abstract: Cavitation erosion is a significant cause of wear in marine components, such as impellers, propellers or rudders. While the erosion process has been widely studied on metals, the effect of cavitation on polymers is not well-understood. The stress response in metals differs greatly from that of polymers, e.g. rate and temperature effects are far more important, thus damage and wear mechanisms of polymers under cavitating flows are significantly different. In this work, heat-driven failure caused by viscous dissipation and void nucleation resulting from tensile stresses arising from stress wave reflections are investigated as two possible material failure mechanisms. As a first step in developing a fundamental understanding of the cavitation erosion process on polymer surfaces, simulations are performed of the collapse of individual bubbles against a compliant surface e.g. metallic substrates with polyurea coatings. The surface response of collapse-driven impact loads is represented by a idealized, time-dependent, Gaussian pressure distribution on the surface. A two-dimensional distribution of load radii and durations is considered corresponding to characteristic of cavitating flows accelerated erosion experiments. Finite element simulations are performed to fit a response curve that relates the loading parameters to the energy dissipated in the coating and integrated with collapse statistics to generate an expected heat input into the coating. The impulsive pressure, which is generated due to bubble collapse, impacts the material and generates intense shock waves. The stress waves within the material reflects by interaction with the substrate. A transient region of high tensile stress is produced by the interaction of these waves. Simulations suggests that maximum hydrostatic tension which cause failure of polyurea layer is observed in thick coating. Also, the dissipated viscous energy and corresponding temperature rise in a polyurea is calculated, and it is concluded that temperature has influence on deformation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_llh_me_bauru.pdf: 1092988 bytes, checksum: 490b62551f9555ff7b869527de5680f6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo dos fenômenos de desequilíbrio e assimetria que podem ocorrer em sistemas trifásicos, no qual foram estudadas duas abordagens. A primeira delas é a abordagem tradicional de análise de fenômenos de desequilíbrio e assimetria, proposta por Fortescue, denominadas Componentes Simétricas ou Componentes de Sequência. Essa proposta desenvolvida no domínio da frequência foi estudada também no domínio do tempo, após sua adaptação. Isso porque as componentes simétricas generalizadas, nova abordagem de análise de desequilíbrio, está desenvolvida no domínio do tempo. Ambas as propostas de análise do desequilíbrio e assimetria trifásicos são aplicadas à sistemas trifásicos periódicos não senoidais. Enquanto que as componentes simétricas de Fortescue, para serem calculadas, necessitam que o sistema trifásico não senoidal seja decomposto nas harmônicas da série de Fourier, as componentes simétricas generalizadas podem ser aplicadas diretamente ao sistema não senoidal. O desenvolvimento de ambas as abordagens para um sistema periódico não senoidal resulta em relação entre ambas as propostas de análise de desequilíbrio e assimetria As relações entre as componentes simétricas generalizadas e as componentes simétricas de Fortescue são a principal contribuição deste trabalho. Baseado nas componentes simétricas generalizadas, novos indicadores de desequilíbrio são propostos. Os novos indicadores são comparados com os indicadores de desequilíbrio clássicos, os quais foram desenvolvidos a partir da proposta de Fortescue. Por fim, uma aplicação é desenvolvida na qual foram aplicados os conceitos estudados. Nesta aplicação, uma tensão trifásica não senoidal desequilibrada alimenta um motor de indução trifásico / This work presents a study of the phenomena of unbalance and asymmetry which may occur in three-phase systems which two approaches were studied. The first one is the traditional approach of analysis of phenomena of unbalance and asymmetry, proposed by Fortescue, called Symmetrical Components or Sequence Components. This proposal developed in the frequency domain was also studied in the time domain after adaptation. This because of the generalized symmetrical components, new approach to the analysis of unbalance and asymmetry is developed in the time