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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
291

Régulation de la morphogenèse et de la division cellulaire du pneumocoque par phosphorylation : rôle de la sérine / thréonine kinase StkP et des protéines DivIVA, GpsB et MapZ / Regulation of the pneumococcal morphogenesis and cell division by phosphorylation : role of the serine/threonine kinase StkP and the proteins DivIVA, GpsB and MapZ

Manuse, Sylvie 14 December 2015 (has links)
Malgré les modèles établis pour certaines bactéries, la morphogenèse de bactéries de formes atypiques est peu comprise. C'est le cas de la bactérie pathogène pour l'homme Streptococcus pneumoniae, ou pneumocoque, qui possède une forme ovo-diplococcale. Cependant, à mon arrivé au laboratoire, il avait été démontré qu'une sérine/thréonine protéine-kinase membranaire appelée StkP était indispensable à la division cellulaire et à la morphogenèse du pneumocoque. L'objectif de ma thèse a ainsi été de caractériser certains substrats de StkP et d'étudier leur rôle, ainsi que l'impact de leur phosphorylation, au cours du processus de division cellulaire. Dans ce contexte, j'ai montré que le substrat DivIVA et son paralogue GpsB coordonnent l'élongation et la division cellulaire du pneumocoque. Ces travaux permettent de proposer un nouveau modèle de morphogenèse du pneumocoque dans lequel la triade StkP/DivIVA/GpsB organise la synthèse de la paroi cellulaire nécessaire à l'élongation et à la division de la cellule. J'ai également mis en évidence que la protéine MapZ interagit avec la paroi cellulaire lors de l'élongation cellulaire afin de marquer de manière permanente le site de division, où elle recrute la protéine FtsZ. Ces travaux ont ainsi permis d'identifier un système inédit de régulation positive du positionnement du site de division chez les bactéries. Enfin, j'ai caractérisé les déterminants moléculaires du positionnement de MapZ au centre de la cellule. S. pneumoniae étant un pathogène humain important, nous pouvons anticiper que nos données pourraient servir de base fondamentale à des projets plus appliqués de lutte contre les infections bactériennes / Despite the established models for some bacteria, the morphogenesis of bacteria with atypical shapes is poorly understood. This is the case of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, that displays an ovo-diplococcal shape. However, when I joined the lab, it had just been shown that a membrane serine/threonine kinase named StkP was crucial for the cell division and the morphogenesis of the pneumococcus. The goal of my thesis was to characterize the substrates of StkP and to study their function as well as the impact of their phosphorylation in the cell division process. First, I have shown that the substrate DivIVA together with its paralog GpsB coordinate cell elongation and division of the pneumococcus. Based on these observations, we propose a new model of pneumococcal morphogenesis in which the triad StkP/DivIVA/GpsB organizes cell wall synthesis involved in cell elongation and division. In a second part of my work, I have studied another substrate of StkP that was of unknown function and that we named MapZ. I have shown that MapZ interacts with the cell wall during the cell elongation to position at midcell. Then MapZ recruits the cell division protein FtsZ and controls the closure of the Z-ring. This work has uncovered a new mechanism of positive regulation for the positioning of the division site in bacteria. Finally, I characterized the molecular determinants of MapZ positioning at the division site. S. pneumoniae is an important human pathogen, we can thus anticipate that our work will represent a fundamental base for applied projects in order to develop new strategies against bacterial infections
292

Études biochimiques et cellulaires de tyrosine-kinases bactériennes / Biochemical and cellular studies of bacterial tyrosine-kinases

