This thesis sets out to question many of the presently held views of the Addison Hoasing Act and to set" the Act in its true perspective. It is a~gued that the importance of the Great War on state intervention in housing has been greatly exaggerated. The need for such intervention had already been acknowledged by all political parties by 1914 as were the main principles upon which the 1919 Act was based. As for why so few houses were built during the Addison Act the great difficulties, previously overlooked, faced by local authorities in purchasing suitable building sites are shown. Also stressed are the delays that local authorities found in dealing with the administrative structure set up by the Ministry of Health to oversee the Act. Though implemented to safeguard the Treasury who were committed to foot an unknown bill it became one of the main reasons for the failure of the Addison Act to produce 'homes for heroes' quickly enough to satisfy public demand. The administrative structure is also blamed for the way in which council housing evolved as the instantly recognisable, sou~less estates of the interwar years copied on a grander scale after the Second World. War. The clash of interests generated within the local government/ central government partnership is also shown as a major factor in the delays that dogged building under the Act. The difficulties met by local authorities in finding adequate labour, building materials and finance, stressed by some historians, are re-assessed in the light of this clash. Local authorities are defended against criticism of the way they adapted to the role of bUilder and landlord. They are shown as carrying out a difficult task with vigour, professionalism and a growing sense of civic responsibility and commitment. This commitment is reflected in the little known role they played in the drafting of the following Chamberlain Housing Act. Finally the Addison Act is viewed as an example in the growth of a local government/central government partnership in social welfare provision that began in the mid 19th century.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Medicaid covers 21% of Americans which includes over 65 million children and adults, making it the largest single source of health insurance for Americans. As a public program jointly administered between the federal and state governments, states exhibit substantial control over the structure of their programs, with the intention of modifying programs to fit the needs of the state and population. Medicaid has experienced numerous changes at both the state and federal levels in recent years which have created novel ways of modifying their structures, many of which may have implications for administrative expenditures. As publicly funded programs and given the state autonomy over such, it is important to consider the relationships and effects of such decisions on the performance of these programs. The purpose of this dissertation is to consider numerous variations in state Medicaid programs and the state contexts in which they operate, and the relationship to administrative spending. This dissertation focuses on three studies including 1) a panel analysis of the trends and correlates of state Medicaid administrative expenditures, 2) a quasi-experimental study of the effects of Medicaid expansion on administrative expenditures, and finally 3) a quasi-experimental study of the effects of the use of Express Lane Eligibility on administrative expenditures. Overall, this dissertation provides a better understanding of the variations, correlates, and drivers of Medicaid administrative expenditures.

The thesis examines the role of the state in the agriculture sector with particular emphasis on policy formation and it's effects on rural Wales. Sociological theories of the state are examined and an 'institutional' approach is adopted which focusses attention on the institutional actors in the policy process. Policy is made by these actors albeit under certain external constraints. A brief analysis of state intervention in the UK is provided. This is treated historically and traces the-changing pattern of state involvement in the industry. Likewise, the UK policy process is briefly examined and the main institutional actors are identified. At the Welsh level, the effects of state intervention on the structure of Welsh agriculture are documented. This is also treated historically. Attention is then directed to the Welsh institutional actors and their role in the agricultural policy process. In particular, the role of the Farmers' Unions is examined, looking closely at their relationships with state agencies. The activities of non-agricultural state agencies operating in rural Wales are also examined. The question is asked whether the traditional dominance of agricultural policy in the Welsh rural areas is about to come to an end. While some evidence is put forward to support this, the situation is by no means clear and no definitive answer can be provided. In conclusion, it is argued that the effects of past agricultural policies on the communities of rural Wales have been extremely damaging, and some reorientation of policy is clearly needed. However, the institutional. analysis indicates that such a reorientation will be extremely difficult to achieve.

No description available.

Influences on Foster Care Reentry Rate looked at demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in each state within the United States. Those characteristics were then studied to see how they related to foster care reentry rates. Then, a case study analysis was conducted on three states, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Tennessee, because of their similarity in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and divergence in foster care reentry rates. The case analysis was an in depth pursuit of differences in each of the state's policies that may be a driving force of higher reentry rates.

