Diabetes is emerging as a major threat to health, with global economic and social implications. Recent research has shown that the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes can be reduced by timely and effective treatment. However, unless people with diabetes have access to this treatment, the impact of diabetes will continue to rise. This thesis therefore explores the current standards of care which people with diabetes receive. It also looks at factors likely to impact on delivery of diabetes care. Studies were conducted at two levels. In the studies described in Chapters 2 and 3, general data applicable to all or nearly all patients with diabetes were collected. This approach substantially eliminates selection bias but precludes the ability to examine clinical outcomes. In the other studies, detailed in Chapters 4, 5 and 6, specific aspects of diabetes care pertaining to more select groups of diabetic subjects were examined. This approach allows clinical parameters to be examined in more detail but is more subject to selection bias. It is hoped that the combination of these two approaches provides a more balanced view of the topic under examination. In Australia, the Medicare Program, a single government controlled universal health insurance fund, provides access to medical services for all residents. Medicare occasions of service data therefore represent the most comprehensive source of information regarding health service utilisation in Australia. The data does not account for people receiving diabetes care through public hospital based services. However, a survey of public hospitals within NSW (n=198), described in Chapter 2, showed that the number of individuals in this category is relatively small and represents only 5.2% of the diabetic population. Using Medicare item codes, and with the permission and assistance of the Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, data were extracted on attendance to medical practitioners and utilisation of diabetes related procedures for people living in New South Wales (NSW) for the individual years between 1993 to 1997. All data were stratified by the presence of diabetes, gender and age group. Individuals were deemed to have diabetes if an HbA1c, which can only be ordered for a person with known diabetes, had been performed over the 5-year period and the sample size adjusted for the incidence of diabetes. Once adjusted, the number of people with diabetes in NSW for the individual years 1993 to 1997 were 143,920, 156,234, 168,216, 177,280 and 185,780. Comparison with 1996 census data confirmed a 91.7% capture of the total NSW population (5,495,900/5,995,545 individuals). The data were retrieved for NSW as a whole and for individual postcodes. Postcodes were then classified by population density as either major urban, urban or rural. On average over the study period, persons with diabetes accounted for 3.1% of the population but they used 5.5% of general practitioner services. As seen in Chapter 2, a large proportion of people with diabetes were also under the care of specialists and consultant physicians, up to 51.2% and 41.8% respectively, a 3 to 4 fold increase when compared with their non-diabetic counterparts. In regard to geographical location, once adjusted for age and gender, the odds ratio of attending a specialist was only slightly higher for people with diabetes living in areas of high population density when compared to people with diabetes living in rural areas. This ratio reached as high as 1.85 in regard to attendance to consultant physicians (Chapter 3). The odds ratio for the non-diabetic population was similar indicating that the difference in access to consultant physicians was not disease specific. Analysis of results showed that despite the increase in service utilisation, large proportions of people with diabetes were not routinely monitored in regard to diabetes and its complications across the State. By 1997, HbA1c was still not performed in over 40% of people with diabetes each year and only 11.6% of the diabetic population had undergone microalbuminuria estimation. Interestingly, the differences in levels of monitoring between rural and urban areas were surprisingly small. Monitoring of diabetes and its complications did improve in all parts of the State over the study period. However, the greatest improvement was seen in rural areas, despite rural patients having fewer attendances to general practitioners and fewer patients attending specialist care. In the face of finite resources and the rising prevalence of diabetes, an increasing number of patients will need to rely on general practitioners to provide diabetes care regardless of where they live. A 'shared care' approach which encourages and supports general practitioners to manage patients with diabetes, while giving them access to specialist services for those patients that require them, is increasingly being advocated as a way of maximising efficacy while minimising costs. Yet if health care professionals leave undone what they think is done by others, shared care can become neglected care. Chapter 4 reports a detailed audit of 200 randomly selected shared care patients who were assessed on two or more occasions. This study showed that the majority of specialist treatment recommendations are implemented by general practitioners. Doctors formally registered with the Diabetes Shared Care Programme and those who write longer referral letters were more likely to implement recommendations than their counterparts. Moreover, the average HbA1c and the complication profile of these patients were similar to those found in various studies around the world. This suggests that diabetes can be well managed by a shared care approach that is adequately integrated. To overcome the problem that data is lacking on those patients that did not return for specialist review, a further 200 shared care patients who were lost to follow up from the shared care system were traced. Information regarding whether treatment recommendations had been implemented was sought from both the referring doctor and the patient. Overall, information on 182 of the 200 patients could be