The objective of this research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the contact patch behavior of a specific passenger car tire. A Michelin P205/60R15 tire was used for this study. Understanding the way the tire interacts with the road at various loads, inflation pressures and driving conditions is essential to optimizing tire and vehicle performance. The footprint shape and stress distribution pattern are very important factors that go into assessing the tire's rate of wear, the vehicle's fuel economy and has a major effect on the vehicle stability and control, especially under severe maneuvers. In order to study the contact patch phenomena and analyze these stresses more closely, a finite element (FE) tire model which includes detailed tread pattern geometry has been developed, using a novel reverse engineering process. In order to validate this model, an experimental process has been developed to obtain the footprint shape and contact pressure distribution. The differences between the experimental and the simulation results are discussed and compared. The validated finite element model is then used for predicting the 3D stress distribution fields at the contact patch. The predictive capabilities of the finite element tire model are also explored in order to predict the handling characteristics of the test tire under different maneuvers such as pure cornering and pure braking. / Master of Science / The objective of this research is to study how the tire interacts with the road and how this “interaction” affects vehicle and tire performance. When the tire is in contact with the ground, the region of the tire that is in contact with the surface is referred to as the “tire contact patch” or the “tire footprint”. A Michelin tire was used in order to study this “footprint phenomena”. The effects of weight, tire pressure and different driving conditions (such as braking and cornering) have a very significant impact on the footprint phenomena. The footprint shape, size and pressure distribution pattern are very important factors that go into assessing the tire’s rate of wear, the vehicle’s fuel economy and has a major effect on the vehicle stability, especially under severe maneuvers. As conducting large scale experiments to study this phenomenon is expensive and difficult, simulation methods (such as the finite element method) are used to create tire simulation models as it is provides a way for tire engineers to study the contact patch and make design changes much more quickly and efficiently. In order to check the veracity of the simulation results, a simple and cost effective experimental process has been developed to obtain the footprint shape and contact pressure distribution. The differences between the experimental and the simulation results are discussed and compared. The validated finite element tire model is then explored to see how well it predicts this “footprint phenomena’ at different driving conditions such as cornering and braking.

Yes / Reverse osmosis (RO)is one of the most important technologies used in wastewater treatment plants due to high contaminant rejection and low utilization of energy in comparison to other treatment procedures. For single-component spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane process, one dimensional steady state and dynamic mathematical models have been developed based on the solution-diffusion model coupled with the concentration polarization mechanism. The model has been validated against reported data for wastewater treatment from literature at steady state conditions. Detailed simulation using the dynamic model has been carried out in order to gain deeper insight of the process. The effect of feed flow rate, pressure, temperature and concentration of pollutants on the performance of the process measured in terms of salt rejection, recovery ratio and permeate flux has been investigated.

Lubricated friction issues are central to all hydraulic actuation systems undergoing motion and any in-depth understanding of the nature of lubricated friction will advance future component design. The classic friction models of hydraulic actuation systems under steady state conditions and their dependency on velocity and temperature have been studied extensively over the past years. A model which is commonly employed to represent the characteristics of friction is that of Stribeck in which the dependency of the friction force is based on velocity alone. However, experimentally, it has been found that lubricated friction is dependent on acceleration. Thus, the Stribeck model can be considered as a subset of a dynamic friction model in which acceleration is zero. Thus, it can be concluded that the Stribeck model is best applied to cases when the change rate of the velocities is very small. This thesis considers the dependency of lubricated friction on acceleration when