Since the 1990s rates of prescription drug abuse and overdose have skyrocketed to unprecedented levels. As a result states have enacted and implemented new drug control policies in hopes of slowing and reversing this health epidemic. The goals of this study were to (a) determine the impact these state-based drug control policies have on prescription drug abuse and overdose and (b) deduce what leads some states to pass stricter policies than others. Results indicated that the prevalence of prescription drug overdose in 2008 largely impacted the future strength of a state’s drug control policy. States with higher rates of drug overdose and abuse in earlier years tended to develop tougher policy by 2013. In addition, states’ Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) were found to be strongly related to the growth rate of prescription drug abuse in states. While not significantly differing from national trends at first, after about five years of PDMP operation, states began to see a slow or decrease in their rates of prescription drug abuse. Though much more can be done to combat prescription drug abuse and overdose, PDMPs that provide unsolicited reports to users and are accessible to law enforcement and are an effective step to begin to curb the problem.

Bees (Anthophila) are experiencing global decline as part of what is being called the Anthropocene extinction. In addition to the drivers of this event, such as climate change, bees are experiencing synergistic challenges from pesticides, poor nutrition, pathogens, and parasites. Bees play a crucial role in our world because they help to pollinate flowers, allowing plants in both agricultural and ecological settings to reproduce, and our reliance on them is projected to increase, even as their numbers decline. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify and understand how the behavior of bees, and human behavior towards bees, function under settings of imperfect information, where we act as boundedly rational actors. Therefore, in our studies, we focus on the impacts of changing landscapes on bees – whether those are environmental or political. In our investigations, we utilized bees, measuring their behaviors and community health, in multiple contexts to evaluate the interface of the human - bee world. In Chapter 2, we investigated the impact of human land use changes on honey bee foraging dynamics. We decoded, mapped, and analyzed the waggle dances of hives in Blacksburg, Virginia before (2018-19) and after (2022) the conversion of some of their prime habitat through construction. We found that bees increased their foraging nearly four-fold on the microhabitat which were untouched by the construction, but they are forced to nearly double their average foraging distance (0.69 to 1.28km) after the land development. In Chapter 3, we deployed dancing honey bees as potential predictors for native bee abundance and diversity. We used an existing dataset of decoded honey bee waggle dances (n = 11,050 from 2018-2019) to map three Virginian locations (Blacksburg, Winchester, and Suffolk) and the places preferred and avoided by bees within. Then we sampled (2021-2022) at 10 sites within each location using hand nets, bee bowls, and blue vane traps to determine the relationship between honey bee predicted landscapes and native bee abundance and diversity. We found a parabolic relationship between honey bee foraging and native bee abundance (p < 0.001), a relationship that remains robust when we stratify our capture by family (Apidae and non-Apidae) or sociality (solitary and social). In Chapter 4, we quantified bee community health metrics (abundance, richness, and diversity) in soybean plots in Columbia, Missouri, which were either treated with grower standard pyrethroid spray or attract-and-kill insecticidal netting treatments for the control of Japanese Beetle. These bee community health metrics were based on 1473 captured bees. We found a significant decrease in bee abundance in attract-and kill-plots compared to grower standard plots for all application periods (p < 0.002), a trend driven solely by the most common species, Melissodes bimaculatus. In Chapter 5, we directly examined human behavior concerning bees by analyzing the location, policy subsystem, and partisan control in which recent state level bee statutes were passed in the United States, following the 2022 midterm elections. We report on a robustly significant relationship between partisan control over states and the category of bee legislation enacted (p = 0.004). Our spatial analysis revealed a contiguous bloc of central states, along the Mississippi-Missouri Rivers, which did not enact bee legislation. We speculate this may be because soybean, a self-pollinating crop, is one of their largest agricultural exports. Finally, we conclude this thesis with a brief discussion of how these chapters have advanced our understanding of how bees react to human modified landscapes, and how human assumptions about bees shape our behaviors, from the level of individual farms to entire regions of the country. / Doctor of Philosophy / Insects, and thus bees, are experiencing widespread population decline. In addition to the global factors like climate change, bees face increased pressure from pesticides, poor nutrition, pathogens, and parasites. Bees play a crucial role in our world because they help to pollinate flowers, allowing plants in both farms and our backyards to reproduce. Our reliance on bees is set to increase, even as their numbers continue to decline. As we continue to lose time and press into unchartered territory, there is a critical need to identify and understand how the behavior of bees, and human behavior towards bees, functions under settings of imperfect information. Therefore, in our studies, we focus on the impacts of changing landscapes on bees – whether those are environmental or political. In our investigations, we measure their behaviors and community health of bees in multiple ways to explore their interactions with people. In Chapter 2, we investigated the impact of land use changes on honey bee food gathering behavior. We mapped and analyzed where bees went to feed in Blacksburg, Virginia before (2018-19) and after (2022) construction appeared in their habitat. We found that bees feed nearly four times as much on what little habitat remained, but the bees are also forced to nearly double the distance flown per foraging flight, after construction removed habitat. In Chapter 3, we used honey bee communication as potential predictors for native bee community health. We used an existing dataset of information on where bees went to gather food from 2018-2019 to map three Virginian locations (Blacksburg, Winchester, and Suffolk) and the places preferred and avoided by bees within. Then we sampled (2021-2022) at 10 sites within each location using hand nets, bee bowls, and blue vane traps to determine the relationship between where honey bees gathered resources, and the number of native bee individuals and species found. We found honey bee foraging predicted for the numbers of native bees found, a relationship which stayed strong regardless of how closely native bees were related to honey bees, and whether they lived in hives or not. In Chapter 4, we measured bee community health in soybean plots in Columbia, Missouri, which either used pesticide spray or chemically treated netting treatments to control Japanese Beetle. We found the number of native bees decreased in plots that used the netting, before during and after the other plots were sprayed with pesticides. This trend was driven by the most common bee, Melissodes bimaculatus. In Chapter 5, we explored human behavior on bees by analyzing the location, content, and political party control in which state level bee laws were passed in the U.S., following the 2022 midterm elections. We report that party control over states has a large influence on the type of bee laws enacted. When we mapped the states that passed bee laws, we saw a group of central states along the Mississippi-Missouri Rivers did not pass any. This may be because soybean, a crop that doesn't need bees to pollinate, is one of their largest agricultural exports. Finally, we conclude this thesis with a brief discussion of how these chapters have advanced our understanding of how bees react to human modified landscapes, and how human assumptions about bees shape our behaviors, from the level of individual farms to entire regions of the country.