obtained. As discussed in Chapter 5, comparison of the returned and non returned patients' demographic and clinical profiles at time of their initial specialist review showed that general practitioners differentiated between the 'more complicated' patients, choosing to re-refer those with macrovascular disease, while maintaining the care of 'less complicated' patients. Re-referral for specialist review was also dependent on the patient remaining under the care of their original doctor. Encouragingly, general practitioners seemed to take a more active role in the non-returned group. They included more details regarding type and duration of diabetes in the referral letters of patients who were not re-referred for specialist review. They also implemented more treatment recommendations in the non-returned group, with the difference in implementation rate for metabolic recommendations reaching statistical significance. This study also showed that movement of patients between doctors raises concern regarding continuity of care. The multi-factorial nature of diabetes means that best practice is not easily accommodated within a single appointment. Thus continuity of care becomes an important issue. To assess the current status, 479 consecutive patients referred to the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Diabetes Centre in a 6-month period were recruited and underwent a detailed clinical assessment. They were also questioned regarding the number of general practitioners they attended and the length of time they had been under the care of the referring doctor. The results outlined in Chapter 6 showed that the majority of people with diabetes (87.7%) attended only one general practitioner and had been under the care of that doctor medium to long term. Younger patients, who were relatively healthy apart from the presence of diabetes, were more likely to attend several general practitioners or have changed their general practitioner within the last year. This lack of continuity had little difference on acute outcomes such as glycaemic and blood pressure control. Appropriately, continuity of care increased with increasing age and the increasing prevalence of diabetes complications, mainly macrovascular disease. These studies indicate that further efforts are required to improve the overall standard of diabetes care within Australia. At present there is a heavy dependency on specialist services. As the population ages and the number of people with diabetes increases, much of this burden will fall on general practitioners, as is already evident in rural areas. When provided with appropriate support and infrastructure, general practitioners are able to maintain standards of care through referral of patients with more complex medical problems and by maintaining the degree of continuity appropriate to the patient's needs. However, the collection of relevant information to monitor future trends in diabetes services provision is important. As shown in this thesis, Medicare data represents an easy and cost effective method with which to do so.

No description available.

Diabetes is emerging as a major threat to health, with global economic and social implications. Recent research has shown that the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes can be reduced by timely and effective treatment. However, unless people with diabetes have access to this treatment, the impact of diabetes will continue to rise. This thesis therefore explores the current standards of care which people with diabetes receive. It also looks at factors likely to impact on delivery of diabetes care. Studies were conducted at two levels. In the studies described in Chapters 2 and 3, general data applicable to all or nearly all patients with diabetes were collected. This approach substantially eliminates selection bias but precludes the ability to examine clinical outcomes. In the other studies, detailed in Chapters 4, 5 and 6, specific aspects of diabetes care pertaining to more select groups of diabetic subjects were examined. This approach allows clinical parameters to be examined in more detail but is more subject to selection bias. It is hoped that the combination of these two approaches provides a more balanced view of the topic under examination. In Australia, the Medicare Program, a single government controlled universal health insurance fund, provides access to medical services for all residents. Medicare occasions of service data therefore represent the most comprehensive source of information regarding health service utilisation in Australia. The data does not account for people receiving diabetes care through public hospital based services. However, a survey of public hospitals within NSW (n=198), described in Chapter 2, showed that the number of individuals in this category is relatively small and represents only 5.2% of the diabetic population. Using Medicare item codes, and with the permission and assistance of the Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, data were extracted on attendance to medical practitioners and utilisation of diabetes related procedures for people living in New South Wales (NSW) for the individual years between 1993 to 1997. All data were stratified by the presence of diabetes, gender and age group. Individuals were deemed to have diabetes if an HbA1c, which can only be ordered for a person with known diabetes, had been performed over the 5-year period and the sample size adjusted for the incidence of diabetes. Once adjusted, the number of people with diabetes in NSW for the individual years 1993 to 1997 were 143,920, 156,234, 168,216, 177,280 and 185,780. Comparison with 1996 census data confirmed a 91.7% capture of the total NSW population (5,495,900/5,995,545 individuals). The data were retrieved for NSW as a whole and for individual postcodes. Postcodes were then classified by population density as either major urban, urban or rural. On average over the study period, persons with diabetes accounted for 3.1% of the population but they used 5.5% of general practitioner services. As seen in Chapter 2, a large proportion of people with diabetes were also under the care of