pressure and temperature changes are relatively constant. As such, the basic hypothesis for this study was proposed as follows: “Lubricated friction in hydraulic actuation systems is not only a function of velocity, but is also a function of both velocity and acceleration”. In this thesis several terms are defined which facilitate the description under which friction models are developed. For example, the term non-steady state friction is used to account for the effect of acceleration on lubricated friction force while in motion. Further, the lubricated friction models are divided into two groups: steady state friction models and non-steady state friction models. Nonlinear friction modeling and measuring methods are reviewed in this dissertation. This review also includes nonlinear lubricated friction modeling in hydraulic actuation systems. A conclusion from this review was that limited research has been done in documenting and explicitly demonstrating the role of acceleration on lubricated friction. The research first introduced a methodology to experimentally measure friction as a function of acceleration and to demonstrate this dependency in the form of a three dimensional graph. A novel technique to experimentally obtain data for the lubricated friction model was introduced. This allowed the lubricated friction forces to be measured as a function of velocity in a continuous manner, but with acceleration being held constant as a family parameter. Two different valve controlled hydraulic actuation systems (VCHAS) were studied under a wide variety of accelerations at constant temperature and pressure. To enable repeatable data collection for the different friction conditions and to accommodate for the effect of hysteresis, a periodic parabolic displacement waveform was chosen which enabled the acceleration to be a family parameter. The second phase of the research introduced a method of representing the data (lubricated friction model) in a lookup table form. The relationship of lubricated friction (in this work, pressure differential, ΔP across the actuator) as a function of velocity and acceleration was presented in a unique semi-empirical 2D lookup table (2D LUT). Limitations of this experimental approach were identified, but the dependency on acceleration was clearly established. The last phase of the study implemented this 2D LUT model into a practical software model of an actuator and demonstrated its accuracy when compared to its experimental counterpart. The semi-empirical model (2D LUT) was experimentally verified by implementing the semi-empirical and Stribeck models into a real time simulation of an actuator and by comparing the experimental outputs against simulated outputs for a common sinusoidal input. A sinusoidal actuator displacement input was chosen to test the simulations as it was not used in the collection of the original data. The output of the simulation was compared to the experimental results and it was evident that for the range in which data could be collected in developing the model, the proposed 2D LUT model predicted an output that was superior to a model which used a standard Stribeck model. It was concluded that the semi-empirical model could be integrated into a simulation environment and predict outputs in a superior fashion when compared to the Stribeck friction model. Thus it was concluded that the stated hypothesis is consistent with the experimental evidence shown by all hydraulic actuators considered. Further, it was also observed that the traditional Stribeck form (steady state dynamic friction) does change with increasing acceleration to the point that the standard breakaway friction almost disappears. It is evident that the 2D LUT is a viable tool for modeling the non-steady state friction of hydraulic actuation systems. The semi-empirical 2D LUT model so developed is a more global representation of hydraulic actuator lubricated friction. In this research, only linear hydraulic actuators were considered; however, the novel nonlinear semi-empirical 2D LUT lubricated friction model can be applied to any actuator (linear and rotary) and provides a new way in which the dynamic friction can be viewed and modeled.

