<p>In the autumn of 2007, the Swedish Chancellor of Justice rejected a claim for damages by an individual against the Swedish state on the grounds that the breach was not to be regarded as sufficiently serious. The claim for damages was based on the Swedish custom authority’s confiscation of alcoholic beverages imported to Sweden by individuals, an act that the ECJ had found contrary to Community law.</p><p>This study is evaluating the compatibility of the Chancellor of Justice´s decision with Community law. An analysis of the guidelines given by the ECJ concerning state liability in general, and the sufficiently serious criterion in particular, are also presented in order to make this evaluation. This analysis illustrates that there are some conditions which are crucial when a national court is to make the assessment whether a breach is considered sufficiently serious to warrant restitution to an individual. Most importantly, the clarity of the infringed Community provision and the margin of discretion awarded to the Member State when committing the breach are factors that, according to the ECJ, are decisive when making this assessment.</p><p>The Swedish Chancellor of Justice´s decision to deny the claim for damages is, when comparing it to the guidelines given by the ECJ, definitely questionable.</p>

In the autumn of 2007, the Swedish Chancellor of Justice rejected a claim for damages by an individual against the Swedish state on the grounds that the breach was not to be regarded as sufficiently serious. The claim for damages was based on the Swedish custom authority’s confiscation of alcoholic beverages imported to Sweden by individuals, an act that the ECJ had found contrary to Community law. This study is evaluating the compatibility of the Chancellor of Justice´s decision with Community law. An analysis of the guidelines given by the ECJ concerning state liability in general, and the sufficiently serious criterion in particular, are also presented in order to make this evaluation. This analysis illustrates that there are some conditions which are crucial when a national court is to make the assessment whether a breach is considered sufficiently serious to warrant restitution to an individual. Most importantly, the clarity of the infringed Community provision and the margin of discretion awarded to the Member State when committing the breach are factors that, according to the ECJ, are decisive when making this assessment. The Swedish Chancellor of Justice´s decision to deny the claim for damages is, when comparing it to the guidelines given by the ECJ, definitely questionable.

The protection of individual rights arising out of EC law,and the state liability for a breach of EC law entailing damages to such individuals, are the issues dealt with in the thesis. The thesis deals with the state liability doctrine as formulated by ECJ, identifies grounds for giving rise to remedies as a result of a breach of EC Law by a member state, examines the practice of ECJ and national courts in application of the state liability in the light of EC Law.