Nourikyan, Julien 19 December 2014 (has links)
Les bactéries possèdent une famille particulière de tyrosine-autokinases, les BY-kinases. Ces enzymes sont impliquées dans la régulation de plusieurs processus cellulaires dont la synthèse et l'export des polysaccharides extracellulaires qui jouent un rôle crucial dans la virulence de certaines bactéries pathogènes. Cependant, les mécanismes de régulation sous-jacents sont inconnus. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de caractériser d'un point de vue structural et fonctionnel le rôle des BY-kinases. Pour cela, j'ai réalisé trois études indépendantes dans trois modèles bactériens différents. Chez Escherichia coli, j'ai identifié et étudié la surface d'interaction entre la BY-kinase Wzc et sa phosphatase associée Wzb afin de comprendre comment Wzb déphosphoryle Wzc. Chez Staphylococcus aureus, j'ai participé à la caractérisation structurale de la pseudo-BY-kinase CapB1. Par comparaison avec la structure de son homologue actif CapB2, mes études ont permis de suggérer l'existence d'un mécanisme de régulation de la synthèse des polysaccharides extracellulaires impliquant CapB2 et CapB1. Enfin, chez Streptococcus pneumoniae, j'ai mis en évidence que si l'autophosphorylation de la BY-kinase CpsD était indispensable à la synthèse de la capsule polysaccharidique, elle était également indispensable à la division de la cellule. Ainsi, mes travaux ont permis de proposer l'existence d'un mécanisme de coordination de la production de la capsule et du cycle cellulaire du pneumocoque. D'un point de vue appliqué, l'ensemble de mes travaux représente une étape préalable et prometteuse au développement de nouvelles molécules, ciblant les BY-kinases de manière spécifique, afin de lutter contre la virulence de certaines bactéries pathogènes / Bacteria possess a particular family of tyrosine-autokinases named BY-kinases. These enzymes are involved in the regulation of numerous cellular functions including the synthesis and export of extracellular polysaccharides that play a critical role in the virulence of different bacterial pathogens. However, the mechanisms of these processes remain unknown. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the role of these BY-kinases by structural and functional approaches. For that, I have realized three independent studies in three bacterial models. In Escherichia coli, I have characterized the interaction surface between the BY-kinase Wzc and its cognate phosphatase Wzb to understand how Wzb dephosphorylates Wzc. In Staphylococcus aureus, I have studied structurally the pseudo-BY-kinase CapB1. By comparison with the structure of its active homologue CapB2, my studies have allowed to suggest the existence of a mechanism controlling capsular polysaccharides synthesis involving both CapB1 and CapB2. Last, in Streptococcus pneumoniae, I have showed that while the autophosphorylation of the BY-kinase CpsD is necessary for proper synthesis of capsular polysaccharides, it is also involved in cell division. Thus, my work shows that a mechanism coordinating capsule production and cellular cycle exists in the pneumococcus. These works constitute a preliminary and promising step toward the development of new molecules, targeting specifically BY-kinases and aim to combat the virulence of bacterial pathogens
293

Avaliação da resposta imune inata in situ no pulmão na doença  pneumocócica invasiva / Evaluation of the innate immune response in situ in lung in invasive pneumococcal disease

Massaia, Irineu Francisco Delfino Silva 20 September 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A doença pneumocócica invasiva (DPI) tem alta mortalidade sendo o pulmão órgão de intenso acometimento. Na DPI caracterizou-se localmente importante processo inflamatório agudo com expressivo aumento de macrófagos, polimorfonucleares e fenômenos exsudativos como edema e hemorragia intra-alveolar. Concretizou-se uma resposta inflamatória proeminente com redução dos fenômenos de apoptose que se traduziu por aumento significativo de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, exceto IL-6 e IL-8, aumento de Toll-2, ativação do complemento, aumento de expressão de ICAM- 1 e CD 14 que em conjunto favorecem o estabelecimento dos fenômenos inflamatórios. A diminuição significativa das células NK e das células de Langherhans, IL-6 e IL-8 reflete comprometimento da imunidade inata. Tal comprometimento poderia ser responsável pela diminuição dos linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ com consequente baixa produção de IFN. Em resumo, as lesões teciduais graves na DPI seriam decorrentes do comprometimento parcial da imunidade inata, em especial das células NK e das células de Langherhans, do prejuízo da imunidade adaptativa e da redução da apoptose como possível estratégia defensiva do pneumococo / INTRODUCTION: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a condition with high mortality rates, the lungs being intensely attacked. The in situ immune response was determined, in blocks recovered from 22 necropsies of adults who died from IPD in the lungs, by quantitative immune cell phenotype (CD57-NK, CD1a, CD68, antigen S-100, TCD4, TCD8, CD20), Complement-C3, ICAM-1, CD14, Caspase-3 and cytokine (interferon , TNF, TGF, interleukin - IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10), Toll-2 and SP-A (surfactant). A locally important acute inflammation process was characterized in IPD, with significant rise in macrophages, neutrophils and exsudative phenomena such as edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. Compared with the lungs from age-matched controls, results from patients with IPD showed significant depletion of NK, CD1a,CD4+, CD8+, CD20+ cells, interferon , IL-4, IL- 6 , IL-8, TGF and Caspase-3 (apoptosis). On the other hand, S-100, Toll-2, IL-1, IL-2R, IL-10, ICAM-1, CD14 and SP-A were more frequently seen in the alveoli of patients with IPD than in controls. A pronounced inflammatory response was detected, with decrease in apoptosis phenomena that translated into significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, except for IL-6 and IL-8, increase in Toll-2, complement activation, increased ICAM-1 and CD-14 expression, which altogether favored installation of the inflammatory processes. A significant decrease in NK and Langherhans cells, IL-6 and IL-8 reflect the harm to the innate immune system. This could respond for the decrease in TCD4+ and TCD8+ lymphocytes, with a consequent low IFNy output. Briefly, the severe tissue lesions in IPD could be a consequence of the partial damage to the innate immunity, particularly of NK and Langherhans cells, of adaptive immune dysfunction, and of apoptosis reduction possibly as a defense strategy of the pneumococcus
294

