SALES, Francisco Sharle de. Programa bolsa família: Dimensão e efeito sobre a pobreza na região nordeste do Brasil. 2010. 85 f.: Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Mestrado Acadêmico em Economia Rural (MAER). Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Fortaleza-CE. 2010 / Submitted by Francisco Helder Macêdo Rangel (fhelder@ufc.br) on 2014-09-29T14:20:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fssales.pdf: 437573 bytes, checksum: 9f4e6658fd77ac28408d34f2e84ecd58 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Margareth Mesquita(margaret@ufc.br) on 2014-10-02T13:55:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fssales.pdf: 437573 bytes, checksum: 9f4e6658fd77ac28408d34f2e84ecd58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-02T13:55:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fssales.pdf: 437573 bytes, checksum: 9f4e6658fd77ac28408d34f2e84ecd58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The Northeast region is known for being one of the regions that more has poor and miserable people in Brazil. This way, this region is also one that most needs public social policies to combat poverty and misery in this country. Within this context, emerged the importance of a stydy of the Bolsa-Família Program (PBF), transference of income program from the Federal Government to that region. Specifically referring to the study of the PBF in this work, it looked for to highlight the real dimension of the PBF in the Northeast and the effect on poverty and misery that this program has brouoght to that region. That is, the study aimed to determine and analyze the size of the Bolsa Família and its effect on poverty / extreme poverty in Brazilian Northeast. For this purpose, they were utilized the tabular and graphical analysis and argumentative descriptive analysis, indicators were also used to show the way of calculating the targeting indicators (coverage and under-coverage) of the PBF and the indicators of poverty and misery found on the websites of the institutions surveyed. The results showed that, being a region with many social inequalities, the Northeast region of Brazil is one that most receive benefits from PBF since the beginning of this, justifying, thus, the program. Concerning the effect of the PBF on poverty and extreme poverty in the Northeast, it was observed, with few exceptions, that there were reductions in the number of poor and indigent people in rural and urban areas. Related to intensity and severity of poverty / extreme poverty, the reductions weren't só significant in general. / A região Nordeste é conhecidamente uma das regiões que mais possui pobres e indigentes no Brasil. Dessa forma, esta região é também uma ds mais necessitadas de políticas sociais públicas de combate à pobreza e miséria nesse país. Foi nesse contexto que surgiu a importância de um estudo do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), programa de transferência de renda do Governo Federal para essa região. Especificamente referindo-se ao estudo do PBF neste trabalho, este buscou evidenciar a real dimensão do PBF no Nordeste bem como o efeito sobre a pobreza e a miséria que esse programa tem trazido para essa mesma região. Isto é, o estudo objetivou determinar e analisar a dimensão do Programa Bolsa família e o efeito deste sobre a pobreza/indigência no Nordeste brasileiro. Para tanto, utilizou-se análise tabular, gráfica e análise descritiva argumentativa. Indicadores também foram utilizados para evidenciar como tinham sido calculados os indicadores de focalização (cobertura e subcobertura) do PBF e os indicadores de pobreza e miséria encontrado nos sites das instituições pesquisadas. Os resultados mostraram que, por ser uma região com muitas desigualdades sociais, a região Nordeste do Brasil é uma das mais beneficiadas pelo PBF já desde o início deste, fundamentado, dessa forma, o Programa. Concernente ao efeito do PBF sobre a pobreza e indigência nordestina, observou-se com algumas exceções, que houve redução no número de pobres e indigentes nas áreas urbana e rural. Em relação à intensidade e severidade da pobreza/indigência, as reduções, em geral, não foram tão significativas.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:37:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10402_V08_Dissertaçao Pós Defesa.pdf: 3352583 bytes, checksum: 4c2994d0c73b000b5e27a89be88ee319 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / O processo de implementação do Programa Bolsa Família sofre impacto tanto por seu desenho institucional, deliberado no plano federal, como pelas diferentes capacidades institucionais disponíveis no plano local, no que diz respeito a recursos humanos, gestão e articulação entre diversos serviços e infraestrutura disponível. Os gargalos encontrados nos níveis municipais para a realização de uma coordenação de qualidade do programa motivaram a produção desta pesquisa, realizada em Vitória (ES). Dado o contexto federativo do Estado brasileiro, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a eficácia do Programa Bolsa Família a partir do Índice de Gestão Descentralizada Municipal, com recorte na condicionalidade educação neste município. Utilizou-se de pesquisa documental, com metodologia qualitativa de natureza exploratória, no intuito de se compreender a lógica de controle desta condicionalidade. O trabalho conclui que os resultados obtidos indicam que os objetivos gerais da gestão do Programa Bolsa Família vêm, ao longo dos últimos anos, sendo alcançados de forma efetiva na capital capixaba, mediante interlocução contínua e ações administrativas articuladas entre atores envolvidos no processo.