domain. Both proposals for analysis if the unbalance and asymmetry in three-phase systems are applied to the periodic non-sinusoidal three-phase systems. While the symmetrical components of Fortescue, to be calculated, require that the non-sinusoidal three-phase system is decomposed into harmonic Fourier series, the generalized symmetrical components can be applied directly to the non-sinusoidal system. The development of both approaches to a periodic non-sinusoidal system results in relationships between both proposals for analysis of unbalance and asymmetry. The relationships between the symmetrical components and the generalized symmetrical components of Fortescue are the main contribution of this work. Based on the generalized symmetrical components, new indicators of unbalance are proposed. The new new indicators are compared with the classical indicators of unbalance, which were developed from the proposed Fortescue. Finally, an application is developed with the concepts studied. In this application, an unbalanced non-sinusoidal three-phase voltage supplies a three-phase induction motor

Essa dissertação aborda o tema de propagação de ondas de tensão em hastes metálicas retangulares. Este tipo de onda pode ser utilizada como base na verificação da integridade estrutural através de um ensaio não destrutivo (END). A propagação de ondas elásticas em sólidos apresenta muito potencial quando se deseja estimar a integridade de determinada estrutura. Porém para transformar esse fenômeno físico em uma técnica aplicável na detecção de danos, alguns passos devem ser seguidos, dentre eles: a compreensão das características de propagação da estrutura em estudo, in teração das ondas elásticas com defeitos, aten uação das ondas propagadoras devido a fontes de amortecimento e dispersão. Neste contexto o presente trabalho tem o principal foco no desenvolvimento de uma metodologia eficiente para a investigação da propagação de ondas de tensão em hastes retangulares metálicas, abordando o tema por diversos aspectos. No decorrer do mesmo são calcu ladas as curvas de dispersão de uma haste retangular com seção transversal de 15 x5 [rum], para uma faixa de frequência determinada [0,100 kHz], utilizando três metodologias distintas e realizando a comparação crítica entre elas. São realizadas investigações teóricas, de forma analítica e numérica (via análise explícita empregando elementos finitos) e uma inves tigação experimental das características de propagação da geometria referida. Também os efeitos da aten uação das ondas na geometria é estudado. Os resulta dos obtidos são discutidos procurando mostrar sua coerência e enfatizando a informação sobre o comportamento mecânico das ondas de tensão nesse tipo de estrutura, observando aspectos relevantes à concepção de técnicas de END que possi bilitem a avaliação da integridade dessas estruturas. / This dissertation addresses the issue of propagation of stress waves in metallic rectangular rods. This type of wave can be used as the integrity check structural integrity through a non-destructive test (NDT). The propagation of elastic waves in solids has a lot of potential when estimating the given structure integrity. But to turn this physical phenomenon in an applicable technique for the detection of damage, some steps should be taken, including: understanding of propagating characteristics of the structure under study, interaction of elastic waves with defects, attenuation of the propagating waves due to sources of damping and dispersion. In this context, the present work is the main focus in developing an effective methodology for investigating the propagation of stress waves in rectangular metal rods, addressing the issue by several aspects. During the same are calculated dispersion curves of a rod with rectangular cross section 15 x5 [mm], for a given frequency range [0,100 kHz], using three different methodologies and performing the critical comparison between them. Are performed theoretical investigations, in analytical and numerical form (via explicit analysis using finite element) and an experimental investigation of the propagation features said geometry. Also the effects of attenuation of the waves on geometry is studied. The results are discussed trying to show their consistency and emphasizing information about the mechanical behavior of stress waves in this type of structure, observing relevant aspects to the design of NDT techniques to enable the assessment of the integrity of these structures.

