This thesis investigates competition law, State aid law and free-movement law in their interaction with Article 11 TFEU’s obligation to integrate environmental protection requirements into all activities and policies of the Union. The Article is formulated in broad and sweeping terms which makes integrating environmental protection requirements complex and context-dependent. The challenge of integrating environmental considerations is further increased as such integration in competition, State aid and free- movement law is different from other areas of EU action. The three areas are the core provisions protecting the internal market by prohibiting certain actions of the Member States and undertakings. Unlike in other areas, the EU is therefore not in the position to develop or design the actions but has to scrutinise the measure according to pre-established parameters. To address this challenge, a novel functional approach to environmental integration is developed. The approach should facilitate a better understanding of environmental integration and in particular its application to competition law, State aid and free-movement law. An important element of this thesis equally the comparison between the three areas of law. It sheds light on conceptual issues that are not only relevant to the integration of environmental protection. The comparison advances the understanding in relation to questions such as how restrictions are defined and how the respective balancing tests are applied. The contribution of this research is therefore twofold. One the one hand, it compares how the different tests in competition, State aid and free-movement law operate, thereby offering opportunities for cross-fertilisation. On the other hand, this comparison and the improvements suggested as a result help to conceptualise environmental integration thereby paving the way for a more transparent and consistent integration of environmental protection in competition, State aid and free-movement law.

1 Abstract Block exemptions are very specific institute of competition law but although they have existed in European law for many decades, their application is not well-known in public. Certain activities in an economic competition were generally considered distorting the free competition and thus being undesirable so the EU institutions decided to prohibit them unless otherwise provided. The cartels and state aid generally bring imbalance and unfair conditions in the internal market, but there are certain circumstances which justify their usage and allowance in some cases. The actions, which are allowed due to their specific circumstances and under certain conditions, are provided in the form of so called block exemptions. Block exemptions are issued in two areas of competition law, agreements between undertakings and state aid. Agreements between undertakings, i.e. cartels, which affect the business in the internal market, are prohibited by Art. 101 (1) TFEU and the block exemptions determine the categories of cartels which can be allowed. On the other side, the state aid is only considered as incompatible with the internal market in Art. 107 (1) TFEU. According to Art. 108 (1, 3) TFEU, the Commission has to be notified by Member States about every state aid which is scheduled to be provided in advance...

The master thesis shows how important is the promotion of export for the economy of the Czech Republic in the present time of economic uncertainty and in front of such threats it now stands. I show in individual chapters of this study, that it is necessary to allow for availability of export credits for Czech exporters, because these may also help to achieve the objectives of the new Czech export strategy. Then I present methods of state aid, two Czech export agencies. And by using gravity model and subsequent analysis I show, that it is socially advantageous to support these agencie, since the positive impact of this support can also be expected as an increase in employment, GDP growth and increased income to the state budget through taxes. Furthermore, I introduce the leader to the threat posed to export financing in Europe by the regulatory requirements of the newly introduced Basel III banking regulation - not just capital requirements, but also the newly introduced leverage ratio. Econometric model empirically confirms the hypothesis, that Basel III will have a negative impact on the availability and price of export credits. On the contrary, according to the conclusions of this model I cannot assume that this regulation significantly influences the Czech export credit institutions.

Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’État. / With regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed.

The thesis is focused on loans for the financing of housing needs (mortgage loans, construction loans and consumer loans on the property). The work deals with the important parameters of each product. In particular, the definition of the purpose of financing, interest calculation, interest rate guarantees, collateral, repayment duration. Furthermore, the work focuses on state aid granted in these products, as well as credit risk, which is the issue of lending inextricably linked.

