Wireless sensor networks consist of many small sensor nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Recently, there have been numerous research results in the power consumption for routing protocol. Routing protocols in WSNs might difference depending on the application and network architecture. This paper focuses on reducing the power consumption for routing protocol of wireless sensor networks too. We present a routing protocol called ACRP. sensor nodes will organize many clusters voluntarily. Cluster heads will distribute time slot to the sensor nodes in the same cluster and sensor nodes will transmit data to cluster head in it¡¦s time slot. After the data had been aggregated by cluster heads, they will send the aggregated data to base station through the routing path that had been established. In addition, in order to lengthen the living time of wireless sensor network, the base station will periodically adjust the amount of sensor nodes in all clusters according to the cluster information.

The suggestion that cities “speak” has become a growing interest in communication scholarship, yet the particular ways city spaces communicate remains under theorized. I argue that the intersection of people with spaces, the networks between texts, objects, and movement are all implicated in the rhetorical process of place-making in which individuals are both shaped by and shaping space. I envision this process to involve three interdependent modes of symbolization: textual constructions about place, symbolic activities of place, and movement and action in space. The mode of inquiry proposed here contributes to a body of scholarship interested in exploring the multiple ways cities “speak” by forwarding a reading of space as text. Focusing on the new urbanist community Atlantic Station in Atlanta, GA, this analysis reveals the dynamic tensions between the community’s textual representations, the structural symbolization of the development, and the uses of the space.

Exchange is at the core of public space. Whether trading products or sharing information, exchange between people produces social interactions and spatialized hubs of activity. Without exchange public spaces fail. Today, the Internet threatens older methods of spatialized exchange as people communicate through email, pay bills electronically, and shop online. These despatialized forms of exchange are having a damaging impact on previously functioning public spaces such as the post office and retail stores. Distribution centers, meanwhile, are thriving as product exchange points but they remain completely invisible and inaccessible to the customer. With the United States Postal Service in rapid decline, once monumental buildings will soon be abandoned. Taking advantage of the existing infrastructure of post offices, I am proposing a centrally located public distribution center; giving online companies a physical presence in the city, monumentalizing the currently despatialized market, and reintroducing the public to the exchange process.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att titta på och eventuellt upptäcka vissa samband mellan de vanligaste klimatparametrarna (lufttemperatur, sol, vind, luftfuktighet och lufttryck) och inomhusklimatet. Inomhusklimatet är i detta arbete det samma som luftens temperatur inomhus. Även en sammanställning av två studier kring NordIQ’s styrning av värmesystemet och tappvarmvattnet görs.   En stor del av arbetet har varit att sammanställa och studera insamlad data från bland annat en väderstation. Under den här perioden (våren) är det solen och utomhustemperaturen som har störst påverkan på temperaturen inomhus.   En stor del inom energisektorn idag handlar om att använda energin effektivare och minska på utsläppen. Förhoppningen är att detta arbete ska kunna hjälpa till i den riktningen. Att utnyttja gratisenergin och dra ner på t.ex. fjärrvärmen är ett sätt, att inte kyla bort övertemperaturer utan att istället dra ner på den köpta energin.   Ett annat sätt att utnyttja energin på ett effektivare sätt är att öka avkylningen och minska på flödet i uppvärmningssystemet. Det är något som NordIQ säger sig göra med sin styrning av värme och tappvarmvatten. Sammanställningen visar att det stämmer. / The purpose of this thesis is to study and contingently discover some linkage between the most common climate parameters (air temperature, sun, wind, air humidity and air pressure) and the indoor climate. The indoor climate in this thesis is the same as the air-temperature indoor. Also a compilation of two studies about NordIQ´s controlling of the heating system and hot water is done.   A major portion of the work has been to compile and study collected data from among other things a weather station. During this period (spring) the sun and the outdoor temperature have the greatest impact on the indoor temperature.   A major portion of the energy sector today is about how to use the energy in a more effective way and decrease the emissions. Hopefully this thesis will help in that direction. To use the free energy and reduce for example district heating is one way, not cooling the high indoor temperatures, rather reduce the bought energy.   Another way to take advantage of the energy in a more efficient approach is to increase annealing and reduce the flow in the heating system. That´s something with the aim of NordIQ`s controlling of the heat and hot water. The compilation shows that it´s true.

Företaget Flextronics AB i Linköping testar moderna mobiltelefoner för tillverkares räkning. Som examensarbete har jag fått företagets uppdrag att utvärdera och förbättra deras testsystem DVT-UMTS (3G). DVT-UMTS är ett komplext system av komponenter, och man misstänker att dessa stör varandra inbördes, vilket i sin tur kan ge felaktiga mätresultat. Beträffande mottagarsidan hos en mobiltelefon tror man att DVT-UMTS p g a störningar, s k intermodulationsprodukter, uppvisar bitfelshalter i testet Rx Out of band blocking. Komponenter som kan tänkas ge störningar är continuous wave-generator och basstationssimulatorn. Antennanslutningen bortses från i undersökningen. Kontroll av CW-generatorn sker med hjälp av lågpassfilter, riktkopplare och dämpare. Kontrollen visar att den är orsak till bitfel men inte ensam orsak. Basstationssimulatorn kontrolleras med hjälp av högpassfilter, riktkopplare och varierade kabellängder. Även denna visar sig ge upphov till bitfel. Bitfel orsakade av intermodulationsprodukter från CW-generatorn kan reduceras med lågpassfilter och dämpare. Motsvarande problem hos basstationssimulatorn kan åtgärdas med högpassfilter och varierade kabellängder. Kvarstående bitfel är acceptabla enligt specificerade krav från det internationella samarbetsorganet 3GPP. Mobiltelefonens sändarefunktion testas med programmet Tx Spurious emission, där otillåtet höga dämpningsnivåer kan ge problem. Dessa nivåer beror av signalvägarna mellan testad enhet och spektrumanalysatorn. Med hjälp av gordon, darlingtontransistor och switch kan signalvägarna optimeras. En alternativ testuppkoppling på DVT-UMTS, innehållande switch med styrprogram, ger dämpningsnivåer innanför specificerade gränser.

