e aos extratos de S. nigra (CE50= 50 μg/ml – hidroetanólico e CE50= 32 μg/ml – aquoso). / Sambucus nigra (from Europe) and Sambucus australis (from South America) flowers (Caprifoliaceae), called sabugueiro and sabugueiro-do-brazil, respectively, are used in the folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, laxative and for respiratory diseases. Previous studies for S. nigra indicate phenolic compounds as the main chemical constituents, being related for these ones the biological activities reported. In order to compare this species with S. australis macro and microscopical analysis of the flowers were carried out to identify the major differences between the species, such as the number of ovary locules and idioblasts in some structures, verifying the possible contaminants (pedicels). The following Pharmacopoeia parameters were also determined: total ash and loss on drying. After the chemical analysis, it was chosen the rutin flavonol as the mark constituent for both species, to carry through quantitative analysis of the 31 acquired and/or collected samples, by previously validated HPLC method. Hydroethanolic solutions had shown greater capacity of extraction of the target product. The minimum limits of rutin observed for both species had been of approximately 0.65%. The total flavonoid content was also quantified by spectrophotometer method, being expressed as quercetin, finding 0.93% and 1.46% the minimum values for S. nigra and S. australis, respectively. The accelerated stability test (50 ºC ± 90% UR) that evaluate the degradation of the constituents, allowed to verify a kinetic degradation of second order for rutin in both species. Comparison of biological activities of these species was carried out using the antiedematogenic (rat paw edema) and antioxidant (DPPH) activities. The results for the first test showed an equivalent action for the hydroethanolic (86% of edema inibition) and aqueous (81%) extracts, exhibiting a similar activity to indometacin (~83%). For the antioxidant activity, the ethanolic extracts (CE50 = 16 μg/ml) were more active than the aqueous (CE50 = 27 μg/ml ) for S. australis, and, both extracts were superiors to the Ginko biloba (CE50 = 40 μg/ml) and to the S. nigra extracts (CE50 = 50 μg/ml – hydroethanolic and CE50 = 32 μg/ml - aqueous).

Flores das espécies Sambucus nigra, de origem européia, e Sambucus australis, nativa da América do Sul (Caprifoliaceae), denominadas sabugueiro e sabugueirodo- brasil, respectivamente, são utilizadas popularmente sob forma de infusão, como antiinflamatórias, laxativas e para condições febris resultantes de afecções do trato respiratório. Estudos prévios para S. nigra indicam compostos fenólicos como principais constituintes químicos, sendo estes relacionados às principais atividades biológicas avaliadas. Objetivando comparar esta espécie com Sambucus australis, foram realizadas análises botânicas macro e microscópicas das flores, identificando as principais diferenças entre as espécies, tais como o número de lóculos no ovário e presença de idioblastos cristalíferos em algumas estruturas, e observando os possíveis contaminantes (pedicelos). Também foram determinados os parâmetros farmacopéicos: cinzas totais e perda por dessecação. Após a análise química, foi escolhido o flavonóide rutina como marcador das espécies, para realizar análises quantitativas nas 31 amostras adquiridas e / ou coletadas, utilizando método de CLAE previamente validado. Soluções hidroetanólicas apresentaram maior capacidade de extração do produto alvo. Os limites mínimos de rutina observados para ambas as espécies foram de aproximadamente 0,65%. Também foram quantificados, por método espectrofotométrico, os flavonóides totais expressos em quercetina, sendo 0,93% e 1,46% os teores mínimos determinados para S.nigra e S. australis, respectivamente. O estudo da estabilidade acelerada (50°C ± 90% U.R.), avaliando a degradação dos constituintes químicos presentes permitiu sugerir a cinética de degradação de segunda ordem para da rutina nas duas espécies. Comparações de atividades biológicas das espécies foram realizadas pelos ensaios das atividades antiinflamatória (inibição do edema em pata de rato induzido por carragenina) e antioxidante (DPPH). Os resultados para o primeiro ensaio demonstraram ação equivalente em ambas as espécies para extratos hidroetanólicos a 80% (86% de inibição) e aquosos (81%), com atividade semelhante ao padrão indometacina (~83%); para a atividade antioxidante os extratos hidroetanólicos a 80% foram mais ativos (CE50 = 16 μg/ml) que os aquosos (CE50 = 27 μg/ml) em S. australis, e ambos extratos, superiores ao 28 extrato padronizado Gingko biloba (CE50 = 40 μg/ml) e aos extratos de S. nigra (CE50= 50 μg/ml – hidroetanólico e CE50= 32 μg/ml – aquoso). / Sambucus nigra (from Europe) and Sambucus australis (from South America) flowers (Caprifoliaceae), called sabugueiro and sabugueiro-do-brazil, respectively, are used in the folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, laxative and for respiratory diseases. Previous studies for S. nigra indicate phenolic compounds as the main chemical constituents, being related for these ones the biological activities reported. In order to compare this species with S. australis macro and microscopical analysis of the flowers were carried out to identify the major differences between the species, such as the number of ovary locules and idioblasts in some structures, verifying the possible contaminants (pedicels). The following Pharmacopoeia parameters were also determined: total ash and loss on drying. After the chemical analysis, it was chosen the rutin flavonol as the mark constituent for both species, to carry through quantitative analysis of the 31 acquired and/or collected samples, by previously validated HPLC method. Hydroethanolic solutions had shown greater capacity of extraction of the target product. The minimum limits of rutin observed for both species had been of approximately 0.65%. The total flavonoid content was also quantified by spectrophotometer method, being expressed as quercetin, finding 0.93% and 1.46% the minimum values for S. nigra and S. australis, respectively. The accelerated stability test (50 ºC ± 90% UR) that evaluate the degradation of the constituents, allowed to verify a kinetic degradation of second order for rutin in both species. Comparison of biological activities of these species was carried out using the antiedematogenic (rat paw edema) and antioxidant (DPPH) activities. The results for the first test showed an equivalent action for the hydroethanolic (86% of edema inibition) and aqueous (81%) extracts, exhibiting a similar activity to indometacin (~83%). For the antioxidant activity, the ethanolic extracts (CE50 = 16 μg/ml) were more active than the aqueous (CE50 = 27 μg/ml ) for S. australis, and, both extracts were superiors to the Ginko biloba (CE50 = 40 μg/ml) and to the S. nigra extracts (CE50 = 50 μg/ml – hydroethanolic and CE50 = 32 μg/ml - aqueous).

Flores das espécies Sambucus nigra, de origem européia, e Sambucus australis, nativa da América do Sul (Caprifoliaceae), denominadas sabugueiro e sabugueirodo- brasil, respectivamente, são utilizadas popularmente sob forma de infusão, como antiinflamatórias, laxativas e para condições febris resultantes de afecções do trato respiratório. Estudos prévios para S. nigra indicam compostos fenólicos como principais constituintes químicos, sendo estes relacionados às principais atividades biológicas avaliadas. Objetivando comparar esta espécie com Sambucus australis, foram realizadas análises botânicas macro e microscópicas das flores, identificando as principais diferenças entre as espécies, tais como o número de lóculos no ovário e presença de idioblastos cristalíferos em algumas estruturas, e observando os possíveis contaminantes (pedicelos). Também foram determinados os parâmetros farmacopéicos: cinzas totais e perda por dessecação. Após a análise química, foi escolhido o flavonóide rutina como marcador das espécies, para realizar análises quantitativas nas 31 amostras adquiridas e / ou coletadas, utilizando método de CLAE previamente validado. Soluções hidroetanólicas apresentaram maior capacidade de extração do produto alvo. Os limites mínimos de rutina observados para ambas as espécies foram de aproximadamente 0,65%. Também foram quantificados, por método espectrofotométrico, os flavonóides totais expressos em quercetina, sendo 0,93% e 1,46% os teores mínimos determinados para S.nigra e S. australis, respectivamente. O estudo da estabilidade acelerada (50°C ± 90% U.R.), avaliando a degradação dos constituintes químicos presentes permitiu sugerir a cinética de degradação de segunda ordem para da rutina nas duas espécies. Comparações de atividades biológicas das espécies foram realizadas pelos ensaios das atividades antiinflamatória (inibição do edema em pata de rato induzido por carragenina) e antioxidante (DPPH). Os resultados para o primeiro ensaio demonstraram ação equivalente em ambas as espécies para extratos hidroetanólicos a 80% (86% de inibição) e aquosos (81%), com atividade semelhante ao padrão indometacina (~83%); para a atividade antioxidante os extratos hidroetanólicos a 80% foram mais ativos (CE50 = 16 μg/ml) que os aquosos (CE50 = 27 μg/ml) em S. australis, e ambos extratos, superiores ao 28 extrato padronizado Gingko biloba (CE50 = 40 μg/ml) e aos extratos de S. nigra (CE50= 50 μg/ml – hidroetanólico e CE50= 32 μg/ml – aquoso). / Sambucus nigra (from Europe) and Sambucus australis (from South America) flowers (Caprifoliaceae), called sabugueiro