Cette étude analyse l'ensemble des limites à l'autonomie procédurale des États membres en matière de recours en indemnité ; la recherche est articulée en deux parties, avec une partie préliminaire, et une partie finale.La partie préliminaire est consacrée à l’analyse de la notion d'autonomie procédurale et du droit à l’indemnisation, et elle se compose de deux chapitres, chacun divisés en deux sections. Le premier chapitre est consacré aux limites générales que le droit de l’UE pose à la compétence étatique en matière de procédure, et il essaye de mettre en évidence les différences et les similitudes entre le droit international et droit de l’Union européenne. Le deuxième chapitre de la partie introductive, au contraire, a pour objet l’analyse du droit à indemnisation, et notamment on montre comment en vue d’assurer la protection effective et efficace de ce droit au niveau national, a progressivement été mis en place un processus de limitation de la souveraineté de l’État dans le domaine de la procédure ; ce chapitre essaye aussi de mettre en évidence les différences et les similitudes entre droit international et droit de l’Union européenne.La première partie, au lieu, est consacrée à la signification du qualificatif « statique » du recours en indemnité, car on prend en analyse les limites sur les règles de procédure qui régissent le régime juridique du droit à indemnisation et les conditions de mise en œuvre; elle se compose de deux titres, chacun divisés en deux chapitre, consacrés à l’analyse des limites substantielles et de procédure que le droit de l’UE pose à la compétence nationale à régler le recours en indemnité. Le premier titre de la première partie de cette recherche, dédiée aux limites substantielles, se compose de deux chapitres. Le première chapitre est consacré à la reconstruction des limites aux règles de procédure que représentent les conditions d’imputabilité de la violation à l’État ; en particulier, on prend en compte le grand nombre de cas qui ont donné lieu à des problèmes de cohérence entre les systèmes nationaux de procédure à cause d’une réglementation différente, et souvent contradictoire avec l’élément subjectif de la violation ; plus spécifiquement, on met en place une analyse de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice qui a donné lieu à la formation prétorienne de nouveaux dispositifs de procédure concernant la responsabilité non contractuelle de l’État-législateur, de l’État administrateur et de l’État-juge. Le deuxième chapitre du premier titre, quant à lui, est consacré aux limites des règles de procédure qui régissent les conditions de mise en œuvre de la responsabilité non contractuelle, c’est-à dire celles qui définissent l’élément objectif de la violation ; plus spécifiquement, on prend en analyse la jurisprudence qui concerne les conflits entre les normes de procédure nationales et les trois conditions qu’il faut réunir pour obtenir l’indemnisation, à savoir : que la règle du droit de l’Union violée ait pour objet de conférer des droits aux particuliers; que la violation de cette règle soit suffisamment caractérisée et qu’il existe un lien de causalité direct entre cette violation et le préjudice subi par les particuliers.[...] / This work analyses the limits that the principle of State liability for damages suffered by individuals because of breach of EU law poses to the procedural autonomy of the Member States of the EU; at the same time, the work provides a concept of procedural autonomy capable of showing its own constitutive limits. The research is divided into two parts, preceded by an introductory part.The introductory part of this work is dedicated to the general character of the limitations EU law poses to the State’s competence in matters of procedure/procedural matters. Specifically, it analyzes the process by which the Court of justice and national courts consider the incompatibility of national rules of procedure with the european law; in addition, it highlights the specific conjugation of these limits in the matter of compensation of damages.The first part of the research, instead, focuses on the specific limits that european law poses on the rules of procedure relating to the legal regime of the right to compensation and its operating conditions; in particular, this first part explores respectively the “substantive” and “procedural” limits that EU law poses to the State’s autonomy to regulate actions for damages for breaches of EU law. The substantial limits, which are the object of the first chapter of the first part of this work, concern the conditions of eligibility of liability and to the constitutive conditions of the right to compensation; in particular, these are the limits that the european law pose on national rules of procedure governing the subjective and objective elements of the breach of EU law. Firstly, I analyse the judgments of the Court of justice that gave rise to the formation of procedural provisions related to the eligibility of breaches of EU law by the State-legislator, the State-administrator and the State-judge. Secondly, I derive the set of procedural requirements that national courts have to apply for verifying the existence of a breach of EU law, and especially to verify the existence of the three conditions that have to be met for conferring right to reparation: the infringed rule has to be intended to confer rights on individuals; the breach has to be sufficiently serious; a direct causal link between the breach of the obligation resting on the state and the damage sustained by the injured parties has to be present. The procedural limits to the action for damages, to which the second chapter of the first part of this work is dedicated, refer to the concrete organization and characteristics of the judicial action. I explore here the requirements and common rules that have gradually replaced numerous internal procedure provisions. These are related in particular to the identification of the best forum and the powers ofjurisdiction, as well as to the different aspects of the trial and of its organization, with specific reference to areas affected by substantial EU law. This chapter, therefore, reconstructs the rules related to the identification of the competent jurisdiction and to the power that jurisdiction has to enjoy in order to protect and enforce the european law, focusing on the case of a Member State sued in front of a Court of another Member state; in addition I explore the organization strictu sensu of action of damages, I concentrate on class actions, on the classic theme of limitation periods and decadence and, moreover, on rules concerning evidences.[..]

