Stefan Zweig had an extraordinary gift for mirroring the complexity of humankind and the human mind, and was undoubtedly one of the most translated authors in the 1930s, but he is still considered a “poor cousin” in the academic world. Indeed, both his life and his work have been consistently viewed through the events of history, something neither caused nor endorsed by him, with the result that his worldview and the general perception of that view often have been misunderstood. In the 1950s and 1960s, scholars focused on the author’s use of genres and language, as well as his political views during the Second World War, rather than on the analysis of his literary texts. Although recent research points to the importance of Zweig’s humanistic worldview, which insists on viewing all human action equally, the poor image of the author caused by his earlier reception still prevails. This thesis focusses on Zweig’s autobiographical work Die Welt von Gestern: Erinnerungen eines Europäers (1942) as an adaptation of both culture and history. This dissertation demonstrates, how through the subject perception of the “I,” “life writing” becomes “history writing,” dismantling a cultural and political world. Not only does this “I” hold multiple functions, but each function illuminates a different fragment of an event in search of a “truth.” Zweig’s autobiography incorporates elements from other genres, which enables us to see him in part as a postmodern author. To illustrate the game-like use of Zweig’s subjective worldview, Philippe Lejeune’s “autobiographical pact,” Mieke Bal’s concept of focalization, and Walter Benjamin’s essay “Der Erzähler” will form the framework for a linguistic, narratological, and philosophical analysis. In order to show that autobiographical writing resides in the tradition of alternative history, rather than in the simple enumeration of facts, Henry Adams’ The Education of Henry Adams (1918) has been woven into the analysis of Zweig’s text, as an example of an autobiography from a historian’s point of view, who, although motivated by different circumstances, exposes a similar philosophy of history to Zweig’s. Besides Zweig’s autobiography this dissertation will also include other works of the author, such as Triumph und Tragik des Erasmus von Rotterdam (1934), Maria Stuart (1935) und “Schachnovelle“ (1942) as part of the analysis in order to show the reflexion of history and life in the author’s biographical work as well. / Thesis (Ph.D, German) -- Queen's University, 2011-08-29 09:09:58.611

Stefan Zweig et l’Histoire, Stefan Zweig et l’Humain. Le rapport de Zweig à l’Histoire est en corrélation permanente avec l’être humain. Le collectif et l’individuel sont liés dans ses œuvres. Ses récits de vie au tournant des années 1920-1930, ses ouvrages marquant un certain engagement après l’arrivée d’Hitler au pouvoir ou encore le récit de sa propre vie et de son monde, une fois exilé : autant d’œuvres littéraires qui témoignent de l’intérêt de Zweig pour l’Histoire et pour son monde. Zweig s’identifie souvent aux personnages sur lesquels il écrit, retrouvant en eux des similitudes avec sa propre personne, ou bien admirant les qualités de l’un, enviant le courage d’un autre. Les qualités humaines priment à ses yeux, les héros peuvent être de nature différentes ; les héros ne sont pas seulement ceux dont se souviennent les livres d’école. L’intérêt de Zweig pour l’Histoire passée s’explique par son intérêt pour l’époque dans laquelle il vit. Toutefois, Zweig regrette son propre passé et semble également chercher dans les figures de l’Histoire un lien avec le monde perdu, le monde d’hier. Zweig dit avoir eu trois vies. La dernière se termine dans l’exil. Mais comment vivre loin de son monde, de son histoire, de son passé ? / Stefan Zweig and History, Stefan Zweig and Human. The relationship between Zweig and History is in permanent correlation with the human being. The collective and the individual are linked in his works. His stories of life at the turn of the years 1920-1930, his works which mark a certain engagement after the arrival to power of Hitler or the story of his own life and of his world, after his exile: so many literary works that testify of the interest of Zweig for History and for his world. Zweig often identifies himself with the characters about whom he writes, finding in these characters similarities with his own person, or admiring the qualities of some, and envying the courage of others. The human qualities are more important to his eyes, the heroes could be of different nature; heroes aren't only those about whom the school books speak. The interest of Zweig for History is explained by his interest for the time in which he lives. However, Zweig regrets his own past and seems to search, in the characters of History, for a link with his lost world, the world of yesterday. Zweig says that he has had three lives. The last life ends in exile. But how is it possible to live away from our world, from our history, from our past?