A aplicação de uma sequência de pulsos com tempo de repetição muito menor que os tempos de relaxação Tp << T2; T1, faz com que a magnetização atinja um estado estacionário descrito por H.Y. Carr como Estado Estacionário em Precessão Livre, Steady State Free Precession (SSFP). Nessa condição, o sinal é composto pela complexa sobreposição das componentes FID e eco. Sequências tipo SSFP são utilizadas na aquisição rápida de sinais, resultando em uma boa razão sinal ruído (s/r) em curto intervalo de tempo, porém introduzem fortes anomalias de fase e amplitude devido a complexa interação das componentes que formam o estado estacionário. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos sequências de pulsos tipo SSFP para RMN em alta e baixa resolução com alternância e incremento de fase. Em alta resolução desenvolvemos as sequências SSFPdx e SSFPdxdt com incremento de fase linear e quadrático respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que espectros de núcleos com baixa sensibilidade podem ser obtidos com mesma razão s/r em menor tempo experimental e as sequências desenvolvidas removem as anomalias espectrais. Em baixa resolução, os resultados mostram que a introdução de alternâncias de fase na Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) possibilita a remoção da dependência da sequência com o offset de frequência e com o tempo entre pulsos. Além disso, mostramos que a sequência CP-CWFPx-x com ângulo de refocalização pequeno (5&deg; a 10&deg;) possibilita a estimativa rápida do tempos de relaxação longitudinal. Apresentamos também resultados dos estudos e desenvolvidos no estágio de pesquisa no exterior, onde as sequências de pulsos no estado estacionário &ndash; DECPMG e Split 180&deg; &ndash; foram estudas numericamente e implementadas nos sistemas magnéticos compactos: mini-Halbach e MOUSE-NMR. Por fim, são apresentados resultados com os métodos de processamento de dados Krylov Basis Diagonalization Method (KBDM) e a Transformada Inversa de Laplace aplicados na análise de sinais SSFP. Resultados mostram que KBDM é uma ferramenta útil no processamento de dados em alta e baixa resolução, tanto na obtenção de espectros como na determinação da distribuição dos tempos de relaxação. / The application of a pulse sequence with repetition time much smaller than the relaxation times, Tp << T2; T1, causes the magnetization to reach a steady state, described by H. Y. Carr as a Steady State Free Precession (SSFP). In this condition, the signal is composed of the complex overlapping of the FID and eco components. SSFP type sequences are used in fast acquisition of NMR signals, resulting in a good signal to noise ratio (s/r) in a short time interval, however, they introduce phase and amplitude anomalies due to the complex interaction between the components of the steady state. In this work, we develop SSFP type pulse sequences for NMR in high and low resolution, with alternation and increment of phase. In high resolution, we develop SSFPdx and SSFPdxdt sequences, with linear and quadratic phase increment respectively. Results show that the low sensitivity nuclei spectra can be obtained with the same s/r ratio in smaller experimental time, about an order of magnitude, and the developed sequences can remove the spectral anomalies. In low resolution, the results show that the introduction of a phase alternation in the Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) allows the elimination of the dependence of the sequence with the offset frequency and the time between pulses. Besides, we show that the CP-CWFPx-x sequence with a small refocalization angle (5° to 10°) allows the fast estimative of the longitudinal relaxation time in a single experiment. The results of the studies conducted during an international research internship are also presented. Steady state pulse sequences &ndash; DECPMG and Split 180° &ndash; were studied and implemented in compact magnetic systems: mini-Halbach and MOUSE-NMR. Finally, the results of the application of the Krylov Basis Diagonalization Method (KBDM) and the Inverse Laplace Transform for the analysis of SSFP signals are presented. The results show that KBDM is a useful tool in data processing for low and high resolution, both for obtaining spectra and determining the relaxation times distribution.

Zu den wichtigsten Werkzeugen in der medizinischen Diagnostik gehören bildgebende Verfahren, wie die Magnetresonanztomographie. Ein weiteres diagnostisches Hilfsmittel ist die Palpation, die es erlaubt, Veränderungen oberflächennaher Organe qualitativ zu erfassen. Die Magnetresonanzelastographie (MRE) stellt eine Kombination dieser Techniken dar. Das Prinzip der MRE besteht darin Gewebedeformationen aufgrund extern induzierter Scherwellen mittels bewegungssensitiver MR-Bildgebung darzustellen und über die Art der Deformation auf die Elastizität des Gewebes zu schließen. Einen großen Anteil schwerwiegender Erkrankungen bilden Störungen des Herz-Kreislaufsystems. