S960 and S700 are two types of high strength low alloy steels (minimum yield strengths at 960 MPa and 700 MPa, respectively) developed recently by Tata Steel. These steels are typically used in heavy lifting equipment. This research examines the feasibility and characteristics of single pass autogenous laser welding (ALW), multi-pass ultra-narrow gap laser welding (NGLW) of 8 mm thick S960 and 13 mm thick S700 high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels and compared the characteristics of the welds with those of gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The work aims to understand the development of welding induced residual stresses, microstructures, microhardness, tensile properties, bending properties and Charpy impact toughness at different temperatures as produced by different welding techniques (ALW, NGLW and GMAW).Design of experiments and statistical modelling were used to predict and optimise laser welding parameters of S960 and S700 HSLA steels. The contour method was used to measure the 2D distribution of residual stresses of the welded specimens. X-ray diffraction was carried out to measure the surface residual stresses of the welded specimens. The main novel contributions include:(1) Development of welding procedures for ultra-NGLW of HSLA steels. The ultra-NGLW process was successfully applied to the welding of 8 mm thick S960 and 13 mm thick S700 HSLA steels with a very narrow groove (1.2-1.4 mm wide) using a moderate laser power (2-3 kW).(2) Resolving the melt sagging problem for single pass autogenous laser welding of thick section materials. Horizontal (2G) welding position was applied to successfully resolve the melt sagging problem when single pass flat (1G) position ALW was applied to welding a 13 mm thick S700 steel plate. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling was carried out to understand the dynamic force interactions in the weld pool and the factors affecting the formation of the weld bead profile.(3) Understanding the effects of heat input on the microstructures evolution and mechanical properties of the welded high strength steel joints. The much lower heat input for ALW of 8 mm thick S960 steel and ultra-NGLW of both 8 mm thick S960 and 13 mm thick S700 steels results in the generation of hard martensite in the narrow fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ), which strengthened the welded joints but deteriorated the toughness of the welded joints. The strengthened narrow FZ and HAZ for both the ALW and ultra-NGLW of 8 mm thick S960 steels demonstrated almost the same tensile strength and elongation as the base material. A relatively high heat input for the ALW of 13 mm thick S700 steel results in the generation of bainite in the FZ, which has almost the same microstructure and hardness as the base material.(4) Understanding the effect of solid-state phase transformation on the residual stresses of the welded specimens. It was demonstrated that the solid-state phase transformation from austenite to ferrite, bainite and martensite changes the magnitude of residual stress in the fusion zone for the welded S700 steel plates. In addition, it also changes the yield strength of the FZ, which also has a significant effect on the welding residual stress. In summary, this work has resulted in a significantly enhanced understanding of the way in which the choice of welding process affects the properties of welded joints in high strength steels. Laser welding was found to offer strengthened welded joints. However, the laser welded joints presented low impact toughness. If the toughness of the laser welded joints can be improved, laser welding will be a promising technique for joining high strength steels.