Lättnadsregeln i 11 kap. 15 § LSE ger möjlighet till avdrag för den el som förbrukats i datorhallar. Datorhallsdefintionen avgränsar skattelättnaden till att enbart gälla vissa datacenter enligt 1 kap. 14 § LSE. Skattelättnaderna innebär ett driftstöd, vilket regleras inom statsstödsreglerna. Generellt är statsstöd förbjudet, men Sverige har använt sig av gruppundantaget GBER för att kunna ge stöd till vissa datorhallar med motivationen att det faller in under GBER:s avsnitt för miljöskydd. Dagens utformning av stödmottagar-formuleringen enligt LSE kopplat till skattelättnadsregeln i 11 kap. 15 § LSE uppfyller inte syftet enligt förarbetena rörande skattelättnaderna för datorhallar. Enligt förarbetena framgår det tydligt att syftet är att även colocation-datorhallar är minst lika konkurrensutsatta och elintensiva som andra datorhallar, och därför bör anses lika berättigade till statsstöd som företagsspecifika datorhallar. I 1 kap. 11b § p. 4 framgår dock att stödmottagaren är elförbrukaren, vilket i colocation-sammanhang med största sannolikhet bör ses som colocation-företagens kunder, inte colocation-företagen själva. Detta skiljer sig gentemot de företagsspecifika datorhallarna, vilka förbrukar elen själva i de egna datorhallarna. SKV:s ställningstagande, vilket tolkar begreppet ”förbrukare av el” som ”den som äger utrustningen som elen förbrukas i”, får anses innebära en korrekt tolkning av lagen, så som den nu är utformad. Detta medför att det krävs en lagändring av vem som är stödmottagare i datorhallssammanhang för att syftena med förarbetet ska kunna uppnås. Omformuleringen kan lämpligen ske genom att begreppet stödmottagare, byts från ”förbrukaren av el” till något som tar sikte på själva datorhallen. I nuläget utgår statsstöd till sådana bolag, oavsett verksamhet, som hyr plats för sina servrar hos colocation-datorhallar som uppnår de tekniska kraven på bl.a. installerad effekt för att räknas som datorhall vars elförbrukning ger rätt till stöd. Det skulle möjligen kunna anses att ett så brett spann av stödmottagare inte stämmer överens med vad Sverige angett till kommissionen vid underrättelserna om statsstöd enligt GBER. Eftersom datorhallarna ger många fördelar för Sverige i form av exempelvis inkomster till statskassan och arbetstillfällen, så är det viktigt att Sverige upprätthåller konkurrenskraftiga förutsättningar för att attrahera fler datorhallsföretag. En del av att upprätthålla konkurrenskraften är att ha konkurrenskraftiga regler, däribland konkurrenskraftig prissättning på elen. Jag finner tre lösningar på stödmottagar-problematiken för colocation-företag. Antingen så får man ansöka om stöd istället för att använda sig av gruppundantaget, för att på så vis känna sig säkrare på att stödet blir korrekt utformat, eller separera colocation-regeln från LSE för att komma bort från stödmottagar-problematiken. Det tredje alternativet, vilket jag anser lättast, är att formulera ett tillägg i LSE, gällande vem som anses vara stödmottagare i datorhallssammanhang, exempelvis kopplat till vem som anses vara ägaren till infrastrukturen i datorhallarna. Finlands motsvarighet till vår lättnadsregel slipper uppdelningsproblematiken mellan företagsspecifika datorhallar och colocation-datorhallar, då de ser datorhallsföretagen som skattskyldiga, och då tillämpar en lägre skattesats för elen som datorhallarna förbrukar. LSE skiljer sig dock på flera sätt från den finska lagen. Detta gör att även om inspiration kan inhämtas kring hur fokus bör flyttas för stödmottagar-rollen i datorhallssammanhang till att inbegripa själva datorhallen snarare än elförbrukaren, så är det inte möjligt att kopiera den finska utformningen rakt av heller.

En matière économique, l'autorisation administrative est un instrument de contrôle du marché dont l'instauration et souvent l'allocation sont théoriquement décidées par l'État. Le recours au marché pour distribuer certaines autorisations administratives bouscule cette présentation. L'autorisation administrative devient l'objet même d'un marché tout en étant un outil censé le réguler. Une fois admise cette ambivalence, se pose la question de la pérennité du contrôle de l'État lorsque l'octroi des autorisations administratives qu'il prévoit repose sur le marché. Susceptible de mettre les bienfaits de ce mode d'allocation des ressources au service de la régulation de l'économie, cette évolution du régime de l'autorisation administrative peut en même temps exprimer la soumission à la loi du marché de la régulation étatique au moyen de l'autorisation administrative.L'objet de cette thèse est de démontrer que l'État n'a qu'une influence limitée sur l'allocation marchande des autorisations administratives à objet économique. Impuissant à empêcher la formation du marché en raison des considérations économiques et psychologiques qui président à sa construction, il l'encourage généralement de façon involontaire ou sous la contrainte. Avec l'Union européenne, les opérateurs économiques soumis à autorisation préalable sont les premiers artisans du marché. Une fois le marché construit, des leviers d'intervention permettent à l'État d'influencer les échanges d'autorisations administratives. En adoptant tour à tour les rôles d'offreur d'autorisations administratives, de demandeur et d'autorité régulatrice, il cumule les facultés de contrôle respectivement attachées à ces fonctions. La circonstance que ces compétences soient toutes partagées et pas nécessairement mises en œuvre atténue notablement ce constat. / In the economic sphere, administrative authorization is traditionally considered a tool used to control the market, with its creation and oftentimes, allocation being, in theory, the result of the State’s decision. Appealing to the market itself for the distribution some administrative authorizations shifts this paradigm. The administrative authorization becomes itself the subject of the market that it supposedly regulates. With this ambivalence having been underlined, the durability of the State’s control over administrative authorizations can be questioned when the market itself determines the authorizations’ distribution. While this evolution could benefit the process of economic regulation with the introduction of its resource distribution model, it could simultaneously reflect the submission of State regulation to the law of the market, through the use of the administrative authorization.