This thesis report describes how to improve the control of the temperature in a Powder Bed Fusion 3D printer. This is accomplished by first creating a model ofthe thermal system. To create a good model, both black-box and grey-box models of the system are estimated and compared. Based on the best model, different control designs are examined and the results are compared to find the control design yielding the best results. The system being modelled is a multiple input multiple output system with acomplex internal structure. The modelling can be divided into several steps. Firstly, data has to be acquired from the system. Secondly, the data is analysed and processed. Thirdly, models are estimated based on the collected data. Different model structures such as state-space, ARX, ARMAX, Output Error, Box Jenkins and grey-box models are examined and compared to each other. Finally, the different derived models are validated and it turns out the ARMAX model yields the best prediction capabilities. However, when the controllers were tested on the actual system the controllers that are based on the grey-box model yield the best results. The different control designs examined in this work are diagonal PI controllers, decoupled PI controllers, feed forward controllers, IMC controllers and statefeedback controllers. The controllers are all based on the derived models. The controllers are implemented into a code structure capable of communicating with the printers. Here, tests of the performance for the different controllers on the actual system are executed. The results show that a non-linear system can be controlled using linear controllers. However, introducing some fuzzy control elements such as limiting the controllers to only be used within small temperature intervals and using a fixed input outside this interval yield better results. From these results, the best linear controller is a diagonal PI controller tuned from a grey-box model with as many states as there are controllable areas of the powder bed. The improvement is only marginal compared to the original PI controller, reinforcing the conclusion that some non-linear strategies are needed in the controller in order to achieve significant improvements.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / The Northeast region is known for being one of the regions that more has poor and miserable people in Brazil. This way, this region is also one that most needs public social policies to combat poverty and misery in this country. Within this context, emerged the importance of a study of the Bolsa-FamÃlia Program (PBF), transference of income program from the Federal Government to that region. Specifically referring to the study of the PBF in this work, it looked for to highlight the real dimension of the PBF in the Northeast and the effect on poverty and misery that this program has brought to that region. That is, the study aimed to determine and analyze the size of the Bolsa FamÃlia and its effect on poverty / extreme poverty in Brazilian Northeast. For this purpose, they were utilized the tabular and graphical analysis and argumentative descriptive analysis. Indicators were also used to show the way of calculating the targeting indicators (coverage and under-coverage) of the PBF and the indicators of poverty and misery found on the websites of the institutions surveyed. The results showed that, being a region with many social inequalities, the Northeast region of Brazil is one that most receive benefits from PBF since the beginning of this, justifying, thus, the program. Concerning the effect of the PBF on poverty and extreme poverty in the Northeast, it was observed, with few exceptions, that there were reductions in the number of poor and indigent people in rural and urban areas. Related to intensity and severity of poverty / extreme poverty, the reductions werenât so significant in general. / A regiÃo Nordeste à conhecidamente uma das regiÃes que mais possui pobres e indigentes no Brasil. Dessa forma, esta regiÃo à tambÃm uma das mais necessitadas de polÃticas sociais pÃblicas de combate à pobreza e misÃria nesse paÃs. Foi nesse contexto que surgiu a importÃncia de um estudo do Programa Bolsa FamÃlia (PBF), programa de transferÃncia de renda do Governo Federal para essa regiÃo. Especificamente referindo-se ao estudo do PBF neste trabalho, este buscou evidenciar a real dimensÃo do PBF no Nordeste bem como o efeito sobre a pobreza e a misÃria que esse programa tem trazido para essa mesma regiÃo. Isto Ã, o estudo objetivou determinar e analisar a dimensÃo do Programa Bolsa FamÃlia e o efeito deste sobre a pobreza/indigÃncia no Nordeste brasileiro. Para tanto, utilizou â se anÃlise tabular, grÃfica e anÃlise descritiva argumentativa. Indicadores tambÃm foram utilizados para evidenciar como tinham sido calculados os indicadores de focalizaÃÃo (cobertura e subcobertura) do PBF e os indicadores de pobreza e misÃria encontrados nos sites das instituiÃÃes pesquisadas. Os resultados mostraram que, por ser uma regiÃo com muitas desigualdades sociais, a regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil à uma das mais beneficiadas pelo PBF jà desde o inÃcio deste, fundamentando, dessa forma, o Programa. Concernente ao efeito do PBF sobre a pobreza e indigÃncia nordestina, observou â se, com algumas exceÃÃes, que houve reduÃÃo no nÃmero de pobres e indigentes nas Ãreas urbana e rural. Em relaÃÃo à intensidade e severidade da pobreza/indigÃncia, as reduÃÃes, em geral, nÃo foram tÃo significativas.