Les aciers inoxydables austénitiques sont utilisés dans de nombreuses applications. L'alliage 310S possède des teneurs en chrome et en nickel particulièrement élevées qui lui confèrent une excellente résistance pour les utilisations à hautes températures. Néanmoins, pour des applications combinant cyclage thermique et chargement mécanique, la prédiction de la durée de vie des pièces est délicate. En effet, si de nombreuses données sont disponibles dans la littérature concernant le vieillissement et le fluage isotherme des aciers austénitiques, celles dédiées aux sollicitations couplées sont très rares et s’avèrent insuffisantes pour rendre compte des phénomènes macroscopiques observés industriellement. Une étude a donc été menée pour comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu. Le vieillissement d’un acier 310S a été exploré pour plusieurs cycles thermiques à 870°C. Les microstructures obtenues ont été caractérisées par différents moyens expérimentaux. L’effet critique du cyclage thermique sur la germination et la croissance des précipités a été quantifié mettant en évidence une accélération de la germination de la phase sigma. D’autre part, des essais mécaniques à 20, 650, 780 et 870°C ont été réalisés sur une large plage de contraintes. Les résultats confirment la forte influence de la modification de la microstructure sur les propriétés élastiques et sur celles en fluage. L’augmentation conjointe du module d’Young, de la limite à rupture et des vitesses de fluage a été observée. La prédiction de la durée de vie de composants subissant des cyclages thermomécaniques doit donc tenir compte de l’évolution de la microstructure. Ces travaux aboutissent donc à une double modélisation qui permet, d’une part, de décrire la cinétique de transformation de phase et, d’autre part, de prédire les vitesses de fluage de l’acier 310S, en isotherme comme en cyclage thermomécanique, dans des conditions représentatives des conditions de service des pièces industrielles. / Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in industrial applications. 310S stainless steel has high chromium and nickel contents, providing a competitive mechanical behavior for high temperature utilizations. Nevertheless, lifetime prediction is difficult to assess under coupled mechanical and thermal solicitations. Many data are available on aging and isothermal creep of austenitic stainless steels, but few consider the coupled effect of multiple solicitations. These data are insufficient to explain industrial macroscopic observations. The aim of this study was thus to explore the involved mechanisms in such a case. 310S stainless steel aging was investigated under various thermal cycling solicitations at 870°C. The obtained microstructures were characterized by numerous experimental means. The effect of thermal cycling on nucleation and growth of sigma phase precipitates was quantified. The results of the present work revealed enhanced sigma phase nucleation in these non-isothermal conditions. In addition, mechanical tests were carried out at 20, 650, 780 and 870°C under a large range of stresses. The results highlight a noticeable influence of microstructural evolution on elastic and creep properties of this alloy. Simultaneous increases of Young modulus, rupture stress and creep rates were evidenced. It was thus evidenced that lifetime prediction of components under thermomechanical cycling must take into account the microstructure change during lifetime. Finally, two models were proposed in order to assess microstructural changes and creep behavior that apply to isothermal and thermomechanical cycling conditions mimicking in service conditions of industrial components.

Les neuropathies périphériques sont des dysfonctions causées par certaines maladies (diabète, mucoviscidose). Celles-ci peuvent être rapidement diagnostiquées par la technologie SudoscanTM. Cette technologie non invasive, est basée sur des mesures électrochimiques via l’imposition de faibles potentiels entre des électrodes appliquées sur la peau et la mesure de faibles courants. Les résultats obtenus sont liés à la composition de la sueur associée à l’innervation des glandes sudoripares. Les résultats obtenus in vivo donnent une réponse caractéristique à l’anode, qui permet de déterminer le type de maladie et son avancement. Afin de mieux comprendre les phénomènes mis en jeu aux électrodes et d’optimiser la sensibilité des mesures in vivo, des manipulations ont été réalisées in vitro dans des solutions mimant la composition de la sueur. Pour simuler la résistance du corps et réduire les densités de courant obtenues in vitro la viscosité de l’électrolyte a été augmentée. Cet électrolyte a permis d’atteindre des densités de courant in vitro proches de celles obtenues in vivo. Le second objectif de cette étude est d’analyser le comportement électrochimique in vitro de différents aciers inoxydables biocompatibles et leur résistance à la corrosion dans un milieu physiologique à pH neutre. Nous nous sommes plus précisément intéressés à l’influence de la concentration en ions chlorure sur la corrosion, aux échelles de concentrations trouvées dans la sueur, (36mM 120mM). L’objectif est de permettre une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu et d’analyser la sensibilité des matériaux aux ions chlorures, pour déterminer le matériau le plus prometteur pour la technologie. / A non-invasive device based on measurements of electrochemical skin conductance can detect small fiber neuropathy, a sweat gland dysfunction implicated in several diseases. In this context, the SudoscanTM technology developed by Impeto Medical provides early diagnosis, rapid and noninvasive analysis. This technology is based on measurements of skin current density via the imposition of low amplitude voltages (4 to 1.5V) between electrodes applied to the skin and measuring the low current generated. These electrodes are sensitive to the composition of the sweat produced by the eccrine glands when stimulated. The results obtained in vivo provide a characteristic response on the anode, which determines the type of disease and its progress. To better understand the phenomena involved at electrodes and to optimize the sensitivity of in vivo measurements, manipulations were performed in vitro with solutions mimicking the composition of the sweat. To simulate the resistance of the body and to reduce the current densities obtained in vitro, the viscosity of the electrolyte has been increased. This electrolyte has achieved in vitro current densities similar to those obtained in vivo. The second objective of this study is to analyze the electrochemical behavior of different biocompatible stainless steels and their corrosion resistance in a physiological medium at neutral pH. We specifically interested in the influence of the chloride ion concentration on the corrosion, in the range of sweat’s. The objective is to enable a better understanding of the phenomena involved and analyze the sensitivity of materials to chloride ions, to determine the most promising material for technology.