L’Union européenne conduit une ambitieuse politique de développement des énergies renouvelables, visant à porter à 20 % la part de ces dernières dans la consommation énergétique européenne à l’horizon 2020. A cet effet, le législateur européen sollicite des Etats membres qu’ils mettent en œuvre des soutiens nationaux à la production d’électricité renouvelable, susceptibles de relever du champ de l’interdiction des entraves et des aides d’Etat. Parallèlement, la politique de réalisation du marché intérieur de l’énergie impose aux Etats membres de libéraliser le secteur économique dans lequel s’inscrit l’électricité renouvelable. Par l’observation des règles du marché intérieur, la thèse évalue l’articulation entre ces objectifs visiblement contradictoires. Si la finalité environnementale qui sous-tend le développement de l’électricité renouvelable justifie une inflexion des règles du marché intérieur, elle favorise les cloisonnements nationaux et fait naître une concurrence normative entre les Etats membres. Chacun d’eux use de l’attractivité de son droit pour inciter les opérateurs économiques à exploiter des sources d’énergie nationales, indépendamment de leur répartition naturelle à l’échelle européenne. L’observation empirique de ce phénomène met en évidence les risques qu’il fait peser sur la cohérence globale de l’action de l’Union dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables. En prenant appui sur certaines évolutions du droit positif et de la pratique des acteurs privés sur le marché, la thèse évalue les hypothèses de renouvellement des mécanismes du marché afin qu’il devienne un instrument à part entière de promotion de l’électricité renouvelable dans l’Union européenne. / The European Union is pursuing an ambitious policy to develop renewable energy aimed at increasing its share to 20% in the European energy consumption by 2020. To that extent, the European legislator requests from all Member States that they implement national support for the production of renewable electricity, which may fall within the scope of the ban on restrictions and State aids. In parallel, the policy of achieving the internal energy market requires the Member States to liberate the economic sector in which renewable electricity is used. By observing the rules of the internal market, the thesis evaluates the articulation between these objectives that seem contradictory. While the environmental goal underlying the development of renewable electricity justifies an inflexion of the rules of the internal market, it promotes national separation and gives rise to normative competition between the Member States. Each of them uses the attractiveness of its own laws to persuade the economic operators to exploit national energy sources, independently of their natural distribution on a European scale. The empirical observation of this phenomenon highlights the risks it poses to the overall coherence of the European Union’s action in the field of renewable energies. By using some developments of the positive law and the practice of private actors in the market, the thesis evaluates the hypotheses to renew the market mechanisms so that the market becomes a full instrument for promoting renewable electricity in the European Union.

This diploma thesis deals with state aid and financing of transport infrastructure under the EU law. The main aim of the thesis is to answer the question, whether the financing of transport infrastructure is a state aid and if it so, would it be compatible with the internal market. Member States have to ask these questions while they are deciding whether they should use public funds for specific infrastructural project in transportation industry. The thesis is divided into two main parts. In the first part author is focused on airport transportation industry, which has been liberalized since early 90's of 20th century. Thanks to the market opening the completion came in and Commission started to control financing of airport infrastructures. Airports were no longer recognized as an infrastructural facilities and their operators were found as an undertaking in the sense of competition judicature. That is why the first chapter is dealing with the historical excursus of state aid law in the field of aviation infrastructure. The author describes the fundamental decisions of Commission and the Court of Justice of the European Union; a great focus is placed on analysis of the decision on the Leipzig- Halle case. In the third chapter of the first part, there is a deep analysis of the relevant documents...

This diploma thesis is focused on position of women on the labour market in the Czech Republic. By descriptive analysis of data relating to employment, unemployment, specific form of work and other indicators, character of Czech labour market is described. There is also a part devoted to State aid for parents with small children, facilities providing childcare and job opportunity for mothers on the labour market. The thesis also includes comparison of selected indicators, which describe situation on the labour market and family policy in chosen countries of western and northern Europe. Possibility to ensure work-life balance is considered to be the main aspect of this topic. The issue of women's position on the labour market is not examined only from gender point of view.