According to the United Nations’ report, State of World Population 2008, humankind has come to a turning point; more than 50% of the earth’s population now lives in urban centres. Along with considerations for housing, employment, and public health, this shift changes the way we design roads and streets; it escalates the number of automobiles in urban areas with finite room for road expansion. Space constraints, along with intense development of alternative transportation fuels, and the burden of sprawling suburbs on municipal infrastructures suggest the hypothesis that before we run out of energy alternatives for personal mechanized transport, we will run out of space in which to use it. This thesis explores how Toronto, a city largely designed for automobile use, is being re-adapted into a city wherein public and active transportation can once again be the primary means of urban mobility and the opportunities inherent in the development of interregional multi-modal transit stations for the cultivation of civic space, local commerce, urban form, and commercial transportation.

This study analyzes the assets and capabilities of nonprofit organizations under Resource-based theory through literature searches. The questionnaire which focuses on the characteristics of the organization and precinct, hopes to explore a good management model that enables the most efficient use of resources and yields effective management results. Such management model serves to provide guidance and recommendations for the most basic unit of the police authority - Police Station. It is common that the Police Department rotates the chief officer from time to time in order to prevent fraud or to meet the mission requirements. During the time of writing the paper, several police chiefs have rotated their positions. Because each chief has his own management style, the police staff needs to adapt to different ways of management. Unless the rules are written clearly by the higher level of authority, it is often seen that management styles would change as a different police chief is assigned to the position. There are no specifications for a standard management style in the provisions for police officers. Therefore, a chief¡¦s personal management and leadership style leads the police station to either success or faiure. This study concludes that individual stations are better able to achieve good results, implement sound internal controls and build solid relationships among colleagues when the leading officer employs a balanced management style that incorporates various strategies such as discussion, unique approaches based on individual needs, and hierarchical reporting.

In IEEE 802.16j MMR (Mobile Multi-hop Relay) networks, bandwidth is divided into two zones, access zone to mobile stations and relay zone to relay stations. To satisfy the requirements of Quality of Services (QoS) for different types of traffic between access zone and relay zone, we propose Bandwidth-Negotiation Scheduling (BNS) for BS and RS to adequately allocate bandwidth. For the purpose of satisfying higher-priority rtPS traffic, BNS can negotiate bandwidth between two zones if the allocated bandwidth is insufficient to meet its QoS requirement. Besides, BNS can satisfy bandwidth requirement for nrtPS as much as possible and it will also do negotiation to allocate at least minimum bandwidth if resource is not sufficient. At last, BNS may reduce the allocated bandwidth for nrtPS if PLR (Packet Loss Ratio) of BE is too high. Therefore, the starvation probability of BE can be decreased by earning this extra bandwidth from nrtPS. In short, the proposed BNS can adjust the boundary between access zone and relay zone dynamically and it can improve bandwidth utilization effectively. Through Markov-chain model, we evaluated the performance of BNS and compared its performance to a mechanism with fixed-boundary. Analytical results have shown that BNS can decrease the probability of exceeding delay constraint for rtPS, increase the throughput, and decrease the PLR for nrtPS when rtPS delay constraint is increased. Moreover, BNS can significantly reduce the possibility of starvation for BE traffic.

The oil price in the global market hit new records in the recent years. Under the circumstance of opened market and fierce competition, the gas station industries toward lower profit due to high operation cost plus price war and intensive promotion. The station managers are responsible for operation management, market analysis, administrative, personnel as well as sale. Although the station scale is small, it is a business unit indeed. In the diversity of management and competition environment, the station managers shall possess not only the ability of certain expert or supervisory but also multiply requirement. Except personal technical skill, the station managers with the competency of human resource management are one of key successful factors. This research is trying to find out the human resource management is necessary for the station managers. Furthermore, this research would like to find out the interaction effects of management competency, human resource management and work motivation on operational performance.

Novel designs of three-dimensional patch antennas for beamdwidth enhancement and broadband peration have been proposed in this dissertation. For the beamwidth enhancement, the patch antenna with an inverted V-shaped patch has been proposed, and the antenna¡¦s radiation beamwidths have been broadened. Another beamwidth enhancement design using a three-dimensional square ground structure has also been demonstrated, and the 3-dB beamwidth of the CP radiation can reach more than 110¢X. In addition to the designs of beamwidth enhancement, the broadband patch antennas with a V-shaped patch, a W-shaped ground plane and a short probe-pin have been proposed. These novel structures can have significantly reduced probe-pin length and obtain a good impedance matching over a wide frequency range. Finally, a 1 ¡Ñ 2 broadband patch antenna array, suitable for base-station antenna applications for mobile communications systems, has also been studied.