The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

Orientadores: Maryse Farhi, Antonio Carlos Macedo e Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_ItaloPedrosaGomes_M.pdf: 7909400 bytes, checksum: 23a0a28ed75945b72c3a02aa0912289a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo da dissertação é de avaliar, por meio de um modelo teórico, as interações macroeconômicas entre a dívida privada, o déficit público, a dívida pública e o crescimento econômico num contexto de desalavancagem do setor privado. Para tal, simula-se um modelo stock-flow consistent (SFC) de economia fechada, composto de famílias, firmas, bancos, banco central e governo. As simulações concentram-se na compreensão dos efeitos de diferentes regimes de gasto público na atividade econômica e nas implicações dinâmicas para as variáveis fiscais, com a finalidade de entender quais soluções mais se adequam ao propósito de acelerar a recuperação da atividade econômica e as políticas mais consistentes com a estabilidade fiscal de médio prazo neste contexto de desalavancagem. Os resultados indicam que a deterioração fiscal é um efeito do processo de desalavancagem do setor privado e que políticas de austeridade implicam num tempo maior para a recuperação da atividade econômica e da "normalidade" da situação fiscal. Em oposição, o aumento anticíclico dos gastos permite o restabelecimento mais acelerado da atividade econômica e da situação fiscal. Esses resultados sugerem que a consideração da integração de balanços dos agentes é fundamental para a análise da política fiscal, não somente no contexto de desalavancagem privada / Abstract: The aim of the dissertation is to assess, by means of a theoretical model, the macroeconomic interactions between private debt, public deficit, public debt and economic growth in the context of private sector deleveraging. In order to do so, we simulate a stock-flow consistent model (SFC) for a closed economy composed of households, firms, banks, the central bank and government. The simulations will focus on understanding the effects of different behavioral assumptions for the government spending in the economic activity and in the dynamic implications for the public sector accounts itself, thereby revealing the solutions more likely to accelerate economic recovery and the policies consistent with medium-run fiscal stability in the context of deleveraging. The results indicate that fiscal deterioration is an effect of private sector deleveraging process and that the austerity policies requires more time for the recovery of economic activity, as well as for the improvement of fiscal soundness. These results suggest that the agents¿ balance sheet interconnectedness are critical to the analysis of fiscal policy, not only in the context of private deleveraging / Mestrado / Teoria Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

Cette thèse présente une série d'études théoriques partageant une méthodologie commune: l'utilisation des modèles stock-flux cohérents. Sur la base de l'échec de l'outil d'analyse économique traditionnel, les modèles DSGE, je tente de montrer quels sont les principaux inconvénients de ces modèles, qui comprennent à la fois des problèmes méthodologiques et l'omission de certains aspects de la réalité qui sont cruciales (par exemple, le rôle de la monnaie et des marchés financiers). Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse je montre pourquoi les modèles stock-flux cohérents offrent un véhicule plus précis à la compréhension des économies modernes. Ces raisons, qui sont reliés à une préoccupation plus élevé avec le réalisme, la précision comptable et l'interaction entre les différents agents économiques et des institutions sociales, expliquent pourquoi les modèles stock-flux cohérents ont réussi à détecter les instabilités qui se accumulaient dans les années avant l'éclatement de la crise financière mondiale. Après avoir expliqué la motivation pour étudier la dynamique macroéconomique par des modèles stock-flux cohérents je présente trois chapitres dans lesquels ces modèles sont adaptés à l'étude de certains problèmes spécifiques du monde réel, qui ont été et sont toujours pertinentes et ont une place privilégiée dans le agenda politique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je étudie certaines des différentes alternatives pour la réforme du système monétaire international qui ont été proposées depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. A partir d'un modèle qui décrit l'état actuel des choses, il est montré comment ce modèle peut être modifié afin d'examiner comment chacun des solutions alternatives pourraient fonctionner. Ces