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar, analisar e discutir as relações estabelecidas de Stefan Zweig no período de exílio, utilizando sua correspondência entre 1940 e 1942. Grande escritor de cartas, Zweig possui uma vasta correspondência com escritores, intelectuais, editores, amigos e familiares; existem cartas já publicadas, em edições desde a década de 1960, mas muitas ainda encontram-se inéditas em arquivos na Europa, na América do Sul e na América do Norte. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho se dividiu em três partes: primeira parte de coleta documental, in loco, em dois arquivos, a citar o Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, DLA, localizado na cidade de Marbach a. N., na Alemanha e o Arquivo da Biblioteca Nacional, BN, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; a segunda parte foi a leitura das cartas e separação de um primeiro corpus, o qual foi traduzido. Na primeira seleção, foram levados em conta aspectos que pudessem ressaltar as relações de Zweig com escritores e personalidades da época, europeus, norte-americanos e brasileiros, e cujo conteúdo pudesse trazer elementos para posterior análise; e a terceira parte do trabalho constituiu no desenvolvimento da dissertação e a análise em si das cartas, as quais puderam ser separadas em três núcleos temáticos em comum: (i) Zweig entre o Mundo de Ontem e o País do Futuro; (ii) Zweig e a literatura; e (iii) Zweig em seu isolamento. Como base teórica do trabalho foi utilizado um texto escrito por Zweig, Kunst des Briefes, no qual ele discute as características pertinentes ao gênero epistolar e o estatuto literário da carta. Textos teóricos de epistolografia também foram utilizados para dar suporte à base teórica do trabalho. / This work aims to present, analyze and discuss relations established by Stefan Zweig during this exile time, by using his letters between 1940 and 1942. A great letter writer, Zweig has a great number of letters with intellectuals, editors, friends, relatives; there are some letters which have already been published, in editions since 1960s, but there are many that are still unpublished and are kept in archives in Europa, South America and North America. Therefore this work was divided in three parts: the first part was the in loco documental research in two archives e.g. Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, DLA, located in Marbach a. N. city, in Germany and Arquivo da Biblioteca Nacional, BN, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the second part was to read and separate the letters from a first corpus, which was totally translated to Portuguese. On this first selection aspects were taken into account, that could show the relations between Zweig and European, American and Brazilian writers and intellectuals from his epoch, and that had a content which could have brought elements for the afterward analysis; and the third part was composed by the letters analysis itself, which could be separated in three different thematic groups: (i) Zweig between the World of Yesterday and the Land of the Future; (ii) Zweig and the literature; e (iii) Zweig in his own isolation. As theoretical basis a Stefan Zweigs text was used, called Kunst des Briefes, in which he discusses mainly characteristics about the letter genre and the literary status of the letter. Epistolography theoretical texts were also used to support this work.

[pt] A partir das possibilidades de diálogo franqueadas pela relação entre psicanálise e literatura, visa-se, tomando como recurso o texto literário encerrado em duas novelas de Stefan Zweig, a investigar, desenvolver e ilustrar os conceitos de amor, feminino e gozo, aludidos no título desta dissertação. Tomando a sexualidade feminina como referencial, pretende-se examinar o gozo feminino e sua articulação com o amor, restringindo-o a um construto teórico próprio do campo psicanalítico. Para tanto, considera-se as parcerias amorosas como via privilegiada de demonstração e incidência do fenômeno da devastação para uma elucidação mais apurada acerca das ideias propostas como dirigentes deste trabalho. Apresenta-se, então, como proposta, o desenvolvimento do tema alicerçado em dois eixos: a partir da reassunção do questionamento de Freud o que quer uma mulher?, e a trajetória de Lacan no que diz respeito a lógica da sexuação do sujeito nas conormidades do feminino e, também, a depuração da concessão da loucura, ou em linguagem popular pirações, como iminente insígnia da mulher relacionada ao gozo e, logicamente, ao amor e à devastação, aspectos encontrados e evidenciados na produção de Zweig. / [en] Based on the possible dialogue given by the relation between psychoanalysis and literature, it is aimed, throughout the literature text enclosed in two novels of Stefan Zweig as resource, to investigate, to develop and to illustrate the concepts of love, feminine and jouissance, alluded in the title of this dissertation. Taking the feminine sexuality as a reference, it is intended to examine the concept of feminine jouissance and its relationship to love, restricting it to a theoretical construct of the psychoanalytic field. For this, the amorous partnership is considered as a privileged way of demonstration and incidence of the phenomenon of devastation for a more detailed elucidation about the main ideas of this work. As a proposal, the development of the theme is based on two axes: from the reassumption of Freud s question what does a woman want?, and Lacan s trajectory with respect to the logic of the subject s sexuation in the conformity of the feminine, and also the concession of madness, or in popular language (in portuguese) pirações, as a woman s insignia related to jouissance and, logically, to love and devastation, aspects found and evidenced in the production of Zweig.