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, eine Methode zu entwickeln, die in-vivo MRE am menschlichen Herzen ermöglicht. Die Weiterentwicklung der mechanischen Anregungseinheit ergab mit Einführung eines Audio-Lautsprechers das nötige Instrument, Vibrationen in innere Organe zu übertragen. Der entscheidende Faktor bei der Herz-MRE war die Geschwindigkeit der Aufnahme, die zur Entwicklung der ''fraktionierten MRE'' führte. Die Basis waren schnelle Herzbildgebungstechniken, wie die balancierte Steady-State- (bSSFP) und Spoiled Steady-State-Technik (SPGRE). Die Einführung eines unbalancierten Phasenpräparationsgradienten in der bSSFP-Aufnahmetechnik lieferte ein verbessertes SNR und zusammen mit der SPGRE-MRE-Aufnahmetechnik ließen sich damit MRE-Studien auch am menschlichen Herzen durchführen. Es gelang erstmals, extern induzierte mechanische Schwingungen in das Herz zu koppeln und mittels fraktionierter MRE mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung zu detektieren. Die in 6 gesunden Probanden beobachtete Modulation der Scherwellenamplituden innerhalb des Myokards korrelierte sehr gut mit den Kontraktionszuständen des Herzens. Die entwickelten Techniken und Methoden sind ein Schritt hin zur routinemäßigen klinischen Anwendung der MRE am Herzen und deuten auf ein hohes Potential im Bereich der Diagnostik kardialer Erkrankungen hin. / Imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging, belong to the most important tools in modern medical diagnostics. Another diagnostic aid is palpation, which is suitable for the qualitative characterization of pathological changes in organs near the surface. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a combination of these techniques. In principle, MRE uses motion-sensitive MR-imaging to depict tissue deformation caused by externally induced shear waves. The type of deformation supply useful information about the elasticity of the tissue. Cardiac disorders are among the most common diseases. The goal of this study was to develop a method of applying in-vivo MRE to the human heart. The development of the mechanical stimulus, ultimately resulting in the introduction of an audio speaker as the source of vibration, provided the necessary means to introduce vibrations into inner organs. A crucial factor in applying MRE to the heart is the speed of the recording, which led to the development of "fractional MRE". The currently conventional fast heart imaging techniques were used as a starting point. The use of an unbalanced phase preparation gradient in the balanced steady-state imaging technique resulted in an improved phase-to-noise ratio. Along with the spoiled steady-state MRE imaging technique, initial MRE-studies on the human heart were performed. For the first time, externally induced mechanical vibrations were successfully introduced into the heart and were detected using fractional MRE with a high temporal resolution. The modulation of the shear wave amplitudes observed in the myocard of 6 healthy subjects correlated with the phases of the cardiac cycle. The techniques and methods developed here are a step toward routine clinical application of MRE of the heart and indicate high potential in the area of early diagnosis of cardiac disease.

No description available.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-03-23T11:16:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1343904 bytes, checksum: dfca90c2164204a1513fc4a55eca4527 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-23T11:16:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1343904 bytes, checksum: dfca90c2164204a1513fc4a55eca4527 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Our purpose is to study the geometry of Riemannian immersions in certain semi- Riemannian manifolds. Initially, considering linearWeingarten hypersurfaces immersed in locally symmetric manifolds and, imposing suitable constraints on the scalar curvature, we guarantee that such a hypersurface is either totally umbilical or isometric to a isoparametric hypersurface with two distinct principal curvatures, one of them being simple. In higher codimension, we use a Simons type formula to obtain new characterizations of hyperbolic cylinders through the study of submanifolds having parallel normalized mean curvature vector field in a semi-Riemannian space form. Finally, we investigate the rigidity of complete spacelike hypersurfaces immersed in the steady state space via applications of some maximum principles. / Nos propomos estudar a geometria de imersões Riemannianas em certas variedades semi-Riemannianas. Inicialmente, consideramos hipersuperfícies Weingarten lineares imersas em variedades localmente simétricas e, impondo restrições apropriadas à curvatura escalar, garantimos que uma tal hipersuperfície é totalmente umbílica ou isométrica a uma hipersuperfície isoparamétrica com duas curvaturas principais distintas, sendo uma destas simples. Em codimensão alta, usamos uma fórmula do tipo Simons para obter novas caracterizações de cilindros hiperbólicos a partir do estudo de subvariedades com vetor curvatura média normalizado paralelo em uma forma espacial semi-Riemanniana. Finalmente, investigamos a rigidez de hipersuperfícies tipo-espaço completas imersas no steady state space via aplicações de alguns princípios do máximo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_CARMINATTI.pdf: 1003035 bytes, checksum: 8564e54c742b47d3e336ac8bdd87e443 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Anaerobic