The purpose of the work presented in this thesis was to explore and understand the mechanisms governing toughness, ductility and ballistic performance in a class of nanostructured carbide-free bainite-austenite steels, sometimes known as ‘superbainite’. The mechanical properties of these alloys have been extensively reported, but their interpretation is not clear. The thesis begins with an introduction to both the relevant nanostructures and some of the difficulties involved in explaining observed properties, alongside a summary of the role of mixed- microstructures in alloy development. An overview of the debate regarding the mechanism of bainite formation is pre- sented in Chapter 2, in the form of a literature survey encompassing the period of explicit recognition of the bainite microstructure. Of note is the role played by the displacive theory of formation in the development of the alloy structures investigated in this thesis. A characterisation of a commonly available bainitic alloy forms the basis for Chapter 4. Observations confirm the nanoscale nature of the structure, although additional phases are found to be present, namely: cementite and martensite. This is explained as resulting from relatively low alloying additions and chem- ical segregation effects, which are modelled using thermodynamic and kinetic approaches. Chapters 5 and 6 contain a comprehensive study of the response of this alloy to the stress concentration present at the notch root of a Charpy impact sample. The work provides evidence of notch root embrittlement due to stress-induced martensite transformation. Results from synchrotron and laboratory X-ray experiments in particular reveal that machining, as well as applied stress, can initiate the austenite-martensite transformation, and methods to mitigate this effect are suggested. An innovative approach is harnessed in Chapter 7, in order to identify exper- imentally the volume fraction at which three-dimensional connectivity (‘percolation’) of austenite is lost in a superbainitic steel. Hydrogen thermal desorption techniques are applied to this problem, inspired by the tendency of such alloys to undergo tensile failure with limited or zero necking. The striking result sheds light on the importance of austenite morphology in restricting the diffusion of hydrogen into a mixed structure. The final set of experimental work is directed towards understanding the damage mechanisms that occur during projectile penetration of a coarser bainitic armour- plate alloy. The formation of adiabatic shear bands is found to be a dominant factor governing the ballistic failure of the plate. The sheared material undergoes severe high-temperature deformation, but does not change phase upon cooling, leading to the proposal of certain methods that could be implemented to improve ballistic resistance of the steel. The totality of the research presented herein is summarised in Chapter 9, which draws attention to new areas of interest that have arisen from the current work, proposing several future directions of investigation. The broader issue of understanding, common to all studies performed thus far, is that of the causes, effects, and extent, of stress-induced transformation to martensite experienced by the retained austenite that is a key feature of superbainite and similar steels.

The aim of the work presented in this thesis is to clarify one of the most fundamental aspects of fatigue damage in bearings steels through critical experiments, in particular whether damage in the form of cracks precedes hard “white-etching matter" formation, which is carbon supersaturated nanoscaled ferrite. Heat treatments have been designed to create four different crack types and distributions: scarce martensite plate cracks, fine grain boundary cracks, abundant martensite plate cracks, and surface cracks. Subsequent rolling contact fatigue experiments showed that the amount of hard white-etching matter is higher in pre-cracked samples compared to those without prior damage and that its formation mechanism is the frictional contact of disconnected surfaces within the bulk that elevate the temperature and localise deformation. These key experiments indicate that hard white-etching matter is the consequence, not the cause, of damage. Therefore, one way to avoid white-etching matter is by increasing the toughness of the material. The macroscopically homogenous distribution of microcracks proved also to be a useful rolling contact fatigue life enhancer due to damage deflection via crack branching and a powerful trap for diffusible hydrogen. Successful trapping was corroborated by the inability of hydrogen to cause crack propagation via embrittlement or accelerate white-etching matter generation during rolling contact fatigue. By also studying the behaviour of a nanostructured bainitic steel under rolling contact fatigue, it was found that its degradation mechanism is ductile void formation at bainitic ferrite/stress-induced martensite interfaces, followed by growth and coalescence into larger voids that lead to fracture along the direction of the softer phase as opposed to the conventional damage mechanism in 52100 steel of crack initiation at inclusions and propagation. Given the relevance of phase quantification in nanobainite and the possible surface artefacts introduced by preparation, alternative methods to X-ray diffraction such as magnetic measurements were also investigated. The lack of hard white-etching matter obtained in the carbide-free nanostructured bainite led to conclude that an alternative route to mitigate hard white-etching matter could be by eliminating pre-eutectoid carbides from the microstructure, therefore restricting their dissolution and ultimate carbon supersaturation of the mechanically deformed and homogenised nanoferrite.