specialists and consultant physicians, up to 51.2% and 41.8% respectively, a 3 to 4 fold increase when compared with their non-diabetic counterparts. In regard to geographical location, once adjusted for age and gender, the odds ratio of attending a specialist was only slightly higher for people with diabetes living in areas of high population density when compared to people with diabetes living in rural areas. This ratio reached as high as 1.85 in regard to attendance to consultant physicians (Chapter 3). The odds ratio for the non-diabetic population was similar indicating that the difference in access to consultant physicians was not disease specific. Analysis of results showed that despite the increase in service utilisation, large proportions of people with diabetes were not routinely monitored in regard to diabetes and its complications across the State. By 1997, HbA1c was still not performed in over 40% of people with diabetes each year and only 11.6% of the diabetic population had undergone microalbuminuria estimation. Interestingly, the differences in levels of monitoring between rural and urban areas were surprisingly small. Monitoring of diabetes and its complications did improve in all parts of the State over the study period. However, the greatest improvement was seen in rural areas, despite rural patients having fewer attendances to general practitioners and fewer patients attending specialist care. In the face of finite resources and the rising prevalence of diabetes, an increasing number of patients will need to rely on general practitioners to provide diabetes care regardless of where they live. A 'shared care' approach which encourages and supports general practitioners to manage patients with diabetes, while giving them access to specialist services for those patients that require them, is increasingly being advocated as a way of maximising efficacy while minimising costs. Yet if health care professionals leave undone what they think is done by others, shared care can become neglected care. Chapter 4 reports a detailed audit of 200 randomly selected shared care patients who were assessed on two or more occasions. This study showed that the majority of specialist treatment recommendations are implemented by general practitioners. Doctors formally registered with the Diabetes Shared Care Programme and those who write longer referral letters were more likely to implement recommendations than their counterparts. Moreover, the average HbA1c and the complication profile of these patients were similar to those found in various studies around the world. This suggests that diabetes can be well managed by a shared care approach that is adequately integrated. To overcome the problem that data is lacking on those patients that did not return for specialist review, a further 200 shared care patients who were lost to follow up from the shared care system were traced. Information regarding whether treatment recommendations had been implemented was sought from both the referring doctor and the patient. Overall, information on 182 of the 200 patients could be obtained. As discussed in Chapter 5, comparison of the returned and non returned patients' demographic and clinical profiles at time of their initial specialist review showed that general practitioners differentiated between the 'more complicated' patients, choosing to re-refer those with macrovascular disease, while maintaining the care of 'less complicated' patients. Re-referral for specialist review was also dependent on the patient remaining under the care of their original doctor. Encouragingly, general practitioners seemed to take a more active role in the non-returned group. They included more details regarding type and duration of diabetes in the referral letters of patients who were not re-referred for specialist review. They also implemented more treatment recommendations in the non-returned group, with the difference in implementation rate for metabolic recommendations reaching statistical significance. This study also showed that movement of patients between doctors raises concern regarding continuity of care. The multi-factorial nature of diabetes means that best practice is not easily accommodated within a single appointment. Thus continuity of care becomes an important issue. To assess the current status, 479 consecutive patients referred to the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Diabetes Centre in a 6-month period were recruited and underwent a detailed clinical assessment. They were also questioned regarding the number of general practitioners they attended and the length of time they had been under the care of the referring doctor. The results outlined in Chapter 6 showed that the majority of people with diabetes (87.7%) attended only one general practitioner and had been under the care of that doctor medium to long term. Younger patients, who were relatively healthy apart from the presence of diabetes, were more likely to attend several general practitioners or have changed their general practitioner within the last year. This lack of continuity had little difference on acute outcomes such as glycaemic and blood pressure control. Appropriately, continuity of care increased with increasing age and the increasing prevalence of diabetes complications, mainly macrovascular disease. These studies indicate that further efforts are required to improve the overall standard of diabetes care within Australia. At present there is a heavy dependency on specialist services. As the population ages and the number of people with diabetes increases, much of this burden will fall on general practitioners, as is already evident in rural areas. When provided with appropriate support and infrastructure, general practitioners are able to maintain standards of care through referral of patients with more complex medical problems and by maintaining the degree of continuity appropriate to the patient's needs. However, the collection of relevant information to monitor future trends in diabetes services provision is important. As shown in this thesis, Medicare data represents an easy and cost effective method with which to do so.