A presente investigação visa a descrever as balizas constitucionais e legais da aferição da responsabilidade civil do Estado por formulações de política econômica. Para tanto, utilizando os métodos próprios do Direito Econômico, procurar-se-á extrair da vigente Constituição da República as principais diretrizes a serem seguidas pelo Estado brasileiro no campo econômico, a fim de esclarecer os limites de sua atuação e destacar quando uma política pode causar danos indenizáveis a particulares, seja por sua ilicitude, seja por demandar sacrifício especial de determinados sujeitos. Nesse contexto, as atuais concepções sobre o instituto da responsabilidade civil serão utilizadas para conformar a disciplina das pretensões reparatórias formuladas contra o Poder Público por atuar nessa seara. A partir de casos apresentados ao Poder Judiciário nacional, relativos aos últimos planos econômicos levados a cabo no período da redemocratização brasileira, buscar-se-á analisar a eficácia da tutela jurisdicional para frear abusos da política econômica, bem como a juridicidade de tais decisões. Por fim, à luz dos referidos casos e da doutrina nacional, serão propostos alguns indicadores para a análise da responsabilidade estatal por danos causados por suas políticas econômicas, sintetizados nos critérios da extraordinariedade da medida, da ilicitude ou do especial sacrifício individual, da decorrência direta da medida, e do prejuízo concreto e identificado. / The present research aims to define the constitutional and legal balances of civil responsibility of the State by formulations of economic policy. To do so, using the methods of Economic Law, it will be sought to extract from the current Federal Constitution the guidelines to be followed by the Brazilian State as a whole in the economic field, in order to clarify the limits of its performance and, from this, present the situations when a policy can cause damages to individuals, either for its illegality, or for demanding special sacrifice of certain individuals. The current views about the institute of liability are going to be used to conform the discipline of reparatory pretensions formulated against the State. Based on cases presented to the national courts, related to the latest economic plans carried out during the period of Brazilian redemocratization, an analysis the effectiveness of judicial protection to curb abuses of economic policy is going to be made. We will also going to analyze the legality of such decisions. At last, based on these cases and the national doctrine, some indicators will be proposed for the analysis of state responsibility for damages caused by its economic policies, synthesized in the criteria of extraordinariness of measure, unlawfulness or special individual sacrifice, direct consequence of the measure, and the actual and identified loss.

Plečiantis sritims, kuriose valstybė dalyvauja kaip privalomus vykdyti nurodymus duodantis subjektas, sudėtingėjant valstybės aparatui, daugėja atvejų, kai valstybė neužtikrina kvalifikuoto, efektyvaus valstybės pareigūnų darbo ir tai dažnai lemia žalos mažiau teisių santykyje su valstybe turinčiam asmeniui atsiradimą. Kita vertus, valstybei imantis reguliuoti vis daugiau visuomeninio gyvenimo sričių, auga visuomenės pasitikėjimas, kad situacija yra kontroliuojama valstybės institucijų. Tokiose srityse atsiradus žalos kyla pagrįstas visuomenės interesas ieškoti už ją atsakingo. Kadangi valstybė yra išskirtinis, nuolat egzistuojantis teisės subjektas, nukentėjusiajam palanku siekti visų nesėkmių finansinę naštą perkelti į valstybės biudžetą. Dėl to valstybės deliktinės atsakomybės ribos šiuolaikinėje teisinėje valstybėje stipriai plečiasi. Tačiau atlyginant valdžios institucijų sukeltą žalą yra perskirstomi tos pačios visuomenės, kurios dalimi yra nukentėjusysis, materialiniai resursai, todėl kyla klausimas, kiek valstybės atsakomybės plėtros tendencija atitinka pačių nukentėjusiųjų interesus. Disertacija siekiama išanalizuoti valstybės deliktinės atsakomybės raidos tendencijas Europos valstybėse ir JAV, įvertinti tradiciškai šioje srityje taikomos valstybės imuniteto doktrinos pagrįstumą šiuolaikinėje teisinėje valstybėje, valstybės atsakomybės galimybę ir būtinybę srityse, kurios tradiciškai laikytos už civilinės jurisdikcijos ribų, atskleisti plačių valstybės atsakomybės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / With the expansion of areas where the state participates as a subject having the right to give mandatory instructions, the state apparatus getting more and more complex, the number of cases when the state fails to ensure efficient, qualified work of the state officials is also increasing. On the other hand, when state takes over more and more areas of public life under its control, at the same time the trust from the society that the situation is controlled by the state institutions grows as well. When damage occurs in such areas a legitimate interest of the society to find the liable for it arises. Since the state is an exclusive subject of law – it does exist all the time – it is very convenient from the point of view of the victim to shift the financial burden of all failures onto the state budget. Therefore the limits of state liability are rapidly expanding in a contemporary state governed by the rule of law principle. Nevertheless, reparation of damage caused by public institutions determines re-distribution of material resources of the same society, a part of which the victim is. Therefore the question of how far the expansion of state liability limits corresponds to the interests even of the same plaintiffs arises. The purpose of the study is to analyze the development trends of the state liability in tort in European countries and the United States of America, to evaluate the justification of the state immunity doctrine in the modern legal state, traditionally... [to full text]