Retail clinics are walk-in clinics designed for convenience and for servicing minor health issues and certain acute conditions. The model began as a way of bringing both convenience and care to areas that have lower levels of access to primary care resources. With the implementation of Affordable Care Act (ACA) in March 2010, populations that were previously uninsured were now required to have access to some level of health insurance. These populations presented a potential new market for retail clinics. This research shows that post implementation of the ACA, retail clinics tend to locate in areas with higher incomes and, generally, greater access to primary care.

A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o impacto dos direitos da propriedade intelectual no desenvolvimento do capitalismo e na construção de um espaço mundial desigual. O trabalho procura demonstrar que os direitos de propriedade intelectual, embora entendidos na seara jurídica como uma formulação natural para a proteção de uma criação do gênio humano, são resultados, na configuração moderna, de uma política deliberada das nações do centro do sistema capitalista e de seus grandes grupos monopolistas transnacionais. Esses direitos visam, na realidade, a manutenção da riqueza e a acumulação do capital através da cobrança de royalties no centro do sistema, gerando, em consequência, uma divisão internacional do trabalho desigual com graves repercussões espaciais. Com base na análise em perspectiva histórica dos países atualmente desenvolvidos, e na análise crítica das legislações internacionais, procura-se demonstrar que para um país progredir, tecnológica e economicamente, se faz necessária a implantação de uma política econômica que contenha o enfrentamento a esses direitos, para conseguir adquirir o conhecimento gerado no centro do sistema, copiando-os e reproduzindo-os com inovação. / The present paper focuses on the impact of intellectual property rights on the development of capitalism and on the construction of an uneven and different space. We search to demonstrate that intellectual property rights, although regarded almost as natural rights, designed to protect the creation of a genius mind, are, on its modern format, the results of public policies of the rich nations and its monopolist groups. These rights aim, in fact, to favor the developed nations, by aiding the maintenance of their wealth within their circles and by helping the accumulation of capital through royalties charging, generating, as a consequence, a more and more unequal world. This paper attempts to demonstrate that technological and economic development can only be achieved through an economic policy that includes the affronting of intellectual property regulation.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1979. / Title from title page screen, viewed Feb. 2, 2005. Dissertation Committee: J.H. McGrath (chair), Ben C. Hubbard, Mary K. Huser, Clinton R. Bunke, Larry Kennedy. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-117) and abstract. Also available in print.