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar, analisar e discutir as relações estabelecidas de Stefan Zweig no período de exílio, utilizando sua correspondência entre 1940 e 1942. Grande escritor de cartas, Zweig possui uma vasta correspondência com escritores, intelectuais, editores, amigos e familiares; existem cartas já publicadas, em edições desde a década de 1960, mas muitas ainda encontram-se inéditas em arquivos na Europa, na América do Sul e na América do Norte. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho se dividiu em três partes: primeira parte de coleta documental, in loco, em dois arquivos, a citar o Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, DLA, localizado na cidade de Marbach a. N., na Alemanha e o Arquivo da Biblioteca Nacional, BN, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; a segunda parte foi a leitura das cartas e separação de um primeiro corpus, o qual foi traduzido. Na primeira seleção, foram levados em conta aspectos que pudessem ressaltar as relações de Zweig com escritores e personalidades da época, europeus, norte-americanos e brasileiros, e cujo conteúdo pudesse trazer elementos para posterior análise; e a terceira parte do trabalho constituiu no desenvolvimento da dissertação e a análise em si das cartas, as quais puderam ser separadas em três núcleos temáticos em comum: (i) Zweig entre o Mundo de Ontem e o País do Futuro; (ii) Zweig e a literatura; e (iii) Zweig em seu isolamento. Como base teórica do trabalho foi utilizado um texto escrito por Zweig, Kunst des Briefes, no qual ele discute as características pertinentes ao gênero epistolar e o estatuto literário da carta. Textos teóricos de epistolografia também foram utilizados para dar suporte à base teórica do trabalho. / This work aims to present, analyze and discuss relations established by Stefan Zweig during this exile time, by using his letters between 1940 and 1942. A great letter writer, Zweig has a great number of letters with intellectuals, editors, friends, relatives; there are some letters which have already been published, in editions since 1960s, but there are many that are still unpublished and are kept in archives in Europa, South America and North America. Therefore this work was divided in three parts: the first part was the in loco documental research in two archives e.g. Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, DLA, located in Marbach a. N. city, in Germany and Arquivo da Biblioteca Nacional, BN, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the second part was to read and separate the letters from a first corpus, which was totally translated to Portuguese. On this first selection aspects were taken into account, that could show the relations between Zweig and European, American and Brazilian writers and intellectuals from his epoch, and that had a content which could have brought elements for the afterward analysis; and the third part was composed by the letters analysis itself, which could be separated in three different thematic groups: (i) Zweig between the World of Yesterday and the Land of the Future; (ii) Zweig and the literature; e (iii) Zweig in his own isolation. As theoretical basis a Stefan Zweigs text was used, called Kunst des Briefes, in which he discusses mainly characteristics about the letter genre and the literary status of the letter. Epistolography theoretical texts were also used to support this work.

Stefan Zweig was an Austrian-Jewish author and intellectual who fled Austro-fascism and Nazi Germany, and took his own life in Brazil in early 1942. The resurgence of interest in Zweig’s life in the last few decades has introduced new methods of interpretation of his life as a refugee. But many scholars have not acknowledged Zweig’s relationships he formed with South American intellectuals while in exile there. Instead, the primary focus has been on his identity as a European, and his subsequent suicide. This paper will argue that Zweig’s identity as a refugee included a radical re-interpretation of history and perspective of the world outside of Europe, which had been previously based upon nationalistic and Euro-centric interpretations. Zweig’s exile was one of not only spatial displacement, but was also one of historical displacement, and the physical and political realities in Brazil contributed to this aspect of his life as a refugee.

