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В работе отражены сущность социальной защиты инвалидов, особенности государственной политики в области социальной защиты инвалидов в Российской Федерации, обозначены правовые основы государственной политики в области социальной защиты инвалидов. Проведены анализ деятельности органов государственной власти, занимающихся социальной защитой инвалидов в Свердловской области, и исследование процесса реализации государственной политики социальной защиты инвалидов в Свердловской области, на основе которых определены основные факторы, препятствующие эффективной реализации государственной политики в области социальной защиты инвалидов в Свердловской области. Для совершенствования реализации государственной политики в области социальной защиты инвалидов в Свердловской области был разработан проект и обозначены проблемы, связанные с реализацией государственной политики в области социальной защиты инвалидов в Свердловской области, и рекомендации по их устранению. / The paper reflects the essence of social protection of disabled people, features of state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people the Russian Federation, outlines the legal foundations of state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people. The analysis of the activities of public authorities involved in social protection of disabled people in the Sverdlovsk region and a study of the implementation of the state policy of social protection of disabled people in the Sverdlovsk region, on the basis of which the main factors hindering the effective implementation of the state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people in the Sverdlovsk region are identified. To improve the implementation of the state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people in the Sverdlovsk region, a project was developed and problems related to the implementation of the state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people in the Sverdlovsk region were identified, and recommendations for their elimination.

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Ce travail contribue au champ d’études sur l’adoption de politique publique des États américains en étudiant quantitativement leurs réactions à l’enjeu du réchauffement climatique. Suivant l’approche des déterminants internes, des facteurs économiques, politiques et environnementaux sont utilisés pour expliquer la densité réglementaire étatique limitant la production de gaz à effet de serre. La variable dépendante constitue la principale contribution de ce travail puisqu’elle incarne une revue exhaustive des options législatives adoptées par les États américains et les regroupe en six catégories. Les déterminants internes identifiés permettent d’expliquer pourquoi certains États sont des instigateurs ou des retardataires dans le dossier du réchauffement climatique. Les principaux facteurs explicatifs sont la présence d’une population idéologiquement libérale et de groupes d’intérêts environnementaux forts. / This paper contributes to the state policy adoption literature by studding the legislative response of the American states to global warming. We quantitatively test hypotheses drawn from internal determinants models of policy adoption to explain why some states are leaders and other laggards in climate change. Our dependent variable is a grouping of all the important types of measures adopted by states to limit the production of greenhouse gases in six categories. To explain the number of measures adopted by each state, we include in our model economic, political and geographic variables that have an impact on the adoption of climate change policies. The results show that the strongest explanatory factors are the presence of an ideologically liberal population and of strong environmental interest groups.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAURA MARIA DARQUES FERREIRA.pdf: 995605 bytes, checksum: 255cdf3519595a632f5bc36895664967 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-13 / In the present study we advocate that the Bolsa Família Program must be understood as a state policy, as it is a public policy essential to the efficacy of social rights. In being a state policy of Social Rights the Bolsa Família Program is implicitly constitutionalized, or the Constitutionalists advocates, integrates the material constitution . Social rights acquired constitutional status with the 1988 Constitution, and their positive nature, require public policies to effect them. / Na presente pesquisa, defende-se que o Programa Bolsa Família deve ser entendido como uma política de Estado, visto ser uma política pública assistencial imprescindível à efetivação dos direitos sociais. Como política de governo, transforma-se em instrumento de direcionamento de votos, estigmatização de indivíduos e enfraquecimento da democracia (revitalização do voto de cabresto). Por ser uma política de Estado efetivadora de direitos sociais, entende-se que o Programa Bolsa Família está, implicitamente,constitucionalizado; ou, como afirmam os constitucionalistas, integra a chamada constituição material. Os direitos sociais adquiriram status constitucional devido à Constituição de 1988 e, por ostentarem natureza prestacional, impõem que as políticas públicas que lhes efetivem também possuam essa guarida constitucional.