No description available.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito do processo de agitação eletromagnética (AE) utilizado no lingotamento contínuo (LC) e nas propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas dos aços ABNT 1025 (com adições de manganês e silício) forjados a quente, para a confecção de flanges de tubulações industriais. As matériasprimas fornecidas foram caracterizadas através de composição química e macrografia. Compararam-se os aços provenientes de três condições de fornecimento: 1º) LC sem AE somado à laminação a quente (LQ); 2º) LC com AE; e 3º) LC sem AE. Em seguida, foram extraídos billets de seção quadrada de 120mmx120mmx58mm das três condições citadas para subsequentes forjamentos a quente e fabricação de flanges. Assim, são mostrados os resultados das propriedades obtidas e a comparação com a norma de validação ASTM A 105 (especificação padrão para forjados de aço carbono para aplicação em tubulações) utilizada nesse tipo de forjado. Através da norma, foram verificados os requisitos químicos e ensaios de tração e de dureza. As propriedades foram, também, analisadas através de metalografias (macro e micro), ensaios de impacto e ensaios não destrutivos de líquidos penetrantes. Através da teoria elementar da plasticidade, os valores requeridos para a força de forjamento da peça em estudo, durante o processo de forjamento a quente, foram estimados em caráter formativo e didático. De acordo com os fundamentos teóricos observados na revisão bibliográfica e com os resultados práticos obtidos, constatou-se a aprovação dos aços provenientes do LC com AE como alternativa aos provenientes da LQ (tradicionalmente fornecidos às forjarias) para a confecção de flanges forjados desse tipo de aço. Na análise dos forjados provenientes do LC sem AE também ocorreu a reprovação de diversos resultados, mostrando o efeito da AE como alternativa para as propriedades desse tipo de forjado. / The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of the process of electromagnetic stirring (ES) used in continuous ingot (CI) in the mechanical and metallurgic properties of 1025 ABNT hot forged steels (with the addition of manganese and silicon) for the manufacture of flanges of industrial pipes. At first, the supplied raw materials were characterized trough chemical compound and macrograph. Then, steels from the following three supplying conditions [ 1º) CI without ES plus hot rolling (HR); 2º) CI with ES; and 3º) CI without ES] were compared. Afterwards, billets were extracted from a square section measuring 120mmx120mmx58mm, from the three previous conditions, to be hot forged and to the manufacture of connection flanges. Thus, the results from these properties and the comparison with the validation norm ASTM A 105 (standard specification for steel-carbon forgings for the application in pipes) for this type of forged are shown. Through this norm, chemical requirements, tension and hardness tests were verified. The properties were also analyzed through metallographies (macro and micro), impact tests and non-destructive tests of penetrating liquids. Through the elementary plasticity theory, the demanded values for the forging force of the studied piece, during the hot forging process, were estimated as didactic and formative natures. According to the theoretical substances observed in the bibliography and to these practical results, the steels from CI with ES were approved as an alternative to the ones from HR (traditionally supplied to forging companies) to the manufacture of forged flanges of this type of steel. Moreover, in the analysis of forgings from CI without ES, the disapproval of various results also occurred, showing the effect of ES as an alternative to the properties of this type of forging.

Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T09:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OliveiraJunior_CarlosAncelmo_M.pdf: 7354499 bytes, checksum: 05a6c099baa7c4f194f916c8e418d4db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os aços inoxidáveis super duplex são ligas extremamente resistentes à corrosão, desenvolvidas para aplicações com altos níveis de exigência, em que as peças terão contato com ambientes corrosivos como a água do mar, por exemplo. Devido à sua composição química e microestrutura, que proporcionam alta resistência mecânica, alta resistência ao calor e também alta ductilidade, que são fatores positivos para a aplicação, a usinabilidade dessas ligas é geralmente muito baixa o que resulta em longos ciclos de produção e alto custo de ferramental. Este trabalho trata do torneamento da liga UNS 32750 comercialmente conhecida como SAF2507 e sua consequente influência na resistência à corrosão apresentada ao longo da aplicação. Durante os ensaios, houve variação de velocidade de corte, classe e cobertura da ferramenta, além da condição de refrigeração com alternativas de alta e baixa pressão. Os resultados indicam que as pastilhas com cobertura PVD são mais resistentes ao desgaste e, combinadas ao uso de refrigeração de alta pressão, podem melhorar o seu desempenho em relação à vida útil e rugosidade bem como à posterior resistência à corrosão do material. Desgaste de entalhe e aderência encontrados na usinagem com pastilhas PVD, juntamente com lascamentos e quebras que ocorreram nas pastilhas CVD, foram os tipos e mecanismos de desgaste/avaria da ferramenta mais encontrados durante os ensaios / Abstract: Super duplex stainless steels are extremely corrosion-resistant alloys that were developed to work in very demanding applications, in which the workpieces are exposed to corrosive environments like sea water, for example. Due to their chemical composition and microstructure, that provide high mechanical and heat resistance besides high ductility, which are favorable factors for the application, the machinability of these alloys is generally poor and results in long production cycles and high tool costs. The goal of this research is to study turning operation of the UNS 32750 alloy, commercially called SAF2507, and its consequent influence in the corrosion resistance for application situations. During the tests, the input variables were cutting speed, grade and coating of the inserts, besides the cooling conditions with low and high pressure options. The results indicate that the PVD coated inserts are more wear-resistant than the CVD inserts and when they are combined with high pressure cooling, their performance related to tool life and workpiece roughness as well as the corrosion resistance of the material after machining is improved. Notch wear and attrition found in machining with PVD inserts, together with chipping and tool breakage that occurred in machining with CVD inserts, were the most frequent types of wear/damage and wear mechanism found during the tests / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos são materiais atrativos para serem utilizados em vários setores industriais que operam sob meios corrosivos, como por exemplo: indústria química, alcooleira, petroquímica, de papel e celulose, na prospecção de petróleo e nas indústrias têxtil e farmacêutica. Contudo, apresentam propriedades tribológicas pobres. No sentido de melhorar essas propriedades, como aumentar a dureza superficial, a resistência ao desgaste e a resistência à fadiga, vários métodos de tratamentos superficiais vêm sendo utilizados. Dentre eles, o mais eficiente é a nitretação por plasma. Este processo é realizado em uma câmara de vácuo sob uma mistura gasosa de hidrogênio e nitrogênio. É aplicada uma diferença de potencial entre o cátodo (porta amostras) e o ânodo (paredes da câmara), acelerando os íons contra a superfície da peça, aquecendo-a e arrancando elétrons de sua superfície. Os íons reagem com espécies da superfície do plasma formando compostos instáveis do tipo FeN que se recombinam para formarem nitretos estáveis. O sucesso deste tratamento se deve à baixa temperatura de operação, ao menor tempo efetivo de tratamento e ao controle da uniformidade da espessura da camada. A camada de nitretos formada durante o tratamento possui uma influência positiva na vida em fadiga de um componente, graças a dois motivos principais. O primeiro é o atraso na nucleação da trinca devido ao aumento da resistência mecânica superficial. O segundo motivo está relacionado com a introdução de tensões residuais compressivas durante o processo de endurecimento da superfície, que retarda a iniciação da trinca e diminui o fator de intensidade de tensão. Os corpos de prova foram nitretados a 400ºC durante 6 horas, com uma pressão de 4,5 mbar e utilizando uma mistura gasosa