and sabugueiro-do-brazil, respectively, are used in the folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, laxative and for respiratory diseases. Previous studies for S. nigra indicate phenolic compounds as the main chemical constituents, being related for these ones the biological activities reported. In order to compare this species with S. australis macro and microscopical analysis of the flowers were carried out to identify the major differences between the species, such as the number of ovary locules and idioblasts in some structures, verifying the possible contaminants (pedicels). The following Pharmacopoeia parameters were also determined: total ash and loss on drying. After the chemical analysis, it was chosen the rutin flavonol as the mark constituent for both species, to carry through quantitative analysis of the 31 acquired and/or collected samples, by previously validated HPLC method. Hydroethanolic solutions had shown greater capacity of extraction of the target product. The minimum limits of rutin observed for both species had been of approximately 0.65%. The total flavonoid content was also quantified by spectrophotometer method, being expressed as quercetin, finding 0.93% and 1.46% the minimum values for S. nigra and S. australis, respectively. The accelerated stability test (50 ºC ± 90% UR) that evaluate the degradation of the constituents, allowed to verify a kinetic degradation of second order for rutin in both species. Comparison of biological activities of these species was carried out using the antiedematogenic (rat paw edema) and antioxidant (DPPH) activities. The results for the first test showed an equivalent action for the hydroethanolic (86% of edema inibition) and aqueous (81%) extracts, exhibiting a similar activity to indometacin (~83%). For the antioxidant activity, the ethanolic extracts (CE50 = 16 μg/ml) were more active than the aqueous (CE50 = 27 μg/ml ) for S. australis, and, both extracts were superiors to the Ginko biloba (CE50 = 40 μg/ml) and to the S. nigra extracts (CE50 = 50 μg/ml – hydroethanolic and CE50 = 32 μg/ml - aqueous).

La centralisation de la préparation des médicaments injectables à la pharmacie permet d’assurer un haut niveau de qualité mais nécessite une stabilité du médicament dans le conditionnement choisi et une capacité de production suffisantes. Aseptic Technologies a développé un système de remplissage automatisé de conditionnement primaire utilisant un flacon en copolymères d’oléfines cycliques (COC) clos, stérile et prêt à l’emploi appelé « flacon Crystal® ». Ce flacon est rempli à travers le bouchon et est re-scellé par laser, réduisant ainsi le risque de contamination microbiologique.Nous avons évalué les risques liés à l’utilisation du flacon Crystal® :• Le risque de sorption est corrélé à la lipophilie de la substance conditionnée. Pendant 3 mois, nous avons évalué l’évolution de la concentration de 8 molécules cytotoxiques (de coefficients de partage octanol/eau différents) par CLHP/MS. Une méthodologie identique a permis le suivi des concentrations, pendant 24 heures de 3 molécules dérivées du platine par RMN.• Concernant le risque de perméation, nous avons évalué l’évolution des concentrations en phénol et métacrésol dans une solution à 1UI/mL d’insuline conditionnée dans des flacons Crystal® conservés droits et retournés pendant 50 jours par CLHP/UV. Deux formulations différentes de bouchons ont été testées.• Les solutions de pH extrêmes peuvent conduire à la présence de particules dans la solution injectable. L’impact sur la contamination particulaire du conditionnement de ces solutions dans les flacons Crystal® a été étudié et les particules caractérisées.• Les plastifiants peuvent migrer du conditionnement primaire vers la préparation parentérale. Après extraction par reflux à l’isopropanol sur le corps en COC et le bouchon en élastomère, les éventuels plastifiants ont été identifiés et dosés par RMN.Enfin, les stabilités de solutions de céfuroxime, midazolam et noradrénaline conditionnées en flacon Crystal® ont été déterminées et comparées à la seringue en polypropylène (PP).Les concentrations moyennes des 8 molécules cytotoxiques étaient comprises entre 90% et 110% à J62 sans corrélation avec le coefficient de partage. L’absence d’interaction a aussi été démontré pour le carboplatine et l’oxaliplatine par RMN. La précision de la quantification par RMN du cisplatine n’était pas suffisante.Il existe un risque de perméation du métacrésol lors du stockage à 25°C/60%RH pendant 50 jours (perte de 19,7% et de 20,3% pour les flacons Crystal® droits et retournés respectivement). La seconde formulation du bouchon permet de maîtriser le phénomène (perte de 2,6% à J50).Une contamination particulaire importante a été observée lors du conditionnement d’une solution basique et d’un contact avec le bouchon pendant 7 jours (6820 particules 3; 10µm dans un flacon Crystal® de 20mL) Les particules sont fibreuses et composées essentiellement de molécules inorganiques.Les analyses RMN mettent en évidence la présence de plastifiants dans le corps en COC et le bouchon à des concentrations largement en-dessous de la limite de 1000µg/g définie par la réglementation REACH.La solution de céfuroxime (1mL à 10mg/mL) était stable 365 jours à -20°C. Les solutions de midazolam (50mL à 1mg/mL) et de noradrénaline (20mL et 50mL à 0,2mg/mL ; 50mL à 0,5mg/mL) étaient stables 365 jours à 5°C. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus lors de la conservation en seringue PP.Les flacons Crystal® ne sont pas sujets aux phénomènes de sorption. Il n’y a pas de risque de migration de plastifiants. Le risque de perméation du métacrésol est contrôlé par l’utilisation du nouveau bouchon. Le conditionnement de solutions basiques doit être surveillé. Les solutions de céfuroxime (à -20°C), de midazolam et de noradrénaline (à 5°C) sont stables 1 an. Par rapport à la seringue PP, le flacon Crystal® pourrait être préféré de par son système de remplissage aseptique automatisé ainsi que pour des considérations logistiques, en particulier le gain de place. / Centralized preparation of parenteral products in the pharmacy can ensure a higher quality but requires a stability of the drugs in the chosen primary packaging and a sufficient production capacity. Aseptic Technologies has developed an automated primary packaging filling system using a closed, sterile and ready-to-use cyclic olefin copolymer vial called ‘‘Crystal® vial’’. This vial is filled through the elastomeric septum and then immediately re-sealed by laser, thus reducing the risk of microbial contamination.We have evaluated risks linked to the use of Crystal® vials:- Sorption risk is correlated with substance lipophilicity. During 3 months, we have evaluated concentration evolution of 8 cytotoxic drugs (with different water/octanol partition coefficients) by HPLC/MS. Same methodology was used to measure concentration evolution of 3 platinum-derived drugs by NMR during 24 hours.- About the permeation risk, we have evaluated concentration evolution of phenol and metacresol in a 1UI/mL insulin solution during 50 days by HPLC/UV in Crystal® vials stored upright and upside down. Two stoppers formulations exist and were tested.- Extreme pH solutions can lead to the presence of particles in the parenteral product. Impact of these solutions in Crystal® vials on particles contamination was studied and particles characterized.- Plasticizers may migrate from the primary packaging to the parenteral products. After isopropanol reflux extraction on the COC body and thermoplastic elastomer stopper, potential plasticizers were identified and quantified using NMR.Finally, stabilities of ready-to-use cefuroxime, midazolam and noradrenaline solutions in Crystal® vials were determined and compared to polypropylene syringes.The 8 cytotoxic drugs mean concentrations were between 90% and 110% at day 62 with no correlation with partition coefficient. Lack of interactions was demonstrated too for the oxaliplatin and carboplatin solution by NMR. Accuracy of NMR cisplatin quantification was not sufficient.Studies performed on preservatives highlighted a metacresol permeation risk during storage at 25°C/60%RH for 50 days (loss of 19.7% and 20.3% respectively for Crystal® vials stored upright and upside down). Use of the second formulation stopper allowed a large decrease of permeation (loss of 2.6% at day 50).An important particles contamination was observed only with extrem alkaline pH and contact with the stopper (6820 particles 10µm in a 20mL Crystal® vials stored upside down during 7 days). Particles are fibrous and essentially composed by non-organic substances.NMR analysis highlighted presence of plasticizers in both COC body and elastomer stopper but concentrations were below the 1000µg/g threshold described by the REACH regulation.Cefuroxime solution (1mL at 10mg/mL) was stable 365 days at -20°C. Midazolam solution (50mL at 1mg/mL) and noradrenaline solution (20mL and 50mL at 0.2mg/mL ; 50mL at 0.5mg/mL) were stable 365 days at 5°C. Same results were achieved in polypropylene syringes.Crystal® vials were not subject to sorption phenomena. There was no risk of plasticizer migration. Metacresol permeation risk was controlled using the new stopper. Packaging of alkaline solution must be monitored. Solutions of cefuroxime (-20°C), midazolam and noradrenaline (5°C) are stable 1 year. In regards to storage in polypropylene syringes, Crystal® vials could be prefered for their automated aseptic filling process and for logistic considerations particularly taking into account the space gains.