In the Western world, and specifically in New Zealand, a major impetus for retraining has arisen quite recently and gone largely unnoticed. The new social phenomenon, retraining in the sense of education for occupational change, is examined in this study. Alongside the three traditionally recognised groups of adult learners: those learning for leisure; second chance learners who have been previously educationally disadvantaged; and upskillers who seek to enhance their existing credentials through further tertiary education; is a fourth; the reskillers, those who are seeking education for occupational change. Women are shown to be pioneers in leading social change in this area of retraining. The key questions investigated in this thesis concern the existence of this new phenomenon in New Zealand; whether it is national or worldwide; and whether its origins are local or international. Whether there are distinctive characteristics to the manifestation of this phenomenon in New Zealand is investigated by examining current policy and practice. Additional questions concern whether there are feature of New Zealand employment or education which make upskilling and reskilling more or less likely in this country; the significance of women being the first to take up education for occupational change and what can be learnt from comparison with other countries specifically the Netherlands and England. Education takes place within a set of intersecting socio-political contexts. In the modern world these are simultaneously international, national, local and institutional. They impact on participants in a course of study yet are not often manifest to the individual. 'Learning for life’ is a significant area of both international and national socio-political concern, manifesting itself in a significant set of public discourses and in social phenomena which, as in this case of education for occupational change, are little researched or understood. The historical evolution of public policy relating to adult learners, internationally, and in New Zealand, is documented, with a particular focus on the period from the 1960s onwards. The major theoretical and ideological constructs are outlined and critiqued particularly with reference to public policy in New Zealand. Analysis shows an inexorable shift over time away from knowledge and skills attained through praxis, to knowledge and skills attained through formal institutionalised learning. At the same time as this change was taking place, participation rates in first secondary, and then tertiary, education rose. Concurrently more and more women entered tertiary education in order to make their way into an increasingly credentialised workforce. It is suggested that, credentials are used for screening purposes in addition to providing individuals with knowledge and skills needed for the occupations they enter. Case studies are used to illustrate and document these changes. Policies relating to learning for life are examined with reference to three different countries: New Zealand, England and the Netherlands. Provision of tertiary education for adults is investigated, and then illustrated through the coverage provided by institutions in three cities, Christchurch, Leicester and Utrecht. These studies show that different countries are subject to international geo-political and ideological forces but respond to them in locally and historically determined ways. The case study/qualitative analysis of the Christchurch Polytechnic’s Next Step Centre for Women and the New Outlook for Women courses illustrates the ways in which the twists and turns of public policy in New Zealand over thirty years have affected women wishing to seek education for occupational change. A quantitative study of mature students and their motivations for returning to study at the Christchurch Polytechnic allows for the impact of public policy and institutional provision on a group of mature individuals to be assessed. The study concludes that education for occupational change appears to be more advanced in New Zealand than in the European countries chosen for comparison. This may result more from individual initiative and the conditions which promote this, than from state policy direction or institutional provision. Policy consequences are proposed on the basis of these findings.

Ce travail contribue au champ d’études sur l’adoption de politique publique des États américains en étudiant quantitativement leurs réactions à l’enjeu du réchauffement climatique. Suivant l’approche des déterminants internes, des facteurs économiques, politiques et environnementaux sont utilisés pour expliquer la densité réglementaire étatique limitant la production de gaz à effet de serre. La variable dépendante constitue la principale contribution de ce travail puisqu’elle incarne une revue exhaustive des options législatives adoptées par les États américains et les regroupe en six catégories. Les déterminants internes identifiés permettent d’expliquer pourquoi certains États sont des instigateurs ou des retardataires dans le dossier du réchauffement climatique. Les principaux facteurs explicatifs sont la présence d’une population idéologiquement libérale et de groupes d’intérêts environnementaux forts. / This paper contributes to the state policy adoption literature by studding the legislative response of the American states to global warming. We quantitatively test hypotheses drawn from internal determinants models of policy adoption to explain why some states are leaders and other laggards in climate change. Our dependent variable is a grouping of all the important types of measures adopted by states to limit the production of greenhouse gases in six categories. To explain the number of measures adopted by each state, we include in our model economic, political and geographic variables that have an impact on the adoption of climate change policies. The results show that the strongest explanatory factors are the presence of an ideologically liberal population and of strong environmental interest groups.

