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Nous présentons un modèle théorique et numérique pour simuler la diffraction d’ondes électromagnétiques par des lentilles artificielles métalliques. Le premier chapitre présente les radars anti-collision dans le contexte automobile, le système d’antenne est composé d’une source primaire ponctuelle et d’une lentille artificielle. Cette dernière est réalisée de façon très simple en assemblant des lames métalliques minces sur des morceaux de mousse. Une méthode approchée permet d’obtenir rapidement le champ rayonné à travers une lentille par une source ponctuelle à l’aide des concepts d’optique géométrique et d’optique physique. Dans le second chapitre, deux variantes de la méthode modale sont proposées pour l’étude de la diffraction par des réseaux de lames parfaitement conductrices infiniment minces, une dite classique, décrit le champ à l’intérieur des guides parfaitement conducteurs à l’aide des modes de ces derniers, et l’autre considère que les guides forment un milieu inhomogène par morceaux. Les parois des guides sont vues comme des matériaux d’épaisseur très fine et très conducteurs. Numériquement, cet artifice est possible grâce à la technique de résolution spatiale adaptative aussi appelée formulation paramétrique. Dans le chapitre 3, l’ensemble des techniques présentées précédemment est appliqué aux lentilles. Un modèle numérique et électromagnétique est présenté où la lentille métallique est vue comme un empilement de réseaux lamellaires. Le champ global est obtenu en raccordant les modes de chaque couche. Une autre extension qui permet de modéliser des objets non périodiques est introduite : il s’agit d’un changement de coordonnées complexes qui produit des conditions aux limites absorbantes aux bords du domaine de calcul. Dans le chapitre 4, l’ensemble des techniques numériques développées plus haut est mis en oeuvre sur des cas concrets de lentilles artificielles et des comparaisons avec le modèle simplifié du chapitre 1 sont effectuées. Le chapitre 5 est également consacré à l’étude de lentilles. Cependant le domaine de longueur d’onde envisagé n’est plus le même puisqu’on passe dans le domaine optique. La notion de métal perd le sens qu’on lui donne habituellement. Le métal est caractérisé par une permittivité complexe dont la partie réelle peut être négative. Des modes nouveaux apparaissent. La méthode d’analyse retenue est encore une méthode modale. Pour tenir compte des profils d’entrée et de sortie de la lentille, on effectue un changement de coordonnée grâce auquel ces derniers deviennent des surfaces de coordonnées. / We present a theoretical and numerical model to simulate the scattering of electromagnetic waves by artificial metallic lenses. The first chapter introduces the anti-collision radar in the automotive context. The antenna system is composed of a primary point source and an artificial lens. The latter is achieved very simply by assembling thin metal strips on pieces of foam. The field radiated through a lens by a point source can be quickly obtained using the concepts of geometrical optics and optical physics. In the second chapter, two different modal method are proposed for the study of diffraction by arrays of perfectly conducting infinitely thin blades. The first one describes the field inside the perfectly conducting guides by using their exact modes. The second one considers that the guides are piecewise homogeneous media. The walls of the guides are seen as very thin and highly conducting materials. Numerically, this trick is possible thanks to the technique of adaptive spatial resolution. In chapter 3, all the techniques presented above are applied to lenses. A numerical and electromagnetic model is presented where the lens is seen as a stack of strip gratings. The overall field is obtained by matching the modes of each layer. Another extension that allows to model non-periodic objects is introduced : it consists in a complex change of coordinates that produces absorbing boundary conditions at the edges of the computational domain. In Chapter 4, all the numerical techniques developed above are implemented on specific cases of artificial lenses and comparisons with the approximate model of Chapter 1 are performed. Chapter 5 is devoted to the study of lenses in the optical domain. The concept of metal looses its usual meaning. The metal is characterized by a complex permittivity whose real part can be negative. New modes appear. The analytical method is still a modal method.To account for input and out profile of the lens, a change of coordinates is introduced so that the input and output surface of the lens become surface of coordinates.