Stability and sustainability of operation of interconnected power converter systems has been an important focus of study in the field of power electronics and power systems. With ever-increasing application of electrical machines by means of electrification of vehicles, airplanes and shipboards, detailed study of the relating dynamics is very important to ensure the proper implementation and stable behavior of the overall system. In this work, the application of the black box approach study of the power converters has been expanded to the electrical machines. Using this modeling method, it is possible of have accurate behavior of electrical and mechanical terminals of the machine without the detailed information about the internal structure of the machine, material characteristics or topology of the machine. Instead, accurate model of electrical and mechanical terminals of the machine are achieved by measuring specific frequency responses of the machine to distinguish dynamic relation of the various electrical and mechanical quantities of the machine. The directly measured frequency responses, are coupled with the dynamics of the source and load in the electrical and mechanical terminals of the machine thus in order to decoupled the described couplings a mathematical process is used that results in decoupling of the controller and drive on the electrical side and the dynamics of the mechanical load and mechanical shaft at the mechanical terminal of the machine. Resulting model is the linear time invariant representation of the electrical machine at a specific operating point. Additionally, this work represents the application of this modeling method for accurate measurement of internal parameters of the machine such as inductances and mechanical inertia and characterization of the mechanical shaft coupler. Resulting unterminated model of the machine is a very important matter of information for system integrators and electrical and mechanical designs related to the application of the machine, to ensure the stable and sustainable operation of the machine. This work for the first time, represents the experimental implementation of this terminal behavioral modeling method for studying electrical machines as well as describes some of the practical limitations of this methodology. By incorporating and integrating a combination of commercially available devices such as frequency response analyzer, Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL), Power-Hardware-In-The-Loop (PHIL), a test setup has been developed that is capable of control, operate and study arbitrary frame small-signal related measurements required for terminal behavioral study of the electrical machines. Resulting model of the machine that has been extracted from this modeling method is then used to compare in time domain with the real machine in the case of transient change in the mechanical load on the shaft to discover the validity of this modeling procedure. / Master of Science / According to the data from the International Energy Agency, around half of the electricity used globally is consumed by electric motors. Moreover, the growth in the electrical vehicle industry will increase their application even further, hence the development of high-fidelity models of electric machines for real-time emulation, system-level analyses, and stability studies still stands out as an important and needed research focus. New modeling concepts that go beyond the standard industry practice can be used at the design and integration stage to ensure the stable behavior of the overall system. Furthermore, convenient testing and identification pressures can help ensure the long-term operation of the system. Aligned with this trend, this thesis is studying permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) using small-signal terminal-behavioral three-port networks. Having such a behavioral model of the machine available provides many opportunities for system integrators, and even enables an in-situ system observation and stability assessment at both the machine's electrical and mechanical interfaces. This capability can undoubtedly be of high importance in practice, as it is offering new insights into dynamic interactions of the electro-mechanical systems, the governor or turbine control design in ships, aircrafts, electrical vehicles, and even large synchronous machines in power plants. A so-called characterization testbed has been built that combines Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) and Power-Hardware-In-The-Loop (PHIL) environments, with sensor-interface boards that are used to properly scale measured signals for machine control. The Frequency-Response-Analyzer is used to sweep the proper electrical or mechanical terminal of the machine by perturbing the proper control signal within the machine controller running in PHIL and reading d-q currents, voltages, torque, and speed variables whose dynamic ratios are then obtained without the need for interrupting the normal operation of the electrical machine. The capability of acquiring such a detailed model of the machine while the machine is in operation is an important benefit of this modeling method, in comparison to the conventional identification methods widely applied in the industry. The resulting model is a linearized time invariant representation of the electrical machine at a specific operating point of interest, and can be used by system integrators to ensure the stability of the system using well known stability assessment methodologies. Furthermore, this modeling strategy has been experimentally verified for the first time on electrical machines, and the resulting model has been compared with the transient behavior of the machine in the presence of a step change in the mechanical load of the machine.