Claims related to the environment increasingly permeate the domain of human and fundamental rights. It is widely accepted that a direct functional relationship exists between the pursuit of environmental aims generally, and the protection of environmental rights. By and large, this relation compelled 'the environment' to have become a prominent contemporary focus point in legal thought, discourse and adjudication. Since local government operates closer to citizens than any other level of government, it is obvious that it may be expected of it to also play an important role in the management and regulation of matters that affect the environment. In the main, this study questions the extent to which the South African legal framework facilitates local government progress in the decentralised fulfilment of the section 24 environmental right in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Firstly, this thesis provides a theoretical literature review of a number of approaches to, categories of and different perspectives on environmental rights in general. As part of this review a number of generic elements is identified for the fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions, generally. The literature review attends also to the notions of local environmental governance and 'local politics of pollution', amongst other concepts related to local government. Secondly, this thesis (by employing the comparative research method and by using the generic elements for fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions as benchmarks) critically considers the Constitution or Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949 (Grundgesety and relevant developments in Germany with reference to the European context and a local government case study on the municipality of Heidelberg. It considers also the Constitution of Namibia of 1990 and relevant developments in Namibia with reference to the African and Southern African contexts and a case study on the Walvis Bay municipality. The South African position is subsequently analysed, first with a focus on section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, environmental law and related developments, then shifting the focus to the constitutional provisions on local government, local government law, related developments and the case of the Drakenstein Local Municipality. Thirdly, based on the lessons learned from and lacunae identified in all three of the countries considered, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context. / Thesis (LL.D.) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Claims related to the environment increasingly permeate the domain of human and fundamental rights. It is widely accepted that a direct functional relationship exists between the pursuit of environmental aims generally, and the protection of environmental rights. By and large, this relation compelled 'the environment' to have become a prominent contemporary focus point in legal thought, discourse and adjudication. Since local government operates closer to citizens than any other level of government, it is obvious that it may be expected of it to also play an important role in the management and regulation of matters that affect the environment. In the main, this study questions the extent to which the South African legal framework facilitates local government progress in the decentralised fulfilment of the section 24 environmental right in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Firstly, this thesis provides a theoretical literature review of a number of approaches to, categories of and different perspectives on environmental rights in general. As part of this review a number of generic elements is identified for the fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions, generally. The literature review attends also to the notions of local environmental governance and 'local politics of pollution', amongst other concepts related to local government. Secondly, this thesis (by employing the comparative research method and by using the generic elements for fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions as benchmarks) critically considers the Constitution or Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949 (Grundgesety and relevant developments in Germany with reference to the European context and a local government case study on the municipality of Heidelberg. It considers also the Constitution of Namibia of 1990 and relevant developments in Namibia with reference to the African and Southern African contexts and a case study on the Walvis Bay municipality. The South African position is subsequently analysed, first with a focus on section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, environmental law and related developments, then shifting the focus to the constitutional provisions on local government, local government law, related developments and the case of the Drakenstein Local Municipality. Thirdly, based on the lessons learned from and lacunae identified in all three of the countries considered, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context. / Thesis (LL.D.) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Trata-se de estudo sobre a política de criminalização imposta aos jovens residentes das comunidades carentes do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Pretende-se identificar as visões antagônicas sobre essa questão e as discussões sobre o aumento do uso de drogas, associado à criminalidade e ao interesse de amplos setores da sociedade no combate a esse consumo e ao tráfico. Destacam-se os motivos que pressionam o Estado a construir uma política de combate às drogas, assim como a economia da droga influenciando e determinando os rumos de uma mentalidade que persegue uma eficácia questionável de consumo zero de drogas nas sociedades. Para melhor entendimento dessa questão, pretende-se examinar a influência da política norte-americana antidrogas numa economia globalizada. A análise está fundamentada nos estudos teóricos sobre economia das drogas, redução de danos e na legislação brasileira. Também foram consideradas as fontes orais, extraídas de discursos de parlamentares e especialistas em criminalização de comportamentos transgressores sociais. Os relatos, retirados de periódicos, discursos e entrevistas, receberam a forma de texto-relato, seguindo os métodos utilizados pelas Ciências Sociais. / This is a study on the criminalization politics imposed on young residents of poor communities in the State of Rio de Janeiro. It is intended to identify the opposing views on this issue and discussions on the increasing use of drugs, the associated crime and the interest of broad sectors of society in combating this trafficking and consumption. Noteworthy are the reasons that push the state to build a policy to combat drugs, and the drug economy influencing and determining the direction of a mindset that pursues a questionable efficacy of zero consumption of drugs in society. To better understand this issue, we intend to examine the influence of U.S. antidrug policy in a globalized economy. The analysis is based on theoretical studies on economics of drugs, harm reduction and Brazilian law. Also considered were oral sources, taken from speeches of parliamentarians and experts on criminalization of offensive social behavior. The reports, drawn from journals, speeches and interviews, given the form of text-report, following the methods used by the Social Sciences.