In den letzten Jahren hat der Europagedanke Stefan Zweigs erneut Interesse geweckt, sowohl in der Forschung als auch in den Medien und in der Politik in einer Zeit, in der Beobachter Parallelen zu der Gegenwart suchen und versuchen einen Zeitgeist der Instabilität und Negativität in Europa und im Westen zu erklären. Zweigs Memoiren Die Welt von Gestern (1942) stellen ein bekanntes, frühes Beispiel eines entwickelten Europagedankens dar, obwohl sein Wert oft debattiert wird. In dieser literaturwissenschaftlichen Arbeit wird der Text derMemoiren und der Europagedanke, der darin ausgedrückt wird, analysiert. Der Fokus der Analyse liegt auf drei Motiven: Der Flucht ins Geistige, dem idealen Habsburger Mythos und dem Sieg in der Niederlage. Zweig benutzt diese Motive, um einen Europagedanken vorzulegen, der kulturelle und geistige Gemeinsamkeiten betont und der auch eine utopische Vision der Konzilianz und Freiheit fördert, die im scharfen Kontrast zu Europas damaligen Zusammenbruch in den 1930er und 40er Jahren steht. Obwohl sich diese Europavision zu Zweigs Lebzeiten als unerreichbar erwies, umfasst Zweigs Europagedanke auch einen moralischen Heroismus, und verspricht seinen Befürwortern, darunter Zweig, eine geistige Permanenz und die Hoffnung auf eine bessere Zukunft. / Stefan Zweigs Europatanke har under senare år blivit föremål för förnyat intresse i såväl akademin som i medier och i politiken i en tid då man sökt historiska paralleller till vår samtid och försökt förklara en tidsanda som kännetecknas av instabilitet och negativitet i Europa och i västvärlden i stort. Zweigs memoarer Die Welt von Gestern (1942) utgör ett välkänt, tidigt exempel på en gedigen reflektion kring Europatanken. Dock är meriterna hos Zweigs Europatanke omdebatterade. Denna litteraturvetenskapliga studie analyserar texten i Zweigs memoarer och den Europatanke som ges uttryck för däri med fokus på tre motiv: den s.k. Flucht ins Geistige, den idealistiska, habsburgska myten, och idén om segern i nederlaget. Zweiganvänder dessa motiv på ett sofistikerat sätt och lägger fram en Europatanke som betonar kulturella och konstnärliga gemensamheter och en utopisk vision som kännetecknas av försonlighet och frihet, och som står i stark kontrast med Europas pågående kollaps på 1930-och 40-talet. Zweigs Europatanke visade sig inte vara genomförbar under Zweigs livstid menden omfattade även en moralisk heroism och utlovade sina anhängare, däribland Zweig själv, ett löfte om intellektuell och andlig permanens. / Stefan Zweig’s idea of European unity has in recent years received renewed interest. This is true not just in academia, but also in media and politics, as observers have sought parallels to our own present day and to explain a Zeitgeist of instability and negativity in Europe and the Western world. Zweig’s memoirs Die Welt von Gestern (1942) provide a famous early example of an articulated reflection on European unity, however, its merits are often debated. This literary study analyses the text of Zweig’s memoirs and the idea of European unity expressed therein with a focus on three motifs: the Flucht ins Geistige, the idealistic Habsburg mythos, and the “victory in defeat”. Zweig employs these motifs in sophisticated ways to present an idea of European unity which emphasises cultural and artistic commonalities, a utopian vision of magnanimity and freedom in sharp contrast to Europe’s ongoing collapse in the 1930s and 40s and finally one which, although unattainable in Zweig’s lifetime, embodies a moral heroism and the promise of permanence for its supporters, Zweig among them.

L’Empire austro-hongrois (1867-1918) est l’un des derniers empires d’Europe à s’être effondré avec la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale. Cas particulièrement en accord avec les conditions internes de la politique et de l’économie austro-hongroise, l’apparition du phénomène social du dandysme à Vienne au début du XXe siècle est le centre de ce travail de mémoire. La figure sociale du dandy, remarquablement moderne, est étudiée en suivant la conceptualisation idéal-typique, héritage de Max Weber. En suivant les écrits sociologiques de Karl Marx, Max Weber et Robert Michels, le portrait typique des quatre figures socio-économiques que sont tour à tour la figure du bourgeois, du prolétaire, du bohème et de l’aristocrate, permettent, dans une première partie du mémoire (chapitre deux), de délinéer conceptuellement la figure du dandy. Une fois cet outil forgé, il est possible d’y comparer la réalité viennoise, avec le cas de Stefan Zweig, pour en montrer les particularités. L’apparition du dandy à la fin de la monarchie des Habsbourg n’est pas étrangère à plusieurs conditions externes que portent en soi cette première partie du XXe siècle, marquée notamment par le nationalisme et la Première Guerre mondiale. Les conditions économiques que permettent aussi l’expression littéraire et journalistique témoigne de cette phénoménalisation sociale à laquelle participe le dandy et sont discutées dans la deuxième partie du mémoire (chapitre trois). En basant cette étude sur le phénomène du dandy, le présent travail s’emploie à appréhender ce phénomène au travers d’une biographie sociologique de l’écrivain et poète Stefan