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento, padronização e avaliação da atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana de extratos secos nebulizados de Dalbergia ecastaphyllum. Para que os objetivos propostas fossem alcançadosforam desenvolvidas metodologias analíticas capazes de avaliar a qualidade da matériaprima vegetal durante os processos de transformação (extração de compostos ativos, secagem, produto final, etc). A solução extrativa foi obtida a partir das folhas de D. ecastaphyllum empregando-se a extração por maceração dinâmica onde se avaliou fatores como: proporção planta:solvente, tempo e temperatura de extração através de um planejamento composto central (PCC). A solução extrativa otimizada foi avaliada quanto a presença de metabólitos secundários, atividade antioxidante/ antimicrobiana e foi submetida à secagem por nebulização onde foram investigados parâmetros de secagem e adjuvantes tecnológicos sobre o desempenho do equipamento e nas características morfológicas, físico-químicas e farmacológicas do produto. Os extratos secos foram submetidos a um estudo de estabilidade; sendo também utilizados para o desenvolvimento de formulações semi-sólidas cuja estabilidade foi avaliada em estudo acelerado. Pretende-se que os resultados advindos desse trabalho possam servir de base para a padronização de extratos de outras plantas medicinais com interesse terapêutico, bem como contribuir para o aprimoramento dos conhecimentos envolvidos no desenvolvimento tecnológico de produtos fitoterápicos. / This work aimed the development, standardization and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of spray dried extracts from Dalbergia ecastaphyllum. Analytical methodologies for evaluating the quality of the vegetable raw material during processing procedures (such as extraction of active compounds, drying, final product, etc.) were developed in order to achieve the proposed objectives. The extraction solution was obtained from the leaves of D. ecastaphyllum by dynamic maceration. In this stage, some factors were evaluated such as: the plant: solvent ratio, extraction time and temperature using a central composite design (CCD). The optimized extraction solution was evaluated for the presence of secondary metabolites and antioxidant / antimicrobial activity. It was also subjected to spray drying. In this process, the effects of the drying parameters and processing aids on the equipment performance and the morphological, physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the product were investigated. The dry extracts were subjected to a stability study; and were used for the development of semi-solid formulations, also evaluated in an accelerated stability study. It is intended that the results from this work can provide a basis for further standardization of extracts of other medicinal plants with therapeutic interest, as well as to contribute to the enhancement of the knowledge involved in the technological development of herbal products.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento, padronização e avaliação da atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana de extratos secos nebulizados de Dalbergia ecastaphyllum. Para que os objetivos propostas fossem alcançadosforam desenvolvidas metodologias analíticas capazes de avaliar a qualidade da matériaprima vegetal durante os processos de transformação (extração de compostos ativos, secagem, produto final, etc). A solução extrativa foi obtida a partir das folhas de D. ecastaphyllum empregando-se a extração por maceração dinâmica onde se avaliou fatores como: proporção planta:solvente, tempo e temperatura de extração através de um planejamento composto central (PCC). A solução extrativa otimizada foi avaliada quanto a presença de metabólitos secundários, atividade antioxidante/ antimicrobiana e foi submetida à secagem por nebulização onde foram investigados parâmetros de secagem e adjuvantes tecnológicos sobre o desempenho do equipamento e nas características morfológicas, físico-químicas e farmacológicas do produto. Os extratos secos foram submetidos a um estudo de estabilidade; sendo também utilizados para o desenvolvimento de formulações semi-sólidas cuja estabilidade foi avaliada em estudo acelerado. Pretende-se que os resultados advindos desse trabalho possam servir de base para a padronização de extratos de outras plantas medicinais com interesse terapêutico, bem como contribuir para o aprimoramento dos conhecimentos envolvidos no desenvolvimento tecnológico de produtos fitoterápicos. / This work aimed the development, standardization and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of spray dried extracts from Dalbergia ecastaphyllum. Analytical methodologies for evaluating the quality of the vegetable raw material during processing procedures (such as extraction of active compounds, drying, final product, etc.) were developed in order to achieve the proposed objectives. The extraction solution was obtained from the leaves of D. ecastaphyllum by dynamic maceration. In this stage, some factors were evaluated such as: the plant: solvent ratio, extraction time and temperature using a central composite design (CCD). The optimized extraction solution was evaluated for the presence of secondary metabolites and antioxidant / antimicrobial activity. It was also subjected to spray drying. In this process, the effects of the drying parameters and processing aids on the equipment performance and the morphological, physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the product were investigated. The dry extracts were subjected to a stability study; and were used for the development of semi-solid formulations, also evaluated in an accelerated stability study. It is intended that the results from this work can provide a basis for further standardization of extracts of other medicinal plants with therapeutic interest, as well as to contribute to the enhancement of the knowledge involved in the technological development of herbal products.