In underground construction and tunnelling, the strive for a more time-efficient construction process naturally focuses on the possibilities of reducing the times of waiting between stages of construction. The ability to project shotcrete (sprayed concrete) on a rock surface at an early stage after blasting is vital to the safety during construction and function of e.g. a tunnel. A complication arises when the need for further blasting affects the hardening of newly applied shotcrete. If concrete, cast or sprayed, is exposed to vibrations at an early age while still in the process of hardening, damage that threatens the function of the hard concrete may occur. There is little, or no, established knowledge on the subject and there are no guidelines for practical use. It is concluded from previous investigations that shotcrete can withstand high particle velocity vibrations without being seriously damaged. Shotcrete without reinforcement can survive vibration levels as high as 0.5−1 m/s while sections with loss of bond and ejected rock will occur for vibration velocities higher than 1 m/s. The performance of young and hardened shotcrete exposed to high magnitudes of vibration is here investigated to identify safe distances and shotcrete ages for underground and tunnelling construction, using numerical analyses and comparison with measurements and observations. The work focuses on finding correlations between numerical results, measurement results and observations obtained during tunnelling. The outcome will be guidelines for practical use. The project involves development of sophisticated dynamic finite element models for which the collected information and data will be used as input, accomplished by using the finite ele­ment program Abaqus. The models were evaluated and refined through comparisons between calculated and measured data. First, existing simple engineering models were compared and evaluated through calculations and comparisons with existing data. The first model tested is a structural dynamic model that consists of masses and spring elements. The second is a model built up with finite beam elements interconnected with springs. The third is a one-dimensional elastic stress wave model. The stress response in the shotcrete closest to the rock when exposed to P-waves striking perpendicularly to the shotcrete-rock interface was simulated. Results from a non-destructive laboratory experiment were also used to provide test data for the models. The experiment studied P-wave propagation along a concrete bar, with proper­ties similar to rock. Cement based mortar with properties that resembles shotcrete was applied on one end of the bar with a hammer impacting the other. The shape of the stress waves travelling towards the shotcrete was registered using accelerometers positioned along the bar. Due to the inhomogeneous nature of the rock, the stress waves from the blasting attenuate on the way from the point of explosion towards the shotcrete on the rock surface. Material damping for the rock mass is therefore accounted for, estimated from previous in-situ measurements. The vibration resistance of the shotcrete-rock support system depends on the material properties of the shotcrete and here were age-dependent properties varied to investigate the behaviour of young shotcrete subjected to blast loading. The numerical simulations require insertion of realistic material data for shotcrete and rock, such as density and modulus of elasticity. The calculated results were in good correspondence with observations and measurements in-situ, and with the previous numerical modelling results. Compared to the engineering models, using a sophisticated finite element program facilitate modelling of more complex geometries and also provide more detailed results. It was demonstrated that wave propagation through rock towards shotcrete can be modelled using two dimensional elastic finite elements in a dynamic analysis. The models must include the properties of the rock and the accuracy of the material parameters used will greatly affect the results. It will be possible to describe the propagation of the waves through the rock mass, from the centre of the explosion to the reflection at the shotcrete-rock interface. It is acceptable to use elastic material formulations until the material strengths are exceeded, i.e. until the strains are outside the elastic range, which thus indicates material failure. The higher complexity of this type of model, compared to the engineering models, will make it possible to model more sophisticated geometries. Examples of preliminary recommendations for practical use are given and it is demonstrated how the developed models and suggested analytical technique can be used to obtain further detailed limit values. / Inom undermarks- och tunnelbyggande leder strävan efter en mer tidseffektiv byggprocess till fokus på möjligheten att reducera väntetiderna mellan byggetapper. Möjligheten att projicera sprutbetong på bergytor i ett tidigt skede efter sprängning är avgörande för säkerheten under konstruktionen av t.ex. en