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas valstybės atsakomybės už žalą pažeidus ES teisę taikymas Lietuvos Respublikos teisinėje sistemoje. Lietuvai tapus Europos Sąjungos valstybe nare privatūs asmenys įgijo teisę kreiptis į nacionalinius teismus ir reikalauti iš Lietuvos valstybės žalos atlyginimo, kuri kilo pažeidus ES teisę. Kadangi asmens teisė į valstybės valdžios institucijų veiksmais ES teisės nuostatų pažeidimu sukeltos žalos atlyginimą priklauso nuo skirtingų nacionalinių teisinių sistemų, Lietuvos Respublika, kaip ir kitos ES valstybės narės turi pareigą užtikrinti, jog nacionalinės teisės normos atitiktų Teisingumo Teismo formuojamą praktiką. Todėl šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas – išanalizuoti Lietuvos teisėje įtvirtintą valstybės atsakomybės už žalą doktriną, siekiant nustatyti, ar nacionalinis teisinis reglamentavimas neriboja galimybės asmenims pasinaudoti teise į žalos atlyginimą ir yra suderinamas su ES teise. Darbe analizuojama valstybės atsakomybės už žalą pažeidus Lietuvos teisę doktrina, įtvirtinta Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso 6.271 ir 6.272 straipsniuose, nagrinėjamas nacionalinių nuostatų atitikimas ES teisės reikalavimams. Kadangi Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjas aiškiai nenumato įstatymų leidžiamosios bei galutinės instancijos teismų atsakomybės, tačiau Lietuvos Respublikos teismai suteikia galimybę asmenims kreiptis į teismą dėl patirtos žalos atlyginimo, tiriama ar toks reglamentavimas gali riboti asmens teisę į žalos atlyginimą. Asmens teisė į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master thesis examines the liability of the state for the damages caused as a result of a breach of the European Union legislation within the legal framework of the Republic of Lithuania. As Lithuania has become a full member of the European Union, private entities also have gained the right to apply to the national courts and request for indemnification of damages caused as a result of a breach of the EU law from the State of Lithuania. As the person’s right to indemnification of damages caused as a result of a breach of the EU legal rules by the actions of public authorities depends on different national judicial systems, the Republic of Lithuania, just like other member states of the EU, is obliged to ensure that the national legal rules were in compliance with the case-law established by the Court of Justice. Therefore, the present thesis aims at analysing the concept of the state liability for damages established in the law of Lithuania with a view to determining if the national legal regulation does not restrict the possibility for the persons to exercise the right to indemnification and is compatible with the EU law. The thesis analyses the concept of the liability of the state for damages in case of a breach of the Lithuanian law established in Articles 6.271 and 6.272 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, elaborates compliance of the national provisions with the EU legal requirements. As the Lithuanian lawmaker has not explicitly provided for the... [to full text]

A presente investigação visa a descrever as balizas constitucionais e legais da aferição da responsabilidade civil do Estado por formulações de política econômica. Para tanto, utilizando os métodos próprios do Direito Econômico, procurar-se-á extrair da vigente Constituição da República as principais diretrizes a serem seguidas pelo Estado brasileiro no campo econômico, a fim de esclarecer os limites de sua atuação e destacar quando uma política pode causar danos indenizáveis a particulares, seja por sua ilicitude, seja por demandar sacrifício especial de determinados sujeitos. Nesse contexto, as atuais concepções sobre o instituto da responsabilidade civil serão utilizadas para conformar a disciplina das pretensões reparatórias formuladas contra o Poder Público por atuar nessa seara. A partir de casos apresentados ao Poder Judiciário nacional, relativos aos últimos planos econômicos levados a cabo no período da redemocratização brasileira, buscar-se-á analisar a eficácia da tutela jurisdicional para frear abusos da política econômica, bem como a juridicidade de tais decisões. Por fim, à luz dos referidos casos e da doutrina nacional, serão propostos alguns indicadores para a análise da responsabilidade estatal por danos causados por suas políticas econômicas, sintetizados nos critérios da extraordinariedade da medida, da ilicitude ou do especial sacrifício individual, da decorrência direta da medida, e do prejuízo concreto e identificado. / The present research aims to define the constitutional and legal balances of civil responsibility of the State by formulations of economic policy. To do so, using the methods of Economic Law, it will be sought to extract from the current Federal Constitution the guidelines to be followed by the Brazilian State as a whole in the economic field, in order to clarify the limits of its performance and, from this, present the situations when a policy can cause damages to individuals, either for its illegality, or for demanding special sacrifice of certain individuals. The current views about the institute of liability are going to be used to conform the discipline of reparatory pretensions formulated against the State. Based on cases presented to the national courts, related to the latest economic plans carried out during the period of Brazilian redemocratization, an analysis the effectiveness of judicial protection to curb abuses of economic policy is going to be made. We will also going to analyze the legality of such decisions. At last, based on these cases and the national doctrine, some indicators will be proposed for the analysis of state responsibility for damages caused by its economic policies, synthesized in the criteria of extraordinariness of measure, unlawfulness or special individual sacrifice, direct consequence of the measure, and the actual and identified loss.