abstract: With the number of internationally-run clinical drug trials increasing, the double standards between those in developed nations and those in developing nations are being scrutinized under the ethical microscope. Many argue that several pharmaceutical companies and researchers are exploiting developing nation participants. Two issues of concern are the use of a placebo control when an effective alternative treatment exists and the lack of drug availability to the country that hosted the clinical trial should the experimental drug prove effective. Though intuitively this seems like an instance of exploitation, philosophically, exploitation theories cannot adequately account for the wrongdoing in these cases. My project has two parts. First, after explaining why the theories of Alan Wertheimer, John Lawrence Hill, and Ruth Sample fail to explain the exploitation in clinical drug research, I provide an alternative account of exploitation that can explain why the double standard in clinical research is harmful. Rather than craft a single theory encompassing all instances of exploitation, I offer an account of a type, or subset, of exploitation that I refer to as comparative exploitation. The double standards in clinical research fall under the category of comparative exploitation. Furthermore, while many critics maintain that cases of comparative exploitation, including clinical research, are mutually beneficial, they are actually harmful to its victims. I explain the harm of comparative exploitation using Ben Bradley's counterfactual account of harm and Larry May's theory of sharing responsibility. The second part of my project focuses on the "standard of care" argument, which most defenders use to justify the double standard in clinical research. I elaborate on Ruth Macklin's position that advocates of the "standard of care" position make three faulty assumptions: placebo-controlled trials are the gold standard, the only relevant question responsive to the host country's health needs is "Is the experimental product being studied better than the 'nothing' now available to the population?", and the only way of obtaining affordable products is to test cheap alternatives to replace the expensive ones. In the end, I advocate moving towards a universalizing of standards in order to avoid exploitation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Philosophy 2013

Teleradiology has far-reaching implications for the health of remote and underserved populations. With coordination of radiographic evaluation and diagnosis from a distance, teleradiology has the potential to raise the standard of patient care throughout the world. Perhaps the safest and most cost-effective mode of teleradiology today is telesonography. The current research determined that telesonography improves the standard of care at a rural, government-run primary clinic within the Dominican Republic. The work reported herein is intended to compare the use of telesonography to the current standard of sonographic examination which is referral to government hospital 60km from the clinic. the following research questions were addressed: When compared to the standard of care, (1) To what extent does the use of asynchronous telesonography increase the percentage of received sonographic reports based on the total number of ultrasound referrals (sonographic reports / total number of referrals)? (2) To what extent does the use of asynchronous telesonography increase the rate of successful follow-up visits based on the total number of ultrasound referrals? (3) To what extent does the elapsed time between ultrasound referral and sonographic report delivery decrease with the use of asynchronous telesonography? (4) To what extent does the elapsed time between ultrasound referral and patient follow-up decrease with the use of asynchronous telesonography? Research methodology included randomly assigning 100 patients with clinical indications for sonographic examination into experimental and control groups during a 9-week implementation period. Findings from this study indicate that the implemented telesonography system, along with patient awareness of such a system, while not having an appreciable effect on the time to patient follow-up, provided a 4-fold increase in the proportion of patient follow-ups and a 6-fold increase in the proportion of returned radiological reports, and delivered those reports to the referring physician 6-times faster than in the control group. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing a store-and forward telesonography system within this setting. Additional research focusing on the impact of telesonography on patient outcomes within this setting is recommended. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Introdução: o presente estudo foi motivado a partir da reflexão e identificação, na prática assistencial, da dificuldade de acesso e adesão das gestantes dependentes de drogas aos serviços de saúde. Pretendeu-se responder à seguinte questão: como as gestantes dependentes de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas estão sendo cuidadas nos serviços de saúde de atenção ambulatorial? Objetivos: caracterizar os estudos selecionados com o foco na modalidade de intervenção e as estratégias de cuidados adotadas com relação às gestantes, e conceituar a produção do cuidado de gestantes dependentes de drogas, tendo como base os conceitos que emergiram dos trabalhos selecionados. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo de revisão do tipo Scoping Review. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de pesquisas nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, BEDENF, PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE e CINAHL, realizadas nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, a partir dos seguintes descritores controlados: pregnant, street drugs, standard of care, substance abuse treatment centers, susbtance-related disorders, mental health, womens health services ambulatory care. Os descritores não controlados foram: pregnancy [Mesh] OR pregnant women [Mesh], expectant mothers [Cinahl], Drugs OR Drug/Ilicit drugs, care, Treatment, Substance Abuse [Mesh], Mental Health Services [Mesh], Health Services [Mesh], Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation [Mesh], Multidisciplinary Care Team [Cinahl]. Utilizaram-se os mnemônicos PCC- População: gestantes dependentes de drogas; Conceito: produção do cuidado; Contexto: serviços de Saúde. Resultados: Identificaram-se 939 estudos relacionados ao tema. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, exclusão e avaliação dos artigos por juízes, foram selecionados nove estudos da base de dados PUBMED, publicados nos Estados Unidos da América. A totalidade dos estudos tratava de desenho do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado. O período de publicação foi de 2007 a 2015. As gestantes eram solteiras em sua maioria, de baixa renda e com idade entre 18 a 50 anos. A produção do conhecimento foi liderado pela Medicina (66,6%), coparticipação da Enfermagem (22,2%) e Nutrição (11,1%). As principais modalidades de intervenção foram em grupos, de ensaio clínico randomizado e monitoramento de âmbito individual. As principais ferramentas empregadas no acompanhamento desses grupos foram: entrevista motivacional aprimorada, intervenção breve, local de trabalho terapêutico e incentivos de contingência. Emergiram dos trabalhos selecionados os seguintes elementos que permitiram a formulação do conceito de produção do cuidado: cuidado relacional, vínculo, escuta e sensibilidade para abordagem sócio-histórico-cultural, gênero e tempo. Conclusão: a partir do presente estudo foi possível analisar os elementos emergentes e formular um conceito de produção do cuidados de gestantes dependentes de drogas. / Introduction: this study was motivated from the reflection and identification in the assistance practice, the difficulty of access and adherence of pregnant and dependent on drugs women to ambulatory care services. We intended to answer the following question: how are pregnant and dependent on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs women being cared in outpatient health services? Goals: to characterize the selected studies with the focus on the intervention modality and the strategies of care adopted to the pregnant women; to conceptualize the production of care for pregnant and dependent on drugs women, based on the emerging concepts of the selected work. Methodology: this is a review study of the type Scoping Review. The results were obtained from the LILACS, MEDLINE, BEDENF, PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE and CINAHL databases, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, from the following controlled descriptors: pregnant, street drugs, standard of care, substance abuse treatment centers, susbtance-related disorders, mental health, women\'s health services, ambulatory care. Results: 939 related studies were identified. After the application of inclusion criteria, exclusion and evaluation of articles by judges, nine studies of the PUBMED database, published in the United States of America, were selected. All of the studies involved a randomized clinical trial type design. The period of publication was from 2007 to 2015. The pregnant women were mostly single, low income and aged between 18 and 50 years old. The production of knowledge was led by Medicine (66.6%), participation of Nursing (22.2%) and Nutrition (11.1%). The main intervention modalities were made in groups, randomized clinical trial and individual monitoring. The main tools used to follow up these groups were: improved motivational interview, brief intervention, therapeutic work place and contingency incentives.The following elements emerged from the selected works that allowed the formulation of the concept of care production: relational care, bonding, listening sensitivity to socio-historical-cultural approach, gender and time. Conclusion: from the present study it was possible to analyze the emergent elements and formulate a concept of care production for pregnant women.