Comparison of Anti-Pneumococcal Functions of Native and Modified Forms of C-Reactive Protein

Ngwa, Donald Neba 01 May 2016 (has links)
The anti-pneumococcal function of native C-reactive protein (CRP) involves its binding to phosphocholine molecules present on Streptococcus pneumoniae and subsequent activation of the complement system. However, when pneumococci recruit complement inhibitory protein factor H on their surface, they escape complement attack. Non-native forms of CRP have been shown to bind immobilized factor H. Accordingly, we hypothesized that modified CRP would bind to factor H on pneumococci, masking its complement inhibitory activity, allowing native CRP to exert its anti-pneumococcal function. As reported previously, native CRP protected mice from lethal pneumococcal infection when injected 30 minutes before infection but not when injected 24 hours after infection. However, a combination of native and mutant CRP was found to protect mice even when administered 24 hours after infection. Therefore, it is concluded that while native CRP is protective only against early-stage infection, a combination of native and mutant CRP offers protection against late-stage infection.
295

Chlamydia pneumoniae and airways inflammation : an investigation of the host cell-pathogen relationship / Tracy Renee McNamara.

McNamara, Tracy Renee January 2004 (has links)
"December 2004" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 342-379) / xiii, 379 leaves : ill. (col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 2005
296

Etude structurale d'un complexe de trois protéines de la division du pneumocoque, DivIB, DivIC et FtsL

Masson, Soizic 14 November 2008 (has links) (PDF)
FtsL, DivIC et DivIB sont trois protéines membranaires impliquées dans la division bactérienne. Leur fonction n'est pas totalement comprise, mais semble mutuellement dépendante, notamment à travers la formation de complexes. Pour contribuer à la connaissance structurale des protéines de la division bactérienne et apporter des indices sur la fonction des trois protéines citées, une étude structurale a été menée sur un système modèle de protéines recombinantes solubles de S. pneumoniae: FtsL, DivIC et DivIB. La partie extracellulaire de DivIB, un complexe contraint des parties extracellulaires de FtsL et DivIC, et l'interaction entre ce complexe et la partie extracellulaire de DivIB ont été étudiés par plusieurs techniques biophysiques (RMN, SAXS, SANS, BIA par SPR). La partie extracellulaire de DivIB est composée de trois domaines dont le domaine central est structuralement proche de son orthologue chez E. coli, et interagit avec un complexe des parties extracellulaires de DivIC et FtsL, via ce domaine central. Un épitope d'interaction sur ce domaine a été identifié. Les domaines C-terminaux de FtsL et divIC sont essentiels à l'interaction avec la partie extracellulaire de DivIB. Un modèle à basse résolution du complexe de ces trois protéines présente en effet le domaine central de la partie extracellulaire de DivIB à l'extrémité du complexe des parties extracellulaires de DivIC et FtsL. Différents modèles d'association dans la cellule, des protéines DivIB, DivIC et FtsL ont été évalués avec ces nouvelles données structurales.
297

CARACTERISATION EXHAUSTIVE DES SUBSTITUTIONS<br />DE PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS INTERVENANT<br />DANS LA RESISTANCE AUX β-LACTAMINES CHEZ<br />STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