Zweig. Au cours des chapitres quatre et cinq, la mise en relief de la biographie de Stefan Zweig rencontrera son écho social, entre l’étude de l’homme, de l’œuvre, de la vie et des différentes caractéristiques propres au dandy. Enfin, il sera présenté au cinquième chapitre, l’influence de l’esthétique et de la philosophie sur la conduite de vie du dandy, guidé notamment par la philosophie de Friedrich Nietzsche, et l’importance des valeurs du pacifisme et du cosmopolitisme, sous l’influence de la religion juive. En conclusion, je reviens sur l’idéal-type du dandy et m’interroge son utilité pour appréhender des phénomènes contemporains. / The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867-1918) is one of the last European Empire to collapse with the end of World War One. Tightly linked with internal conditions such as Austro- Hungarian politics and economics, the central theme of this work concerns the emergence of the social phenomenon of dandysm in Vienna at the beginning of the XXth century. Remarquably modern, the social figure of the dandy is studied following the ideal-typical method, a legacy of Max Weber. Following the sociological writings of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Robert Michels, the typical portrait of the four socio-economic figures such as the bourgeois, the proletarian, the bohemian and the aristocrat allows, in the first part of the thesis (chapter two), to show the features and to conceptually delineate the figure of the dandy. Once this portrait is forged, it is possible to compare the Viennese reality with the case of the poet Stefan Zweig. The appearance of the dandy, at the end of the Habsburg monarchy, is not alien to many external conditions that are themselves particularly linked to this first part of the XXth century, marked notably by nationalism and World War I. Discussed in the second part of the thesis (chapter three), the economic conditions, that are expressed with either literature or journalism, reflect this social phenomenalization in which the dandy takes part. The study of the social appearance of the dandy being at the very center of this study, the present thesis seeks to understand this phenomenon through a sociological biography of the writer and poet Stefan Zweig. In the fourth and fifth chapter, highlights of his biography meet its social resonance with dandysm through the man itself, his work, his life and the way he lived it. Finally, the influence of aesthetics and philosophy on dandy’s life, especially following Friedrich Nietzsche’s very own word and ideas, will be presented as well as the importance of values of pacifism and cosmopolitism, as influences of Jewish religion. In conclusion, I return to the ideal- type of dandy by questioning its usefulness in understanding contemporary phenomena. / Die Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie (1867-1918) war eines der letzten europäischen Reiche, welches mit dem Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges kollabierte. Eng verbunden mit wirtschaftlichen und politischen Bedingungen des k.u.k. Österreichs, handelt das zentrale Thema dieser Arbeit von der Entstehung der sozialen Phänomene rund um den Dandyismus in Wien zu Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Die soziale Figur des Dandy wird nach dem idealtypis- chen Konzept Max Webers untersucht. Anlehnend an die soziologischen Schriften von Karl Marx, Max Weber und Robert Michels, dem typischen Porträt der vier sozioökonomischen Zahlen, wie der Bürger, der Proletarier, die Boheme und der Aristokrat gestatten, dass im ersten Teil der Abschlussarbeit (Kapitel zwei) die Figur des Dandys konzeptionell beschrieben wird. Auf dieses Porträt aufbauend wird es möglich, die herausgearbeiteten Merkmale mit der Wiener Realität zu vergleichen. Die Texte des Dichters Stefan Zweig geben dazu genug Material. Das Aussehen des Dandys am Ende der Habsburgermonarchie ist passend zu vielen äußeren Bedin- gungen, die besonders mit dem ersten Teil des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts verbunden sind. Speziell werden diese vom Nationalismus und dem Ersten Weltkrieg beeinflusst. Im zweiten Teil der Abschlussarbeit (Kapitel drei) werden die wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen, die entweder mit Literatur oder Journalismus zum Ausdruck kommen, und die die soziale phenomenalization vom Dandy wiederspiegeln, beleuchtet. Die Untersuchung der sozialen Erscheinung des Dandy dient als Basis dieser Studie. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, das Phänomen des Dandyismus durch eine soziologische Biographie des Schriftstellers und Dramatikers Stefan Zweig zu verstehen. In den Kapiteln vier und fünf treffen die Höhepunkte seiner Biographie die gesellschaftliche Reso- nanz des Dandyismus auf den Mensch selbst, seine Arbeit, sein Leben und seine Lebensart. Schlussendlich wird der Einfluss von Ästhetik und Philosophie auf das Leben eines Dandy vor allem nach den Worten und Ideen von Friedrich Nietzsche präsentiert, sowie die Bedeutung der Werte des Pazifismus und Kosmopolitismus, als auch Einflüsse der jüdischen Religion. Ich kehre zum Idealtyp des Dandys zurück, indem ich seine Nützlichkeit in gegenwärtigen Phänomenen in Frage stelle.