tunnel. En komplikation uppstår när behovet av ytterligare sprängning kan påverka härdningen av nysprutad betong. Om betong, gjuten eller sprutad, utsätts för vibrationer i ett tidigt skede under härdningsprocessen kan skador som hotar funktionen hos den hårdnade betongen uppstå. Kunskapen i ämnet är knapphändig, eller obefintlig, och det finns inga etablerade riktlinjer för praktisk användning. Slutsatsen från tidigare undersökningar visar att sprutbetong kan tåla höga vibrationer (partikelhastigheter) utan att allvarliga skador uppstår. Oarmerad sprutbetong kan vara oskadd efter att ha utsatts för så höga vibrationsnivåer som 0,5–1 m/s medan partier med förlorad vidhäftning till berget kan uppträda vid vibrationshastigheter högre än 1 m/s. Funktionen hos ung och hårdnande sprutbetong som utsätts för höga vibrationsnivåer undersöks här för att identifiera säkra avstånd och sprutbetongåldrar för undermarks- och tunnelbyggande, med hjälp av numeriska analyser och jämförelser med mätningar och observationer. Arbetet fokuserar på att finna samband mellan numeriska resultat, mätresultat och observationer från tunnelbyggande. Det slutliga resultatet kommer att vara riktlinjer för praktisk användning. Projektet omfattar utveckling av sofistikerade dynamiska finita elementmodeller för vilka insamlad information och data kommer att användas som indata för det finita elementprogrammet Abaqus. Modellerna utvärderades och förfinats genom jämförelser mellan beräknade och uppmätta resultat. Först jämfördes befintliga enkla mekaniska, ingenjörsmässiga modeller vilka utvärderades genom beräkningar och jämförelser med befintliga data. Den första modellen är en strukturdynamisk modell bestående av massor och fjäderelement. Den andra är en modell uppbyggd av finita balkelementet sammankopplade med fjädrar. Den tredje är en endimensionell elastisk spänningsvågsmodell. Spänningstillståndet i sprutbetongen närmast berget, utsatt för vinkelrätt inkommande P-vågor simulerades. Resultat från icke-förstörande laborationsprovningar användes också som testdata för modellerna. Experimentellt studerades P-vågsutbredning i en betongbalk med egenskaper likvärdiga med berg. Cementbruk med egenskaper liknande sprutbetong applicerades på balkens ena ände medan en hammare användes i den andra. Formen hos den genererade spänningsvågen som propagerade mot sprutbetongänden registrerades med accelerometrar utplacerade längs balken. På grund av bergets inhomogena karaktär kommer spänningsvågorna från sprängningen att dämpas ut på vägen från detonationspunkten till sprutbetongen på bergytan. Materialdämpningen hos bergmassan måste därför beaktas och kan uppskattas utifrån resultat från fältmätningar. Vibrationståligheten hos förstärkningssystem av sprutbetong och berg beror av materialegenskaperna hos sprutbetongen och i den här studien varierades de åldersberoende egenskaperna för att undersöka beteendet hos nysprutad och hårdnande sprutbetong utsatt för sprängbelastning. De numeriska simuleringarna kräver realistiska materialdata för sprutbetong och berg, som t.ex. densitet och elasticitetsmodul. De beräknade resultaten var i god överensstämmelse med observationer och mätningar i fält plats, och med de tidigare numeriska resultaten. Jämfört med de mekaniska modellerna kan ett sofistikerat finit elementprogram underlätta modellering av mer komplexa geometrier och också ge mer detaljerade resultat. Det visades att vågutbredning genom berg och fram emot sprutbetong kan beskrivas med tvådimensionella elastiska finita element i en dynamisk analys. Modellerna måste beskriva bergets egenskaper och noggrannheten i dessa parametrar kommer att ha stor inverkan på resultaten. Det kommer att vara möjligt att beskriva vågutbredningen genom bergmassan, från detonationspunkten till reflektionen vid bergytan, det vill säga gränssnittet mellan sprutbetong och berg. Det är acceptabelt att använda elastiska materialformuleringar tills materialet elasticitetsgräns överskrids tills töjningar utanför det elastiska området nås, vilket därmed indikerar materialbrott. Den högre komplexiteten hos den här typen av modell, jämfört med de mekaniska modellerna, kommer att göra det möjligt att analysera mer komplexa tunnelgeometrier. Exempel på preliminära rekommendationer för praktiskt bruk ges och det visas hur de utvecklade modellerna och den föreslagna analysmetodiken kan användas för att fastställa ytterligare detaljerade gränsvärden. / QC 20120427

The growth in the extent of applications of composite materials, particularly in commercial products, has been dramatic and carries an implied mandate for effective methods for material quality evaluation. The cost of composite materials dictates that non-destructive test methods be used. At the same time, the nature of composites limits the use of conventional techniques such as radiography , eddy-current or ultrasonics. Recently, a new technique known as the Acousto-Ultrasonic (AU) technique, has been developed and appears to hold promise as a method for the evaluation of composite material quality. Implementation of the AU method is examined using the zeroth moment method developed by Henneke et.al. A new parameter termed as Acousto Ultrasonic Factor (AUF) has been defined for this purpose. The behavior of the AUF response to specimens of known quality is investigated statistically. It is found that the transformed/actual readings follow a Beta distribution and that specimens of different quality are readily distinguishable using the statistical analysis of the AUF response. Reasonable future steps for translating these findings into efficient quality evaluation methods have been suggested.</p / Master of Science