Carapito, Raphael 08 June 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Les Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBP) sont des enzymes intervenant dans les étapes finales de la synthèse de la paroi bactérienne et sont les cibles des antibiotiques de la famille des β-lactamines. Dans les souches cliniques de Streptococcus pneumoniae résistantes aux β-lactamines, les PBPs ont de nombreuses mutations qui ont pour effet une diminution d'affinité de ces enzymes pour les antibiotiques. Il y a en moyenne 40 substitutions dans le domaine transpeptidase des deux acteurs majeurs de la résistance PBP2x et PBP1a.<br />Des études précédentes ont décrit le rôle de quatre mutations de PBP2x et de trois de PBP1a, mais celles-ci ne sont responsables que d'une partie de la résistance. Il n'y a très probablement qu'un nombre restreint de mutations responsables de la perte d'affinité des PBPs pour les β-lactamines ayant pour conséquence une augmentation du niveau de résistance.<br />Pour identifier toutes les mutations impliquées, une série de protocoles automatisés permettant de faire de la mutagénèse dirigée, de l'expression, de la purification et de la caractérisation fonctionnelle d'enzymes en utilisant des robots de types manipulateurs de liquides ont été développés. L'application de cette méthode nous a permis de réaliser une caractérisation exhaustive de plus de 40 mutations de PBP2x de la souche clinique<br />résistante 5204. Cette étude a abouti à l'identification de toutes les substitutions clés ainsi qu'à l'élucidation d'un nouveau mécanisme moléculaire de baisse d'affinité de PBP2x pour les β-lactamines. De plus, une étude fonctionnelle et phénotypique de la résistance impliquant PBP1a a été réalisée.<br />Ce travail apporte une vue globale des mécanismes moléculaires de la résistance de S. pneumoniae aux β-<br />lactamines impliquant les PBPs en utilisant une méthode exhaustive originale.
298

Diagnostic methods for bacterial etiology in adult community-acquired pneumonia /

Strålin, Kristoffer, January 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
299

Effectiveness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination against hospitalisation for community-acquired pneumonia among persons >65 years /

Skull, Susan. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, The School of Population Health and Department of Medicine, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-186).
300

Avaliação da resposta imune inata in situ no pulmão na doença  pneumocócica invasiva / Evaluation of the innate immune response in situ in lung in invasive pneumococcal disease

Irineu Francisco Delfino Silva Massaia 20 September 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A doença pneumocócica invasiva (DPI) tem alta mortalidade sendo o pulmão órgão de intenso acometimento. Na DPI caracterizou-se localmente importante processo inflamatório agudo com expressivo aumento de macrófagos, polimorfonucleares e fenômenos exsudativos como edema e hemorragia intra-alveolar. Concretizou-se uma resposta inflamatória proeminente com redução dos fenômenos de apoptose que se traduziu por aumento significativo de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, exceto IL-6 e IL-8, aumento de Toll-2, ativação do complemento, aumento de expressão de ICAM- 1 e CD 14 que em conjunto favorecem o estabelecimento dos fenômenos inflamatórios. A diminuição significativa das células NK e das células de Langherhans, IL-6 e IL-8 reflete comprometimento da imunidade inata. Tal comprometimento poderia ser responsável pela diminuição dos linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ com consequente baixa produção de IFN. Em resumo, as lesões teciduais graves na DPI seriam decorrentes do comprometimento parcial da imunidade inata, em especial das células NK e das células de Langherhans, do prejuízo da imunidade adaptativa e da redução da apoptose como possível estratégia defensiva do pneumococo / INTRODUCTION: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a condition with high mortality rates, the lungs being intensely attacked. The in situ immune response was determined, in blocks recovered from 22 necropsies of adults who died from IPD in the lungs, by quantitative immune cell phenotype (CD57-NK, CD1a, CD68, antigen S-100, TCD4, TCD8, CD20), Complement-C3, ICAM-1, CD14, Caspase-3 and cytokine (interferon , TNF, TGF, interleukin - IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10), Toll-2 and SP-A (surfactant). A locally important acute inflammation process was characterized in IPD, with significant rise in macrophages, neutrophils and exsudative phenomena such as edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. Compared with the lungs from age-matched controls, results from patients with IPD showed significant depletion of NK, CD1a,CD4+, CD8+, CD20+ cells, interferon , IL-4, IL- 6 , IL-8, TGF and Caspase-3 (apoptosis). On the other hand, S-100, Toll-2, IL-1, IL-2R, IL-10, ICAM-1, CD14 and SP-A were more frequently seen in the alveoli of patients with IPD than in controls. A pronounced inflammatory response was detected, with decrease in apoptosis phenomena that translated into significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, except for IL-6 and IL-8, increase in Toll-2, complement activation, increased ICAM-1 and CD-14 expression, which altogether favored installation of the inflammatory processes. A significant decrease in NK and Langherhans cells, IL-6 and IL-8 reflect the harm to the innate immune system. This could respond for the decrease in TCD4+ and TCD8+ lymphocytes, with a consequent low IFNy output. Briefly, the severe tissue lesions in IPD could be a consequence of the partial damage to the innate immunity, particularly of NK and Langherhans cells, of adaptive immune dysfunction, and of apoptosis reduction possibly as a defense strategy of the pneumococcus

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