Psychological evaluations administered by forensic psychologist in personal injury cases are surrounded by complex issues. Although empirically-based research has legitimized that psychological damages do exist in personal injury cases there is a missing link in the way forensic psychologists are conducting these evaluations. Prior researchers suggested that some personal injury evaluations had been dismissed or overlooked due to a lack of a standard of care. Addressing the current literature, this study examined how a diverse group of 14 licensed forensic psychologists, operating in different judicial jurisdictions (Daubert, Frye, and Independent) were conducting personal injury evaluations and their perspectives on the implementation of a standard of care. A qualitative thematic analysis design was used to gain a more in-depth understanding of this phenomenon. Systems theory was the conceptual framework that informed this study and guided the methodology employed. The identified themes were organized into steps reflected in an adapted version cube model. The study promotes positive social change by fostering confidence in the field of psychology and personal injury evaluations with regard to bolstering the overall credibility, reliability, and validity of the practice and processes involved. Further, positive change can occur through the development of framework that assists in leveling the practice by keeping evaluations flexible, but consistent; basing the decision regarding implementing a standard of care on the utility of the framework, along with future findings and developments in the field.

Introdução: o presente estudo foi motivado a partir da reflexão e identificação, na prática assistencial, da dificuldade de acesso e adesão das gestantes dependentes de drogas aos serviços de saúde. Pretendeu-se responder à seguinte questão: como as gestantes dependentes de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas estão sendo cuidadas nos serviços de saúde de atenção ambulatorial? Objetivos: caracterizar os estudos selecionados com o foco na modalidade de intervenção e as estratégias de cuidados adotadas com relação às gestantes, e conceituar a produção do cuidado de gestantes dependentes de drogas, tendo como base os conceitos que emergiram dos trabalhos selecionados. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo de revisão do tipo Scoping Review. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de pesquisas nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, BEDENF, PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE e CINAHL, realizadas nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, a partir dos seguintes descritores controlados: pregnant, street drugs, standard of care, substance abuse treatment centers, susbtance-related disorders, mental health, womens health services ambulatory care. Os descritores não controlados foram: pregnancy [Mesh] OR pregnant women [Mesh], expectant mothers [Cinahl], Drugs OR Drug/Ilicit drugs, care, Treatment, Substance Abuse [Mesh], Mental Health Services [Mesh], Health Services [Mesh], Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation [Mesh], Multidisciplinary Care Team [Cinahl]. Utilizaram-se os mnemônicos PCC- População: gestantes dependentes de drogas; Conceito: produção do cuidado; Contexto: serviços de Saúde. Resultados: Identificaram-se 939 estudos relacionados ao tema. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, exclusão e avaliação dos artigos por juízes, foram selecionados nove estudos da base de dados PUBMED, publicados nos Estados Unidos da América. A totalidade dos estudos tratava de desenho do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado. O período de publicação foi de 2007 a 2015. As gestantes eram solteiras em sua maioria, de baixa renda e com idade entre 18 a 50 anos. A produção do conhecimento foi liderado pela Medicina (66,6%), coparticipação da Enfermagem (22,2%) e Nutrição (11,1%). As principais modalidades de intervenção foram em grupos, de ensaio clínico randomizado e monitoramento de âmbito individual. As principais ferramentas empregadas no acompanhamento desses grupos foram: entrevista motivacional aprimorada, intervenção breve, local de trabalho terapêutico e incentivos de contingência. Emergiram dos trabalhos selecionados os seguintes elementos que permitiram a formulação do conceito de produção do cuidado: cuidado relacional, vínculo, escuta e sensibilidade para abordagem sócio-histórico-cultural, gênero e tempo. Conclusão: a partir do presente estudo foi possível analisar os elementos emergentes e formular um conceito de produção do cuidados de gestantes dependentes de drogas. / Introduction: this study was motivated from the reflection and identification in the assistance practice, the difficulty of access and adherence of pregnant and dependent on drugs women to ambulatory care services. We intended to answer the following question: how are pregnant and dependent