threshold (LAn) obtained during an incremental test with continuous effort, presumably indicate the workload corresponding to maximal lactate steady state (MSSL). Based on this present theoretical model, several non-invasive LAn derived from TCAR have been used as predictors of MSSL. Among them, the HR thresholds identified by visual inspection (PDv) and by the mathematical method (Dmáx), predicted Dmáx (Dmáxpred) and threshold velocity of 4 mmol·l-1 predicted (V4pred). The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain the validity of these thresholds as predictors of MSSL in Futsal. Eight Futsal players (21.3 ± 3.1 years; 177.4 ± 7.7 cm; 79.4 ± 21.2 kg; 13.2 ± 5,7 % of fat) were submitted to the following field tests: 1) Incremental test of intermittent run (TCAR) performed in the shuttle run system, constituted of repetitions of 12 second runs interpolated by 6 seconds of walk, with initial speed of 9 Km·h-1 and increased of 0.6 Km·h-1 every 90 seconds until voluntary exhaustion. Variables identified in the TCAR: velocity (V) and HR of several predictors LAn; 2) Constant workload test, with duration of 32 minutes divided in 4 series of 8 minutes of intermittent run (same system applied in TCAR), with passive interval of 1 minute to collect 25 &#956;L of blood samples and measure the HR. MSSL was defined as being the highest speed where the lactate steady-state occurred (increase not superior to 1.2 mmol·l-1 between the 8th and 32nd minute). The first constant workload test of 32 minutes was conducted with 100% of the speed of Dmáx (VDmáx) and following constant load tests were performed and speed increased 0.6 km·h-1 after each constant load test until the MSSL was attained. Variables identified in the test: velocity and HR corresponding to MSSL (VMSSL and HRMSSL). The results obtained to velocity and HR of predictor s LAn were: VPDv (13.0 ± 1.5 km·h-1), VDmáx (12.2 ± 1.4 km·h-1), VDmáxpred (12.4 ± 1.2 km·h-1), V4pred (13.3 ± 0.8 km·h-1) and HRPDv (186 ± 11 bpm), HRDmáx (178 ± 10 bpm), HRDmáxpred (183 ± 8 bpm), when compared to VMSSL (12.5 ± 1.6 km·h-1) and HRMSSL (182 ± 4 bpm) respectively, didn t show differences (p>0.05). The correlations found were significant, specially VDmáx (r = 0.98) and HRDmáx (r = 0.88), with exceptions for HRDmáxpred (r = 0.53) and V4pred (r = 0.70), both not significant. The values found in the concentration of lactate in MSSL were 4.2 ± 1.8 mmol·l-1 (1.4 to 6.7). Therefore, the conclusion is that LAn derived from TCAR are valid as predictors of MSSL in Futsal players and that the physiological responses verified in this intermittent running were similar to the present theoretical model, suggesting a generalizable model. / O Limiar anaeróbio (Lan) obtido durante um teste incremental em esforço contínuo, presumivelmente indica a carga de trabalho correspondente ao máximo steady-state de lactato (MSSL). Com base nesse modelo teórico vigente, diversos LAn não-invasivos derivados do TCAR têm sido utilizados como preditores do MSSL. Entre eles, os limiares de freqüência cardíaca identificados por inspeção visual (PDv) e pelo método matemático (Dmáx), o Dmáx predito (Dmáxpred) e a velocidade de limiar de 4 mmol·l-1 predita (V4pred). O objetivo da presente investigação foi verificar a validade desses Lan como preditores do MSSL na modalidade de Futsal. Oito jogadores de Futsal (21,3 ± 3,1 anos; 177,4 ± 7,7 cm; 79,4 ± 21,2 kg; 13,2 ± 5,7 %gordura) foram submetidos aos seguintes testes de campo: 1) Teste incremental de corrida intermitente (TCAR) realizado em sistema de "ida-e-volta", constituído de repetições de 12 segundos de corrida intercaladas por 6 segundos de caminhada, com velocidade inicial de 9 km·h-1 e incrementos de 0,6 km·h-1 a cada 90 segundos até a exaustão voluntária. Variáveis identificadas no TCAR: velocidade (V) e freqüência cardíaca (FC) dos diversos Lan preditores; 2) Teste de carga constante (TCC) com duração de 32 minutos divididos em 4 séries de 8 minutos de corrida intermitente (mesmo sistema aplicado no TCAR), com intervalo passivo de 1 minuto para coletar amostras de 25 µL de sangue e mensurar a FC. O MSSL foi definido como sendo a maior velocidade onde ocorreu steady-state de lactato (aumento não superior a 1,2 mmol·l-1 entre o 8º e 32º minuto). O primeiro TCC foi realizado com 100% da velocidade do Dmáx (VDmáx) e subsequentes TCC foram aplicados e a velocidade incrementada em 0,6 km·h-1 após cada TCC até que o MSSL foi verificado. Variáveis identificadas no TCC: V e FC correspondentes ao MSSL (VMSSL e FCMSSL). Os resultados obtidos para V e FC dos Lan preditores foram: VPDv (13,0 ± 1,5 km·h-1), VDmáx (12,2 ± 1,4 km·h-1), VDmáxpred (12,4 ± 1,2 km·h-1), V4pred (13,3 ± 0,8 km·h-1) e FCPDv (186 ± 11 bpm), FCDmáx (178 ± 10 bpm), FCDmáxpred (183 ± 8 bpm), respectivamente. Quando foram comparadas com a VMSSL (12,5 ± 1,6 km·h-1) e FCMSSL (182 ± 4 bpm), não apresentaram diferenças (p>0,05). As correlações encontradas foram significantes, com destaque para a VDmáx (r = 0,98) e FCDmáx (r = 0,88), com exceções para FCDmáxpred (r = 0,53) e V4pred (r = 0,70), ambas não significantes. Os valores encontrados de concentração de lactato no MSSL foram 4,2 ± 1,8 mmol·l-1 (1,4 a 6,7). Assim, concluiu-se que os Lan derivados do TCAR são válidos como preditores do MSSL em jogadores de Futsal e que, as respostas fisiológicas verificadas nesse sistema de corrida intermitente foram similares ao modelo teórico vigente, sugerindo um modelo generalizável.