solutions comprennent des options qui ont été largement débattues depuis des décennies, comme l'introduction du DTS (la monnaie émise par le FMI) et le bancor (la monnaie internationale que Keynes a proposé, avec la création d'une chambre de compensation internationale). Après avoir construit les modèles, des exercices de simulation sont menées. Ces expériences montrent de quelle façon chaque solution pourrait offrir un meilleur environnement mondial pour le développement des relations économiques internationales. En particulier, il est constaté que la mise en place d'une chambre de compensation comme laquelle Keynes a proposé ne serait pas seulement avantageuse à réduire les déséquilibres mondiaux, mais aussi elle pourrait produire un haut niveau de demande effective dans une échelle mondiale... / His  thesis  presents  a  series  of  theoretical  studies  sharing  a  common  methodology:  the  use  of  stock-­‐flow consistent models. Based on the failure of the state of the art analytical tool of the mainstream, the so-­‐called DSGE models, I attempt to show what are the main drawbacks of these models, which include both methodological problems and the omission of some aspects of reality that are crucial (e.g., the role of money and financial markets). In the first chapter of this thesis I show  why  stock-­‐flow  consistent  models  offer  a  more  accurate  vehicle  to  the  understanding  of  modern economies. These reasons, which are connected to a higher concern with realism, accounting  accuracy  and  the  interaction  between  the  different  economic  agents  and  social  institutions, explain why stock-­‐flow consistent models have been successful in detecting the instabilities that were accumulating in the years before the outbreak of the global financial crisis...

This study examines issues surrounding efficiency in the Zimbabwean health sector with specific emphasis on for-profit hospitals in order to find out whether they are significantly more efficient than non-profit hospitals. The study attempts to explore the significance of profit incentives on efficiency. This study uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology to examine hospital efficiency scores for the 100 hospitals in the sample classified as for-profit, mission and public. Outputs of the study include inpatient days and outpatient visits. The number of beds, doctors and nurses were used to capture hospital inputs. The findings indicated that there was a marked deviation of efficiency scores from the best practice frontier with for-profit hospitals having the highest mean PTE of 71.1 percent. The mean PTE scores for mission and public hospitals were 64.8 percent and 62.6 percent respectively. About 85 percent, 83 percent and 91 percent of the for-profit, mission and public hospitals were found to be operating below their average PTE. More than half of the hospitals are being run inefficiently. Of more importance to this study is the fact that the hypothesis of for-profit hospital superiority was accepted implying that for profit hospitals are significantly more efficient than the non-profit category. The study indicated that the amount of inputs being used could be decreased substantially without decreasing the quantity of outputs achieved. In each of the hospitals included in the study, the total input reductions needed to make inefficient hospitals efficient are more than 50 percent. These input savings could go a long way in achieving other health concerns without mobilizing additional resources in the sector

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

Einfache oder komplexe dynamische Systeme stellen Individuen und Gesellschaften gleichermaßen vor mitunter große Herausforderungen, wie regionale und globale Krisen immer wieder zeigen. Ein basales und allgemeines Verständnis dynamischer Zusammenhänge scheint daher nicht nur wünschenswert, sondern mit Blick auf ausgewählte aktuelle Krisen sogar notwendiger denn je. Doch auch in alltäglichen Situationen oder im Schulkontext kann ein fundamentales Verständnis dynamischer Systeme die individuellen Entscheidungen oder den mathematischen Erkenntnisgewinn unterstützen. Allerdings zeigt eine breite Basis empirischer Befunde, dass bereits relativ einfache Dynamiken, wie Fluss-Bestands-Systeme (FB-Systeme), nur unzureichend erfasst zu werden scheinen. Diese Dissertationsschrift verfolgt daher die generelle Fragestellung, wie sich ein basales Verständnis formal einfacher FB-Systeme fördern oder generieren lassen könnte. Aufgrund einer bislang fehlenden einheitlichen theoretischen Beschreibung des FB-Verständnisses und dessen Einflussfaktoren basiert die