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1980. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 67-74. / by Keiichiro Ikeda. / M.S.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3535.pdf: 15531173 bytes, checksum: 0bec1dee483a9cf070857af8977686a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Arborization is fundamental in urban spaces, due to the significant benefits it provides. To important issue to guarantee the adequacy of the role it plays is its maintenance. To this purpose, an application of preventive methods of diagnosis is recommended, allowing the evaluation of external and internal conditions of tress. Currently, the analysis of urban trees is subjectivity. For a complete and secure analysis, it is important to associate this visual external analysis to an internal analysis. This could be done by applying non-destructive techniques, wich allows an internal visualization of the tree through a tomographic image, without causing it any damage. Among the non-destructive techniques, that have applicability in the internal evaluation of urban trees, the technique of stress waves can be highlighted. Considering the great benefits that this technique can provide in the evaluation of urban trees, this research seeks to verify its scientific and technique viability, analyzing its reliability and also establishing some parameters of application. Studies with 12 trees of the Caesalpinea peltophoroides species (popularly known as Sibipiruna) have been carried out. The stress waves equipment was applied to sections of 50, 90 and 130 cm from the trees basis, generating tomographic images of these sections. Afterwards, the trees were cut at the level of these sections and, in order to compare these images, some pictures of them were made. The results show that the trees waves technique presents large applicability for internal evaluation of urban trees, achieving significant results. Also some parameters for the application of this technique were established. For instance, it is necessary to determinate the speed reference of waves propagation for the interpretation of tomographic images, as well as it is to determinate the best height of the assays section. The latter consisting on the height of the diameter to the chest height (DAP), where average density of the tree is representative. / A arborização é fundamental nos espaços urbanos, devido aos importantes benefícios que proporciona. Para garantir que esta exerça adequadamente seu papel, é importante a sua manutenção, na qual é necessário o emprego de métodos de diagnóstico preventivos, que permitam avaliar as condições externas e internas das árvores. Atualmente, a análise de árvores urbanas é realizada basicamente pela análise visual externa, a qual apresenta grande subjetividade. Para uma análise completa e segura é importante que a análise visual externa seja acompanhada de uma análise interna. Esta pode ser realizada por meio de técnicas nãodestrutivas, que possibilitam a visualização interna da árvore através da imagem tomográfica, sem causar nenhum dano a esta. Dentre as técnicas não-destrutivas existentes, com aplicabilidade na avaliação interna de árvores urbanas, pode-se destacar a técnica de ondas de tensão. Diante dos grandes benefícios que esta técnica pode proporcionar na avaliação de árvores urbanas, esta pesquisa buscou verificar sua viabilidade técnica e científica, analisando a sua confiabilidade e estabelecendo parâmetros para sua aplicação. Foram realizados estudos com 12 árvores da espécie Caesalpinea peltophoroides (conhecida popularmente como Sibipiruna), nas quais foram realizadas medições em seções a 50, 90 e 130 cm da base, empregando o equipamento de ondas de tensão, o qual gerou as imagens tomográficas das seções. Em seguida, as árvores foram cortadas nas seções de ensaio e fotografadas, para posterior comparação com a imagem tomográfica gerada. Os resultados permitiram verificar que a técnica de ondas de tensão apresenta grande viabilidade de aplicação na avaliação interna de árvores urbanas, com resultados bastante significativos. Foi possível também estabelecer alguns parâmetros de aplicação da técnica, como a necessidade da determinação da velocidade de propagação da onda de referência, para a interpretação da imagem tomográfica e a determinação da melhor altura da seção para realização dos ensaios, a qual consistiu na altura do diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), na qual se encontra a representatividade da densidade média da árvore.