on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs women being cared in outpatient health services? Goals: to characterize the selected studies with the focus on the intervention modality and the strategies of care adopted to the pregnant women; to conceptualize the production of care for pregnant and dependent on drugs women, based on the emerging concepts of the selected work. Methodology: this is a review study of the type Scoping Review. The results were obtained from the LILACS, MEDLINE, BEDENF, PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE and CINAHL databases, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, from the following controlled descriptors: pregnant, street drugs, standard of care, substance abuse treatment centers, susbtance-related disorders, mental health, women\'s health services, ambulatory care. Results: 939 related studies were identified. After the application of inclusion criteria, exclusion and evaluation of articles by judges, nine studies of the PUBMED database, published in the United States of America, were selected. All of the studies involved a randomized clinical trial type design. The period of publication was from 2007 to 2015. The pregnant women were mostly single, low income and aged between 18 and 50 years old. The production of knowledge was led by Medicine (66.6%), participation of Nursing (22.2%) and Nutrition (11.1%). The main intervention modalities were made in groups, randomized clinical trial and individual monitoring. The main tools used to follow up these groups were: improved motivational interview, brief intervention, therapeutic work place and contingency incentives.The following elements emerged from the selected works that allowed the formulation of the concept of care production: relational care, bonding, listening sensitivity to socio-historical-cultural approach, gender and time. Conclusion: from the present study it was possible to analyze the emergent elements and formulate a concept of care production for pregnant women.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 marjoremarcedacostadurao.pdf: 2738553 bytes, checksum: e0f4e4d1fa78e87f2dadbfd8acf3d3c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-18 / Pesquisa delineada no Método Misto operacionalizada em cinco etapas: ambiência, dois estudos secionais e duas abordagens nas representações sociais (estrutural e processual). Objetivou: 1) Avaliar o processo de punção de vasos e trauma vascular periférico na coleta de amostra de sangue na perspectiva dos usuários de uma Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde; 2) Compreender as representações sociais elaboradas por usuários a respeito do processo de punção de vasos para coleta de amostra de sangue nas abordagens estrutural e processual e 3) Produzir tecnologia assistencial levedura a respeito da punção de vasos para coleta de amostras de sangue destinadas à realização de exames laboratoriais, com base em evidências locais de boas práticas de punção, e aplicáveis às Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Foi cenário da investigação uma Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde de um município de Minas Gerais. Participaram 417 usuários do SUS, sendo 50 na ambiência; 204 na etapa seccional um e nas abordagens das Teorias das Representações Sociais (59 na Processual e todos na Estrutural) e 163 na etapa seccional dois. Os referenciais teórico-filosóficos foram: Teoria das Representações Sociais, de Leininger e Processo de punção de vasos periféricos na perspectiva de uma atividade comunicacional de conteúdo reificado. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais, contendo questões abertas, semiabertas e fechadas a partir de instrumento previamente validado, com a técnica de evocações livres a partir de termo indutor. Utilizou-se aplicativo Open Data Kit (ODK) e perguntas guiadas por questões norteadoras. Variáveis quantitativas foram consolidadas em Programa SPSS24 e tratadas por estatística descritiva, conteúdos discursivos analisados no Programa NVivo11 Pro®. e evocações tratadas no Programa EVOC 2000. Foram atendidos requisitos éticos e legais de pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos. Peculiaridades do processo de coleta de amostra de sangue: ser rápido, rotineiro, realizado de forma mecanizada pelos profissionais técnicos de enfermagem e/ou acadêmicos de enfermagem. No cenário, ele ocorreu com as características de: relação profissional/usuário pouco acolhedora, centralizada no procedimento e na tecnicidade do mesmo, impessoal e sem a identificação das necessidades dos usuários. A incidência de trauma vascular periférico no dia da punção foi de 39,3% e de 28,2% dentro das 48h após a realização do procedimento. Duas categorias expressam a origem da construção coletiva dos usuários não puncionados sobre o processo de punção de vasos periféricos: 1) práxis reificadas de punção de veias em si e em outros e 2) práxis reificada de punção e a