vorgestellte Untersuchungsserie einerseits auf drei ausgewählten generellen theoretischen Perspektiven und daraus abgeleiteten Einflussfaktoren. Zusätzlich wurden einzelne weitere theoretische Modelle und eine Vielzahl spezifischer empirischer Befunde, zur Wirksamkeit verschiedener Präsentationsformate auf kognitive Fähigkeiten, für die Begründung der experimentellen Manipulationen herangezogen. In einer Serie von sieben experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden diverse Möglichkeiten grafischer Darstellungen, isoliert und in Wechselwirkung mit verschiedenen Personenmerkmalen, empirisch bezüglich ihres Einflusses auf das basale Verständnis illustrierter FB-Systeme überprüft. Unter Anwendung geltender wissenschaftlicher Standards und durch Nutzung moderner inferenzstatistischer Verfahren erlauben die gewonnen Ergebnisse eine fundierte Beurteilung der untersuchten Einflussfaktoren. Organisiert in drei Teilen, konnten in einer Folge von einfachen statischen Abbildungen, über passive dynamische Repräsentationen, bis hin zu interaktiven animierten Interventionsformaten, zahlreiche Illustrationsvarianten in ihrer Wirkung auf ein basales FB-Verständnis beurteilt werden. In den Experimenten 1 bis 3 wurden zunächst ausgewählte statische Darstellungsformate, spezifische Kontexteinbettungen und adaptierte Instruktionsansätze überprüft. Dabei zeigte sich keiner der manipulierten Darstellungsaspekte als genereller Wirkfaktor auf das basale FB-Verständnis. Weder kombinierte oder angepasste Diagrammdarstellungen, noch Zusatzinformationen oder überlebensrelevante Kontexteinbettungen führten zu den erwarteten Verbesserungen des FB-Verständnisses. Selbst, auf etablierten pädagogischen Interventionen basierende Instruktionsformen zeigten keinen systematischen Einfluss auf die Lösungsraten von FB-Aufgaben. In den anschließenden Experimenten 4 bis 6 konnten unter passiven dynamischen Darstellungen – rezipierende Animationen ohne Eingriffsmöglichkeiten – gleichfalls keine generell wirksamen Formate identifiziert werden. Ob fließend oder segmentiert, einmalig oder repetitiv, einzeln oder kombiniert: Keine der untersuchten passiven Animationsarten schlug sich in verbesserten Lösungsraten nieder. Im letzten Teil der Dissertation wurden schließlich interaktiv dynamische Formate am Beispiel von eigens konzipierten computerspielbasierten Lerninterventionen empirisch untersucht. Erneut zeigten sich keine Haupteffekte für die Attribute dieser Art der Informationsvermittlung. Einerseits bieten die gewonnenen Daten insgesamt keine konkreten Hinweise darauf, welche Formate generell geeignet sein könnten, FB-Zusammenhänge verständlich zu kommunizieren. Andererseits ließen sich wiederholt relevante Individualfaktoren identifizieren, die, spezifisch und in Wechselwirkungen mit den Repräsentationsformaten, das Ausmaß des individuellen FB-Verständnisses substanziell zu beeinflussen scheinen. Bereits in den ersten Experimenten traten spezifische Personenmerkmale hervor, die sich über die gesamte Untersuchungsserie hinweg als eigenständige Determinanten prädiktiv für das FB-Verständnis zeigten. Das Geschlecht (wobei Männer im Mittel ein besseres FB-Verständnis zeigten) und die mathematischen Fähigkeiten der Versuchspersonen bestimmen offenbar das Verständnis einfacher dynamischer Systeme deutlich stärker, als jedes der manipulierten Darstellungsformate. Gleichfalls scheinen sie für alle untersuchten Varianten der Repräsentationsformate vergleichbar und unabhängig voneinander relevant zu sein – wie statistische Kontrollmaßnahmen zeigen konnten. Vereinzelt, aber weniger stringent, konnten ebenfalls prädiktive Einflüsse motivationaler und kognitiver Faktoren, wie räumliche Intelligenz, beobachtet werden. Einige dieser Personenmerkmale traten wiederholt, wenn auch ohne erkennbare Systematik, in Wechselwirkung mit den experimentellen Darstellungsvarianten in Erscheinung. In Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Personenmerkmalen wirkten sich demnach einige der untersuchten Darstellungsformen unterschiedlich auf die Leistung in FB-Aufgaben aus. Insbesondere für animierte Präsentationsformate zeigten sich dabei Interaktionseffekte mit dem Geschlecht, wonach Männer und Frauen offenbar von verschiedenen Illustrationsarten profitieren. In nahezu allen Experimenten der Teile II und III konnte ein derartiger Geschlechter-Darstellungsformat-Interaktionseffekt beobachtet werden. Weitaus seltener zeigten sich hingegen Moderatoreffekte von motivationalen oder kognitiven Faktoren. Obwohl die mathematischen Fähigkeiten über alle Experimente hinweg als substanzieller Prädiktor des FB-Verständnisses in Erscheinung traten, fanden