A presente investigação visa a descrever as balizas constitucionais e legais da aferição da responsabilidade civil do Estado por formulações de política econômica. Para tanto, utilizando os métodos próprios do Direito Econômico, procurar-se-á extrair da vigente Constituição da República as principais diretrizes a serem seguidas pelo Estado brasileiro no campo econômico, a fim de esclarecer os limites de sua atuação e destacar quando uma política pode causar danos indenizáveis a particulares, seja por sua ilicitude, seja por demandar sacrifício especial de determinados sujeitos. Nesse contexto, as atuais concepções sobre o instituto da responsabilidade civil serão utilizadas para conformar a disciplina das pretensões reparatórias formuladas contra o Poder Público por atuar nessa seara. A partir de casos apresentados ao Poder Judiciário nacional, relativos aos últimos planos econômicos levados a cabo no período da redemocratização brasileira, buscar-se-á analisar a eficácia da tutela jurisdicional para frear abusos da política econômica, bem como a juridicidade de tais decisões. Por fim, à luz dos referidos casos e da doutrina nacional, serão propostos alguns indicadores para a análise da responsabilidade estatal por danos causados por suas políticas econômicas, sintetizados nos critérios da extraordinariedade da medida, da ilicitude ou do especial sacrifício individual, da decorrência direta da medida, e do prejuízo concreto e identificado. / The present research aims to define the constitutional and legal balances of civil responsibility of the State by formulations of economic policy. To do so, using the methods of Economic Law, it will be sought to extract from the current Federal Constitution the guidelines to be followed by the Brazilian State as a whole in the economic field, in order to clarify the limits of its performance and, from this, present the situations when a policy can cause damages to individuals, either for its illegality, or for demanding special sacrifice of certain individuals. The current views about the institute of liability are going to be used to conform the discipline of reparatory pretensions formulated against the State. Based on cases presented to the national courts, related to the latest economic plans carried out during the period of Brazilian redemocratization, an analysis the effectiveness of judicial protection to curb abuses of economic policy is going to be made. We will also going to analyze the legality of such decisions. At last, based on these cases and the national doctrine, some indicators will be proposed for the analysis of state responsibility for damages caused by its economic policies, synthesized in the criteria of extraordinariness of measure, unlawfulness or special individual sacrifice, direct consequence of the measure, and the actual and identified loss.

The mass of space debris in orbit around the Earth is growing and will continue to grow due to more frequent launches of satellites and space debris colliding with other space debris. This could lead to a situation in the future where a part, or all, of the orbit becomes so crowded with space debris that it becomes impossible to launch satellites to that region. In the end, it could even become impossible to access outer space at all due to the high risk of collision when travelling through the orbit. The first aim of this thesis is to explore the international regulation regarding space debris and evaluate if the legal regime can successfully be used as a tool to deal with the growing issue of orbital debris. The second aim is to discuss and recommend some possible improvements to the international regulation of space, to promote the sustainability of the Earth orbit as well as legal certainty. It is concluded that the current legal regime is unequipped to handle the issue of space debris. This is because the space treaties are vague and do not impose strict boundaries on the actions of states, and sufficient international customary law has not been developed. To address this issue, several improvements to the regulation of outer space are proposed with the aim of removing the legal uncertainty and providing a flexible framework to address the complex issues space debris creates.