A aplicação de uma sequência de pulsos com tempo de repetição muito menor que os tempos de relaxação Tp << T2; T1, faz com que a magnetização atinja um estado estacionário descrito por H.Y. Carr como Estado Estacionário em Precessão Livre, Steady State Free Precession (SSFP). Nessa condição, o sinal é composto pela complexa sobreposição das componentes FID e eco. Sequências tipo SSFP são utilizadas na aquisição rápida de sinais, resultando em uma boa razão sinal ruído (s/r) em curto intervalo de tempo, porém introduzem fortes anomalias de fase e amplitude devido a complexa interação das componentes que formam o estado estacionário. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos sequências de pulsos tipo SSFP para RMN em alta e baixa resolução com alternância e incremento de fase. Em alta resolução desenvolvemos as sequências SSFPdx e SSFPdxdt com incremento de fase linear e quadrático respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que espectros de núcleos com baixa sensibilidade podem ser obtidos com mesma razão s/r em menor tempo experimental e as sequências desenvolvidas removem as anomalias espectrais. Em baixa resolução, os resultados mostram que a introdução de alternâncias de fase na Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) possibilita a remoção da dependência da sequência com o offset de frequência e com o tempo entre pulsos. Além disso, mostramos que a sequência CP-CWFPx-x com ângulo de refocalização pequeno (5&deg; a 10&deg;) possibilita a estimativa rápida do tempos de relaxação longitudinal. Apresentamos também resultados dos estudos e desenvolvidos no estágio de pesquisa no exterior, onde as sequências de pulsos no estado estacionário &ndash; DECPMG e Split 180&deg; &ndash; foram estudas numericamente e implementadas nos sistemas magnéticos compactos: mini-Halbach e MOUSE-NMR. Por fim, são apresentados resultados com os métodos de processamento de dados Krylov Basis Diagonalization Method (KBDM) e a Transformada Inversa de Laplace aplicados na análise de sinais SSFP. Resultados mostram que KBDM é uma ferramenta útil no processamento de dados em alta e baixa resolução, tanto na obtenção de espectros como na determinação da distribuição dos tempos de relaxação. / The application of a pulse sequence with repetition time much smaller than the relaxation times, Tp << T2; T1, causes the magnetization to reach a steady state, described by H. Y. Carr as a Steady State Free Precession (SSFP). In this condition, the signal is composed of the complex overlapping of the FID and eco components. SSFP type sequences are used in fast acquisition of NMR signals, resulting in a good signal to noise ratio (s/r) in a short time interval, however, they introduce phase and amplitude anomalies due to the complex interaction between the components of the steady state. In this work, we develop SSFP type pulse sequences for NMR in high and low resolution, with alternation and increment of phase. In high resolution, we develop SSFPdx and SSFPdxdt sequences, with linear and quadratic phase increment respectively. Results show that the low sensitivity nuclei spectra can be obtained with the same s/r ratio in smaller experimental time, about an order of magnitude, and the developed sequences can remove the spectral anomalies. In low resolution, the results show that the introduction of a phase alternation in the Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) allows the elimination of the dependence of the sequence with the offset frequency and the time between pulses. Besides, we show that the CP-CWFPx-x sequence with a small refocalization angle (5° to 10°) allows the fast estimative of the longitudinal relaxation time in a single experiment. The results of the studies conducted during an international research internship are also presented. Steady state pulse sequences &ndash; DECPMG and Split 180° &ndash; were studied and implemented in compact magnetic systems: mini-Halbach and MOUSE-NMR. Finally, the results of the application of the Krylov Basis Diagonalization Method (KBDM) and the Inverse Laplace Transform for the analysis of SSFP signals are presented. The results show that KBDM is a useful tool in data processing for low and high resolution, both for obtaining spectra and determining the relaxation times distribution.