sich überdies durchgängig keine Anzeichen für dementsprechende Interaktionseffekte. Darüber hinaus boten explorative Vergleiche zwischen den verschiedenen Experimenten weitere interessante Hinweise auf die Hintergründe des generell relativ schwach ausgeprägten basalen FB-Verständnisses. Da Experiment 6 in Kooperation mit der Pädagogischen Hochschule Heidelberg durchgeführt werden konnte, ließen sich mathematisch sehr gut vorgebildete Versuchspersonen für die Teilnahme gewinnen. Diese zeigten, im Vergleich zu den Kohorten der vorangegangenen Experimente, ein sehr hohes Verständnis der illustrierten FB-Systeme. Dies unterstreicht, über die Bedeutung individueller mathematischer Fähigkeiten hinaus, dass ein gutes bis sehr gutes FB-Verständnis prinzipiell realisierbar ist. Weitere explorative Analysen deuten überdies auf eine besonders positive Wirkung passiver dynamischer Repräsentationen im Kontext der kreierten computerspielbasierten Interventionen. Die in Experiment 7 ursprünglich als Kontrollbedingung konzipierte Darstellungsvariante führte gegenüber einer vergleichbaren Stichprobe weiblicher Versuchsteilnehmer zu deutlich verbesserten Lösungsraten. Ergänzend zu vergleichenden Diskussionen der drei separaten Dissertationsteile folgt eine abschließende Generaldiskussion. Neben generellen Aspekten der Ergebnisse werden darin die zentralen Schlussfolgerungen und Erkenntnisse zusammengefasst. Die Erörterung potenzieller theoretischer und praktischer Implikationen sowie die Vorstellung spezifischer Anschlussfragestellungen und zukünftiger Forschungsanstrengungen bilden den Abschluss dieser Dissertationsschrift.

Cette thèse étudie les impacts macroéconomiques des transferts de fonds dans les pays d'origine des migrants. Six chapitres traitent des problématiques liées à la croissance, à la volatilité et aux politiques publiques. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse aux effets des envois de fonds sur la croissance à travers leurs impacts sur la consommation, l'investissement et les exportations. Il montre que les transferts monétaires stimulent la demande interne et que les exportations sont évincées. Le deuxième chapitre examine les implications des envois de fonds sur l'économie de la Moldavie à l'aide d'un modèle stock-flux cohérent et suggère que les chocs externes se transmettent à l'économie moldave via les transferts des migrants. Le chapitre 3 souligne que la concentration des migrants dans un faible nombre de pays d'accueil et l'instabilité de ces derniers augmentent la volatilité des envois de fonds. Le chapitre 4 ajoute que des envois monétaires instables associés à des flux commerciaux importants entre le pays d'origine et les pays d'accueil accroissent la volatilité de la croissance dans les pays d'origine des migrants. Le chapitre 5 s'intéresse aux dépenses publiques de santé et montre que si les envois de fonds permettent aux ménages de financer des services de santé privés non couverts, ils créent également un effet d'éviction au détriment des dépenses de santé publiques. Enfin, le chapitre 6 met en lumière le rôle des envois monétaires sur le développement économique de la Moldavie. Il souligne que les revenus des ménages, mais également de l'État, dépendent des envois de fonds dont les fluctuations créent des incertitudes sur la pérennité du modèle économique moldave. / This thesis studies the impacts of remittances in migrants' origin countries. Six different chapters focus on economic growth, volatility and public policies. The first chapter aims to estimate the impacts of remittances on growth through several channels: households' consumption, investment and exports. It is shown that remittances stimulate internal demand, while exports are reduced. The second chapter proposes a stock-flow consistent model for Moldova and suggests that remittances spread external shocks to the Moldovan economy. Chapter three shows that migrants' concentration in few host countries, as well as their instability, increase the volatility of remittances. Chapter four stresses that instable remittances enhance output growth volatility in migrants' origin countries when associated with important trade flows between both origin and destination countries. The fifth chapter focuses on public health spending and shows that remittances increase out-of-pocket health expenditure while crowding-out public health expenditure. The last chapter highlights the role of remittances on the economic development of Moldova. It suggests that both households and government revenues depend on remittances, whose fluctuations cast doubts about the economic sustainability of the Moldovan model of development.