de 80% vol.H2 e 20%vol.N2. Ocorreu um aumento da resistência mecânica próxima á superfície, devido à camada de nitretos, o que ficou evidente com o sensível aumento no valor do limite de fadiga do material nitretado em relação ao não nitretado. O limite de fadiga do aço AISI 316 não tratado foi de 400MPa e do nitretado foi de 510MPa, enquanto que, para o aço AISI 304, o limite de fadiga do material não tratado foi de 380MPa e o limite para material submetido ao tratamento de nitretação foi de 560MPa. / The austenitic stainless steels are attractive materials to many industrial sectors which work on corrosive environments, as chemical industry alcohol, petrochemical, cellulose industries, in the petroleum prospection and pharmaceutical and textiles industries. However, they present poor tribological properties. In order to improve these properties, like increasing superficial hardness, wear and fatigue resistance superficial heat treatment methods have being used. The most efficient is the plasma nitriding process which occurs in a vacuum container under hydrogen and nitrogen gas mixture. A potential difference is applied between the cathode (samples receptor) and the anode (container walls), accelerating the ions against the piece, heating it and removing electron from the surface of material. These atoms react with the surface plasma species, producing unstable compounds like FeN, which recombine producing stable nitrides. The success of this treatment is due to the low temperature operation, the short effective time of treatment and to the uniformity control of the layer’s thickness. The nitrides layer produced during the treatment have a positive influence in the fatigue life of a component, thanks to two main reasons. The first is the retardation in crack nucleation due to increasing of superficial mechanical strength. The second reason is due to introduction of compressive residual stress during the surface hardening process, which retards de crack initiation process. The specimens were nitriding at 400°C during 6 hours, at a 4,5mbar pressure and using a gas mixture of 80% vol. H2 and 20% vol. N2. The surface mechanical strength increased, due to the nitrides layer, which was evident with the sensitive increase in the fatigue limit of the nitriding specimens, comparing to the untreated ones. The fatigue limit of the AlSl 316 steel in untreated condition was 400 MPa and in nitriding condition was 510 MPa, whereas AlSl 304 steel, the fatigue limit of the untreated condition was 480 MPa and the fatigue limit for the nitrided condition was 560 MPa.

No presente trabalho, foi realizado um estudo sobre a influência da adição do boro em um aço C-Mn, nas transformações de fases por resfriamento contínuo, através da técnica dilatométrica. Para este estudo, utilizou-se dois aços de composição química semelhante: o aço 10B22 com 30 ppm de boro e o aço sem boro é o E1522, equivalente. Foram traçadas as curvas de CCT dos dois aços, onde analisou-se o efeito de temperabilidade do boro através das curvas de resfriamento. Os materiais foram ensaiados em um dilatômetro de resfriamento rápido, utilizando corpos de prova cilíndricos, resfriados por injeção de ar e hélio. Os resultados gráficos dos processos de resfriamento foram comparados com análises metalográficas ótica estruturais e quantitativas e também por medidas de dureza. Detalhes microestruturais, tais como, contagem de fases formadas em função das taxas de resfriamento, tamanho de grão, distribuição de inclusões e precipitados, foram extraídos, através de um sistema de análise de imagens. Complementando o trabalho, foi realizado uma completa documentação fotográfica das microestruturas, com uma indicação final do tratamento térmico mais adequado aos aços C-Mn microligados ao boro. / This work presents a study about the influence of boron on phase transformation by continuous cooling in a C-Mn steel using the dilatometric technique. For this study two close chemical composition steels were applied: a 10B2 steel with 30 ppm of boron and a E1522 steel without boron. For both steels the CCT curves were obtained, where the effect of boron on hardenability was analysed throughout continuous cooling curves. Both materials were testedcin a high speed quenching dilatometer, using cilindricals samples quenched by helium blow on their surfaces. The graphics results of cooling processes were compared with microstructural and quantitative optical metallographic analysis and hardness measurements. Microstructural features as such phases fraction as a function of cooling rates, grain size, and distributions of inclusions and precipitates were obtained through an image analysis system. In addition, complete microstructural photography documentation was carried out where it was possible to indicate the best heat treatment to boron microalloyed C-Mn steels.