The purpose of this work is to understand the reasons for varied mechanical properties among three polymer Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes. Parts for this work were manufactured from Polyamide 12 (PA12) using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), Multi-Jet Fusion (MJF), and the recently developed Large Area Projection Sintering (LAPS) processes. Previous works have shown that LAPS parts demonstrate significantly higher density, ductility, and toughness than parts from the L-PBF and MJF processes. A hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment was developed to reduce porosity in L-PBF and MJF parts and determine if increasing part density would improve ductility for these processes. It is found that density is not strongly correlated with mechanical properties for high density parts (ρ > 0.98 g/cm3) for the L-PBF and MJF processes, and a following study confirms that this is the case for the LAPS process as well. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and microtome sectioning are performed on parts from all three processes, and it is found that neither percent crystallinity nor crystalline morphology are strongly correlated with mechanical properties. A heat treatment at temperatures well over the melting point for the material is developed and is shown to improve ductility and toughness for all three processes. It is concluded that the improved ductility observed in the LAPS process stems from long exposure to high temperature, rather than increased density or a specific crystalline structure, and is associated with post-condensation reactions increasing polymer chain length. Work is also presented on the development of a production-scale LAPS system at Ascend Manufacturing. This research focuses on the results of "tiling" and "scanning" methods for producing larger parts than previously possible with prototype LAPS systems. Tensile testing showed that the methods both produced parts with similar properties, though with lower ductility than previous LAPS parts. Analysis of thermal data identifies areas for improvement of the system to attain high strength and high ductility parts. Preliminary work is done to demonstrate avenues for process improvement. Analysis of data from across the entire powder bed shows that process defects can be observed from the thermal data available in the LAPS process, and that weak spots in parts may be related to this data. Finally, the potential for process improvement through a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) control scheme is discussed.

I arbetet undersöks behovet av ökad kontroll i stålbyggnadskonstruktioner med avseende på utförandefel. Riksdagen beslutade 1 juni 1994 att förändra Plan- och bygglagen (PBL) där förändringen trädde i kraft 1995 och bland annat innebar att hela ansvaret för en byggnads uppförande och kontroll lades på byggherren. Efter vintrarna 2009/10 och 2010/11 där flera tak rasade av snötyngden uppdagades en rad dimensionerings- och utförandefel. Under examensarbetet undersöktes vad som händer med säkerheten i byggnadskonstruktioner i stål som genomgår förändringar under dess livslängd och en jämförelse mot gällande regelverk genomfördes. En fältstudie och flera intervjuer genomfördes där fokus låg på utförandefel och hur förändringar av regelverk lett fram till dagens egenkontrollsystem som påverkat antalet utförandefel. Arbetets resultat visar att det kan finnas ett behov av att se över dagens kontrollsystem och att antalet allvarliga utförandefel i fallstudieobjektet ökat efter 1995. / In the work the need of increased inspections of steel structures with respect to errors of execution was examined. On 1 June 1994, the Swedish parliament decided to change the Planning and Building Act (PBL) and the changes came into force in 1995, where the entire responsibility for the construction and control of a building was placed on the developer. After the winters of 2009/10 and 2010/11, when several roofs collapsed by the snow weight, a number of design and execution faults were discovered. During the thesis work it was investigated what happens to the safety of building structures in steel that undergo changes during its lifetime and a comparison with current regulations was made. A field study and several interviews were conducted where the focus was on execution errors and how changes in regulations led to today's self-control systems that affect the number of execution errors. The results of the work show that there may be a need to review the current control system and that the number of serious execution errors in the case study object increased after 1995.