This dissertation thesis focuses on complex analysis of the problem, which is the sovereign debt crisis in the Euro area. The aim of this paper is to provide a complex overview and analysis of the current sovereign debt crisis, from the theoretical definition of the term, through an analysis of the causes and consequences of this crisis to outline the economic policy response to it. The text is divided into two parts. The first part deals with theoretical problem solving. In the second part is analyzed and described course of sovereign debt crisis. This section also analyzes in detail causes and consequences of the sovereign debt crisis in certain countries. This section is completed by an analysis of economic policy response to the sovereign debt crisis and an expert estimate of the future development of public debt countries analyzed.

L'obbiettivo di questa tesi è di investigare il ruolo della formazione delle aspettative nei modelli macroeconomici basati su agenti e stock-flussi coerenti. Mentre ci sono stati notevoli passi avanti nello sviluppo di tali modelli, la ricerca sulla formazione e sul ruolo delle aspettative in essi rimane ancora poco sviluppato. La tesi è composta da tre articoli, ognuno dei quali si focalizza sulla formazione delle aspettative in un settore economico speci co e presenta una serie di esperimenti riguardanti la variazione dei meccanismi di formazione delle aspetta- tive, dinamiche di opinioni e sentimenti, così come le applicazioni delle politiche economiche. La tesi dimostra l'influenza potenzialmente forte delle aspettative dei agenti sulla volatilità macroeconomica e mostra che, dipendendo dalla loro speci cazione e l'ambiente economico, le aspettative possono essere sia un elemento stabilizzante che un elemento destabilizzante. Inoltre, attraverso l'ampia gamma di esperimenti politici condotti, serve a sottolineare il ruolo importante delle politiche stabilizzanti nei sistemi che esibiscono fluttuazioni endogene, e il capitolo 4 in particolare mette in evidenza la potenziale dipendenza dell'efficacia delle politiche economiche dalle aspettative. Allo stesso tempo, alcuni dei risultati ottenuti avvertono che nei sistemi complessi, gli interventi politici devono essere calibrati attentamente affinché non diventino essi stessi fonte di instabilità. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the role of expectations formation in agent-based and stock-flow consistent macroeconomic models. While there have been considerable advances in the development of such models, research on the formation and role of beliefs and expectations within them remains underdeveloped. The thesis consists of three papers, each of which focuses on expectations formation in one particular economic sector and presents a range of experiments concerning the variation of expectations formation mechanisms, belief and sentiment dynamics, as well as policy applications. The thesis demonstrates the potentially strong influence of agents' expectations on macroeconomic volatility and shows that depending on their specification as well as the economic environment, expectations can be both a stabilising and destabilising factor. Moreover, through the wide range of policy experiments conducted, it serves to emphasise the important role of stabilisation policies in systems exhibiting endogenous fluctuations and chapter 4 in particular highlights the potential dependence of policy effectiveness on expectations. At the same time, some of the obtained results caution that in complex systems, policy interventions must be carefully calibrated lest they themselves become a source of instability.