relação profissional-usuário. O procedimento de punção integra o senso comum dos participantes e é advindo de experiências prévias durante o contato de sua realização com familiares, (des)conhecidos ou vivências próprias. Identificaram-se na abordagem estrutural realizada com usuários não puncionados caráter negativo e ausência de um objeto como componente do núcleo central, retratando uma representação em construção, mesmo diante de procedimento rotineiro para os participantes. Desenvolveram-se Protocolos Assistenciais de orientações destinados aos usuários, profissionais e para avaliação do local de punção. A forma como ocorre o processo de punção de vasos para fins de coleta de sangue requer uma releitura para que se obtenha um cuidado individualizado e capaz de atender às singularidades de enfrentamento do processo de punção de vasos periféricos para fins de coleta de amostra de sangue. O papel do enfermeiro pode impactar a fidedignidade dos resultados laboratoriais e facilitar a atuação da equipe de enfermagem como terapeuta do processo, garantindo o empoderamento do usuário do SUS e a qualidade do cuidado que lhe é prestado no processo de coleta de amostra de sangue para fins laboratoriais. / Research outlined in the Mixed Method Operationalized in five phases: ambience, two sectional studies and two approaches in social representations (structural and procedural). Aimed: 1) To Evaluate the procedure of puncture of vessels and peripheral vascular trauma in the collection of blood samples from the perspective of the users of a Primary Health Care Unit; 2) To understand the social representations elaborated by users regarding the puncture process of blood sampling vessels in the structural and procedural approaches and 3) To produce light-hard assistive technology regarding the puncture of vessels for blood samples collection to perform laboratory tests, based on local evidence of good practices in the puncture process, and applicable to the Units of Primary Health Care. A Primary Health Care Unit of a municipality of Minas Gerais was a research scenario. 417 SUS users participated, 50 in the ambience; 204 in sectional step one and in the approaches of Theories of Social Representations (59 in Processual and all in Structural) and 163 in sectional step two. The theoretical-philosophical references were: Social Representations, Leininger Theories and Peripheral vessel puncture process from the perspective of a communicational activity of reified content. Individual interviews were conducted, containing open, semi-closed and closed questions from a previously validated instrument, with the technique of free evocations from the inducer term. We used the Open Data Kit (ODK) application and questions guided by guiding questions. Quantitative variables were consolidated in Program SPSS24 and treated by descriptive statistics, discursive contents analyzed in the NVivo11 Pro®. Program and evocations treated in the EVOC 2000 Program. Ethical and legal research requirements involving human beings. The specificities of the blood sample collection process were being fast, routine, performed in a mechanized way by nursing technicians professionals and / or nursing students. In the scenario, it occurred with the characteristics of: unfriendly professional / user relationship, centralized in the procedure and in the technicality of the same, impersonal and without the identification of the users' needs. The incidence of peripheral vascular trauma on the day of puncture was 39.3% and 28.2% within 48 hours after the procedure. Two categories express the origin of the collective construction of unpunctured users on the peripheral vessel puncture process: 1) Reified praxis of venipuncture in itself and the others and 2) Reified puncture praxis and the professional-user relationship. The puncture procedure integrates the common sense of the participants and is derived from previous experiences during the contact of their accomplishment with relatives, (un) Known or own experiences. It was identified in the structural approach performed with unpunctured users negative character and absence of an object as a component of the central nucleus, depicting a representation under construction, even before a routine procedure for the participants. Assistance protocols were developed for guidelines for users, professionals and for the evaluation of the puncture site. The way the puncture process of blood vessels takes place requires a re-reading so that individualized care can be obtained and able to meet the singularities of coping with the puncture process of peripheral vessels for the purpose of collecting blood samples. The role of the nurse can impact the reliability of the laboratory results and facilitate the nursing team's performance as a therapist of the process, guaranteeing the empowerment of the SUS user and the quality of the care provided to him in the blood sample collection process for laboratory tests.