In this study the description and development of intensity-based laser interferometric techniques for the detection and measurement of ultrasonic stress waves and their small displacement amplitudes is presented. The dynamic displacement sensitive interferometers described in the following chapters allow the quantitative point-by-point measurement of both in-plane and out-of-plane components of surface displacement motion. These uniquely developed interferometric sensors are: 1) an optical system design for the detection of the surface acoustic wave (Rayleigh wave). The technique is based on the Fourier analysis of coherent light and diffraction imaging properties of an illuminated grating; 2) the design and construction of a two-beam unequal-path laser interferometer for the measurement of out-of-plane surface displacement of ultrasonic waves; 3) extension of a flexible fiber optic probing device which is optically coupled to the test arm of the above two-beam interferometer. This permits scanning of the test surface which may be at some distance from the main optical system components; 4) the design and construction of a laser speckle interferometer for retro-reflective diffusing surfaces in which the in-plane displacements of the ultrasonic wave are interrogated. The inherent advantages of these newly designed optical configurations in terms of their greater simplicity, feasibility, and sensitivity over the conventional counterparts (classical/speckle laser interferometers) are explained. The function-response limitations of these interferometric sensors on lateral displacement resolution, on upper and lower-bound displacement sensitivity (dynamic range), on high-frequency bandwidth probing capability, on low-frequency environmentally associated noise disturbance, and on specularly reflective or diffusively retro-reflective specimen surface preparation are also mentioned. Finally, in a series of experimental observations, the application of a couple of these acoustic sensors in pulsed-excitation ultrasonic Specifically, the optically testing methods is cited. detected ultrasonic signals revealing the true nature of the various surface displacement modes of vibration are presented. / Ph. D.

A method to estimate blast-induced damage in rock considering both stress waves and gas expansion phases is presented. The method was developed by assuming a strong correlation between blast-induced damage and stress wave amplitudes, and also by adapting a 2D numerical method to estimate damage in a 3D real case. The numerical method is used to determine stress wave damage and provides an indication of zones prone to suffer greater damage by gas expansion. The specific steps carried out in this study are: i) extensive blast monitoring in hard rock at surface and underground test sites; ii) analysis of seismic waveforms in terms of amplitude and frequency and their azimuthal distribution with respect to borehole axis, iii) measurement of blast-induced damage from single-hole blasts; iv) assessment and implementation of method to utilize 2D numerical model to predict blast damage in 3D situation; v) use of experimental and numerical results to estimate relative contribution of stress waves and gas penetration to damage, and vi) monitoring and modeling of full-scale production blasts to apply developed method to estimate blast-induced damage from stress waves. The main findings in this study are: i) both P and S-waves are generated and show comparable amplitudes by blasting in boreholes; ii) amplitude and frequency of seismic waves are strongly dependent on initiation mode and direction of propagation of explosive reaction in borehole; iii) in-situ measurements indicate strongly non-symmetrical damage dependent on confinement conditions and initiation mode, and existing rock structure, and iv) gas penetration seems to be mainly responsible for damage (significant damage extension 2-4 borehole diameters from stress waves; > 22 from gas expansion). The method has the potential for application in regular production blasts for control of over-breaks and dilution in operating mines. The main areas proposed for future work are: i) verification of seismic velocity changes in rock by blast-induced damage from controlled experiments; ii) incorporation of gas expansion phase into numerical models; iii) use of 3D numerical model and verification of crack distribution prediction; iv) further studies on strain rate dependency of material strength parameters, and v) accurate measurements of in-hole pressure function considering various confinement conditions.