En la industria farmacéutica los estudios de estabilidad son de vital importancia, pues asegura la eficacia y calidad del producto que ofrece a la población. Todos los productos farmacéuticos deben tener un período de investigación con el fin de determinar su vida útil. La presente propuesta de tesis está enfocada en el proceso de estudio de estabilidad, cuyo problema central se encuentran en las actividades manuales de la planificación y monitoreo del estudio, la deficiencia de lo descrito afecta el rendimiento del proceso y genera incertidumbre en la toma de decisiones estratégicas. En consecuencia, la propuesta de solución se justifica en el diseño de una arquitectura tecnológica enfocada en la automatización del pronóstico y seguimiento de la vida útil de los productos fabricados en un laboratorio del sector farmacéutico, usando Web API REST y modelos estadísticos, permitiendo el monitoreo y control eficiente del proceso. Para lograr el éxito del proyecto, se ha analizado al objeto de estudio, identificando el problema principal. En la gestión del proyecto hacemos uso de los diversos artefactos y las buenas prácticas justificadas en la Guía del PMBOK®️. Durante el diseño de la arquitectura empresarial se hizo uso del marco de trabajo Zachman con la metodología de arquitectura TOGAF. Asimismo, se presenta el modelado del proceso referente a la situación actual (AS-IS) usando la notación BPMN. Finalmente, se identifican los componentes tecnológicos de la arquitectura del software utilizando conceptos de ingeniería, tácticas de diseño y representando la arquitectura del software desde un alto nivel a un nivel detallado con el uso del Modelo C4. / In the pharmaceutical industry, stability studies are of vital importance, as it ensures the efficacy and quality of the product that it offers to the population. All pharmaceutical products must have an investigation period in order to determine their shelf life. This thesis proposal is focused on the stability study process, whose central problem lies in the manual activities of planning and tracking of the study, the deficiency of what is described affects the performance of the process and generates uncertainty in decision-making strategic. Consequently, the solution proposal is justified in the design of a technological architecture focused on the automation of forecasting and monitoring of the shelf life of products manufactured in a laboratory of the pharmaceutical sector, using Web API REST and statistical models, allowing the monitoring and an efficient process control. To achieve the project success, the object of study has been analyzed, identifying the main problem. In the project management, we make use of the various artifacts and good practices justified in the PMBOK®️ Guide. During the design of the enterprise architecture, we used the Zachman framework with the TOGAF architecture methodology. In addition, the modeling of the process referring to the current situation (AS-IS) is presented using the BPMN notation. Finally, the technological components of the software architecture are identified using engineering concepts, design tactics and representing the software architecture from a high level to a detailed level with the use of the C4 Model. / Tesis

<p> Radical species are essential in modern chemistry. In addition to fundamental chemistry, their unique chemical bonding and distinct physicochemical features serve critical functions in materials science in the form of organic electronics. Due to their high reactivity, radicals of the main group element are often transient. In recent years, remarkably stable radicals are often stabilized by π-delocalization, sterically demanding side groups, carbenes, and weakly coordinating anions. The impacts of modifications such as electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, and end-capping on the spin density distribution and thermodynamic and kinetic stability of archetypal radical-driven processes such as dimerization are not well understood. This dissertation aims to track the perturbation of spin density from EDG and EWG modifications, provide mechanistic insight into the radical-initiated reactions of conjugated radical cations, and establish correlations between molecular design and thermochemical properties and their resulting kinetic stability by computationally evaluating these characteristics against experimental data. The disclosed connections give useful new recommendations for the rational design of thermodynamically and kinetically stable novel materials.</p>