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-28T15:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO FINAL CBARADIT 25mai16.pdf: 1756972 bytes, checksum: c1915a34bd9eb60ff42c45c9abf24dd7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T15:47:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO FINAL CBARADIT 25mai16.pdf: 1756972 bytes, checksum: c1915a34bd9eb60ff42c45c9abf24dd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / CAPEs / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as práticas discursivas que constituem os modos de subjetivação de mulheres beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) em contexto rural. Para isto será estudado o caso da Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. A metodologia qualitativa consiste na análise crítica do discurso. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas de seis mulheres. A fundamentação teórica é baseada no enfoque da governamentalidade, nas críticas feministas ao PBF e no enfoque da subjetividade proposto por Nikolas Rose. Nota-se através dos resultados da pesquisa que na articulação de diversas práticas discursivas no agenciamento da ruralidade varias “normas” são incorporadas nas subjetividades das mulheres, entre elas a da família nuclear burguesa, a da maternidade, uma versão fragilizada de “self empreendedor” e as normas “pobre/miserável” e da “humildade”. A incorporação destas normatividades permite tanto o autogoverno como o governo dos outros. Concluiu-se que o PBF exerce uma função “reforçadora” de diversos modos de subjetivação “hegemônicos”. Neste contexto o PBF, ao mesmo tempo em que traz benefícios para as famílias, atua recriando condições de insegurança próprias das sociedades modernas. A partir desta análise observa-se uma situação de “inclusão social fragilizada” das famílias beneficiárias, condição que caracteriza a situação de pobreza em contexto rural. / This study aims to analyze the discursive practices that constitute modes of subjectivity of women beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) in rural context. For it will be studied the case of Pernambuco Mata Zone. The qualitative methodology is the critical discourse analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with six women. The theoretical framework is based on the approache of governmentality, in feminist criticism of the PBF and the subjectivity approach proposed by Nikolas Rose. It can be seen through the results of research in the articulation of various discursive practices in the rurality agency several "norms" are incorporated in the subjectivities of women, including the bourgeois nuclear family, motherhood, a weakened version of "self entrepreneur", and the "poor/miserable" and "humility" norms. The incorporation of these normativities allows both self-government as the government of others. It was concluded that the PBF plays a role "reinforcing" diverse "hegemonic" modes of subjectivity. In this context the PBF, while providing benefits for families, acts recreating own unsafe conditions of modern societies. From this analysis we observe a situation of "weakened social inclusion" in the beneficiary families, a condition that characterizes the situation of poverty in rural context.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an uprising manufacturing process for parts with complex geometries and low production quantities. Within the layer-wise building process, less additional processes are needed, to produce the parts. This allows a building of parts within a reasonable time- and costs-range. Especially industries, such as aerospace industry, can profit from AM. Electron beam – Powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) is a common technique, within AM, to produce metallic parts out of special alloys such as Alloy 718. This superalloy is a Nickle-Iron based alloy that has high mechanical properties, even in elevated temperatures (up to 650ºC). The combination of such material properties with high geometrical freedom creates new opportunities for the industry. However, it must be noted that a significant drawback of AM-techniques is the need for post-processing because of surface roughness- and microstructural characteristics. Commonly, the produced parts utilize mechanical post process such as milling to provide good surface roughness and dimensional accuracy. To reduce the surface roughness in the contour region, and therefore reduce the amount of mechanical post-processing, the present survey elaborates the effect of relevant parameters on contours such as the number of contours, scanning speed, focus offset and beam current. By using Design of Experiments (DOE), two batches were carried out: one screening batch and a two-level-full factorial design. In those batches, 15×15×15 mm cubes were printed with various parameters and, after that, analysed by using White light interferometry (WLI), Optical microscopy (OM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the program ImageJ was used to perform porosity and melt pool measurements. It had been observed that the number of contours had quite a considerable impact on the final surface roughness and the number of defects. Samples with two contours, instead of only one, tend to have a lower surface roughness. Nevertheless, the parameters and their interaction were found to have fundamental effects on the resulting surface roughness and microstructure.

Electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) is an additivemanufacturing (AM) method based on layer-by-layer melting of apowder bed. The technology is industrialized in certain applicationsbut still considered as immature and is not as widely used as laserbeam-based systems (PBF-LB). PBF-EB can offer several benefits overPBF-LB such as process cleanliness, thermal efficiency, fast beam speed,higher power and energy transfer, low residual stresses in built partsand a good signal environment for process monitoring. This can beadded on top of the general benefits of AM such as geometricalfreedom, manufacturing efficiency, easy design revisions, short leadtimes and so on. This suggests that PBF-EB holds potential as atechnology for the sustainable production of materials andcomponents. This thesis investigates how PBF-EB can be furtherdeveloped to create new and unique materials features. This isachieved by introducing innovative methods for material processingand by further developing the PBF-EB process itself. The thesisintroduces a charge-free heating method for PBF-EB and the resultssuggest an enhanced processability of difficult-to-process materialsand powders. A method for building multi-materials in PBF-EB isintroduced and demonstrated by the manufacturing of direct andlamellar transitions between different alloys. Methods for processmonitoring and powder bed resistivity evaluation are proposed andxiidemonstrated. It is concluded that the results presented in this thesisenabled new PBF-EB processing modes, increased the knowledge ofthe process, and introduced a new material group by demonstratingthat ceramics can be processed at high temperatures (~1600C). / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 2 och delarbete 4 (inskickat).</p><p>At the time of the defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 2 and paper 4 (submitted).</p>

Syftet med detta projekt var att undersöka möjligheterna att externt mata in pulver i en PBF-maskin (en EBM-maskin, Electron Beam Melting), för att öka maskinens effektivitet. Huvudmålet med projektet var att designa ett sätt att leverera pulver till byggkammaren från en extern källa. Metoden som användes var produktutveckling från lektioner på universitetet, litteratur och några faser uppfanns specifikt för att hjälpa till med utvecklingen. Metoden delades upp i olika faser som hjälpte till att hålla en jämn takt under hela projektet. Vissa tester gjordes för att pröva om den nuvarande utrustningen kunde användas i konceptet. Resultaten visar att extern pulvermatning för EBM-maskiner har en öppning på marknaden, vilket innebär att inget företag har upptäckt ett sätt att externt mata pulver. Ytterligare resultat visade nuvarande brister och positiva delar av det nuvarande matningssystemet, men ännu viktigare vilka områden som kan förbättras och saker att tänka på när man utvecklar det nya konceptet. Testerna på ventilen visade att den kan ta "fullt" vakuum när den är ren, men mer utveckling måste göras för att välja den perfekta ventilen. Testet av tunnan visade att tunnan kunde stå emot visst vakuum och tätningen kunde förbli intakt. Men det behövs mer utveckling av tunnan för att få det att fungera. En målspecifikation gjordes och några koncept utvecklades. Efter det togs ett beslut om vilket koncept som gick framåt, det var det blå konceptet. Sedan gjordes några skisser och design i CAD för att visualisera hur konceptet såg ut. Syftet med projektet uppnåddes och huvudmålet uppfylldes. Ytterligare arbete och utveckling krävs för att göra detta koncept redo för prototypframställning och produktion. / The purpose of this project was to investigate the possibilities to externally feed powder into a PBF-machine (a EBM-machine, Electron Beam Melting) to increase the effectiveness of the machine. The main goal of the project was to design a way to deliver powder to the building-chamber from an external source. The method used was product development learnt from lessons at the university, literature and some phases were specifically invented to help with development. The method was split up into different phases that helped keep a steady pace during the whole project. Some tests were made to try if the current equipment could be used in the concept. The results show that external powder feed for EBM machines have an opening in the market, meaning that no company has jet discovered a way to externally feed powder. Further results showed the current flaws and positive parts of the current feeding system, but more importantly what areas that could be improved and things to consider when devel-oping the new concept. The tests on the valve showed that it can take “full” vacuum when clean, but more research must be done to choose the perfect valve. The barrel test showed that the barrel could withstand some vacuum and the sealing could remain intact. But more research on the barrel is needed. A target specification was made and some con-cepts were developed. After that a decision was made which concept was moving forward, it was the blue concept. Then some sketches and designs in CAD was made to visualize how the concept looked like. The purpose of the project was achieved and the main goal was met. Further work and development are needed to make this concept ready for prototyping and production. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-06-28</p>