Ce travail de thèse présente la démarche utilisée pour construire un modèle éléments finis en statique ou en dynamique d'un pneumatique d'avion gros porteur prenant en compte la géométrie, la structure matérielle complexe, les différents matériaux et leurs propriétés ainsi que les interactions entre le pneumatique et le sol (contact, frottement et couplage thermomécanique). Des essais ont été effectués afin d'identifier les paramètres géométriques et matériaux.Ces simulations utilisant une approche Lagrangienne et une approche mixte Eulérienne/Lagrangienne ont été réalisées sur le modèle proposé. La seconde approche qui réduit considérablement le temps de calcul a été validée pour simuler le roulement en dérapage du pneumatique. Le modèle permet ainsi d'estimer le torseur des efforts dans le contact pneumatique /sol. Nous montrons l'influence des paramètres de chargement (charge verticale, pression de gonflage et vitesse de roulage) et de l'angle de dérapage sur le moment d'autoalignement (MZ) et sur le potentiel d'adhérence (µY) correspondant au rapport entre l'effort latéral et l'effort vertical dû au poids de l'avion. Nous présentons aussi une étude de sensibilité aux paramètres géométriques et matériels.Des essais de Coulomb et de diffusion thermique ont permis d'identifier la loi d'évolution du coefficient de frottement en fonction de la température (béton, asphalte) et l'évolution de la température dans l'épaisseur du pneumatique. Ceci a permis de prendre en compte les effets thermiques dans le modèle et de proposer un modèle de couplage thermomécanique qui met en évidence la décroissance de µY et la chute rapide de MZ vers des valeurs négatives au-delà d'un angle de dérapage critique βmax variant avec les conditions de chargement du pneumatique. Ces variations sont observées expérimentalement. / This PhD Thesis presents the approach adopted for the setting of numerical model based on Finite Element Method for jumbo-jet tire. The model takes into account the real geometry, the complex material structure, the various materials and their properties as well as the interactions between the tire and the ground (contact, friction and thermal-mechanical coupling due to friction). Tests are performed in order to identify geometrical and material parameters.Static and dynamic simulations using a Lagragian approach and an Eulerian/ Lagrangian mixed approach were performed on this proposed model. This second approach which significantly reduces the computational cost time was validated for cornering tire simulation. The model allows thereby to estimate the forces in the tire/ ground contact patch. We show the influency of loading parameters (vertical load, inflating pressure and rolling velocity) and of the slip angle on the self aligning torque (MZ) and on the lateral friction coefficient (µY) corresponding on the ratio between lateral force and vertical load due to the aircraft weight. We also present a sensitivity study on geometrical and material parameters.Coulomb's and thermal diffusion tests were performed in order to identify the friction coefficient law as function of temperature (on concrete and asphalte surfaces) and the temperature evolution in the aircraft tire thickness. These tests allowed to take into account thermal effects in the model and to propose a thermal-mechanical coupling model which emphasized the decreasing of µY and the rapid vanishing of MZ towards zero beyond a critical slip angle βmax varying with the tire loading conditions. These variations were observed experimentally