Les pollutions par les xénobiotiques, en particulier les pesticides, et les métaux lourds issus des activités agricoles présentent une grande complexité de composition chimique et de dynamique spatio-temporelle. La présence de bandes enherbées entre les parcelles cultivées et les cours d’eau permet une limitation de la diffusion de ces pollutions résiduelles vers les milieux naturels. Le compartiment végétal de ces bandes enherbées peut jouer de multiples rôles dans ce contexte de protection environnementale. L’étude comparative réalisée in situ et en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle biologique du compartiment végétal avec son implication directe dans les processus in planta d’absorption, de stockage et/ou de dégradation au moins partielle. Un tel rôle phytoremédiateur est dépendant de la capacité des plantes à se maintenir sur ces milieux pollués, qui diffère selon l’espèce considérée et structure ainsi les communautés végétales des bandes enherbées. L’étude intégrative en conditions contrôlées des réponses des plantes aux interactions avec les xénobiotiques à faibles doses, à différentes échelles de complexité du fonctionnement végétal, a permis de montrer les effets de ces stress chimiques chez l’espèce modèle Arabidopsis thaliana et chez l’espèce prairiale Lolium perenne. Les xénobiotiques et les métaux lourds à des doses subtoxiques ont induit d’importants bouleversements métabolomiques et moléculaires chez ces espèces, avec des effets cryptiques de ces polluants et de leurs produits de dégradation. L’analyse en conditions de multi-pollution, qui reflètent de manière réaliste les pollutions péri-agricoles, a montré la complexité et la difficulté de prédiction des interactions entre les effets des contaminants en mélange. Ces mécanismes de réponses diffèrent selon l’espèce et le polluant et laissent supposer des divergences en termes de perception et/ou de transport des polluants, ou de coordination des réponses moléculaires et métaboliques. Arabidopsis a ainsi présenté une coordination de ses réponses orientée vers une augmentation des métabolites de stress, et une diminution des métabolites carbonés (sucres solubles), en parallèle de modifications de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans les défenses antioxydantes, les défenses contre les stress xénobiotiques, ou dans la dynamique des phytohormones. Le stress chimique a entraîné chez Lolium des modifications majeures du métabolisme azoté, ainsi qu’un remaniement des processus de photorespiration. L’analyse transcriptomique de cette espèce a de plus montré que la majorité des gènes identifiés sont impliqués dans des voies de transduction de signal, montrant ainsi la complexité des mécanismes de réponse et les couplages qui existent entre les signaux métaboliques, en particulier liés aux sucres, les voies de signalisation associées aux phytohormones, les signaux de stress et la photosynthèse. / Environmental pollutions by xenobiotics, especially by pesticides and heavy metals derived from agricultural activities, show an important complexity of chemical composition and of spatiotemporal dynamic. Vegetative filter strips between cultivated fields and streams limit the diffusion of these residual pollutions to natural environments. However, the exact biological role of plant in these buffer strips is poorly understood in this context of environmental and ecological protection. A comparative study carried out in situ and in controlled conditions highlighted the role of plant compartment in the processes of absorption, storage and/or partial degradation of pollutants in planta. Such capability of phytoremediation depends on the maintenance of a vegetal cover in area subjected to recurring flow of pesticides, it varies according to species and leads to the structuration of vegetative filter strip communities. An integrative study in controlled conditions of plant responses to low doses of pollutants allowed to analyze at different levels of complexity the impacts of chemical stresses on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and the grassland species Lolium perenne. Low and sublethal doses of xenobiotics, associated degradation products and heavy metals induced cryptic perturbations at metabolic and molecular levels. Multi-pollution analyses, which reflect realistic conditions of environmental exposure, highlighted complex interactive effects between pollutants in mixture and the difficulty to predict them. The mechanisms of response to these chemical stresses differ according to the species and the pollutant, and suggest differences in term of perception and/or transport of pollutants, or of coordination of molecular and metabolic responses. Arabidopsis presented a coordination of its responses toward an increase of stress metabolites, a decrease of carbon metabolites (soluble carbohydrates), in parallel with modifications of gene expressions implicated on antioxidant defences, defence against xenobiotic stresses, or phytohormone dynamic. Chemical stress leads to major modifications of nitrogen metabolism in Lolium, and perturbations of processes of photorespiration. De novo transcriptomic analysis of Lolium therefore showed that a majority of identified genes are related to signal transduction pathways, highlighting the complexity of response mechanisms and the links between metabolic signals, especially linked to carbohydrate, hormonal signaling pathways, stress signals and photosynthesis. Subtoxic chemical stress induced cryptic re-engineering of plant processes that may explain the development of tolerance for some species and their persistence in area affected by residual pollution.

The project deals with structure design of a new – built sports centre with the capacity up to 120 persons. It is situated in the sports grounds of Zákamenné in a flat terrain lot with area of 21 811 m2. The building wasn´t designed for disabled people, it is designed with partial basement, it has got two floors with irregular shape and the floor area of 752,44 m2. On the first floor the building is split into two sections - northern, which is the sports part and southern. which is the facilities part (café, entrance to flat,...). On the second floor there is a caretaker´s flat in the southern part, northern part serves mainly for administration purposes. The northern part also offers access to a non-public terrace. Basement is situated under southern part and serves technical facilities of the buildiung. The support structure system consists of concrete strips foundations, supporting wall system built with Ytong aerated concrete blocks, the ceiling system is made of reinforced concrete floor, which also supports construction of a warm flat roof.

The content of the master´s thesis is new building sports hall of ball sports. This building has contains no cellar and three above-ground floors. In ground floor, there are playing area, changing rooms, relevant functional facilities including utility rooms. The first floor is completely reserved for spectators, there are tribune for sitting spectators, gallery for standing spectators, hygienic rooms and buffet for spectators. In the third floor, there are rooms for VIP spectators, briefing room, head office of sports hall including conference room, spaces for TV transmission, hygienic rooms and utility room. Object is based on concrete foundation pads and strips foundation. Structural system of the object is combination of column system from cast-inplace reinforced concrete and wall system from brickwork. Floor structures over above the first and second floor are designed as castin- place reinforced concrete, floor structure above the third floor is folded from wood beams. Loadbearing structure of roof is system of glue laminated timber girders, roof cladding is mechanically anchored.

The aim of the thesis was to design a building named Hotel Aztec. The building will serve for accommodation and recreation. The restaurant is also part of the hotel. There is a car park near the hotel building. The hotel has four floors and basement. There are 26 suites, 2 of them are three bed rooms, 20 double or twin rooms and 4 single rooms. The south-facing orientation of the suites ensures sufficient insolation. In ground floor there is one twin room for disabled persons. In ground floor there is restaurant with kitchen connected with bar in basement. There is also wellness centre, mechanical rooms and storages. On the northeast side of the hotel there are offices and rooms for employees and training room. The loadbearing masonry is from sand-lime blocks and there are cast-in-place reinforced concrete slabs and concrete foundations. The external wall is insulated with ETICS. All roofs are warm flat, over the restaurant there is intensive green roof, The roof over the 2nd floor is walkable - roof terrace. Over the 3rd floor there is non-walkable flat roof. The building is heated by heat pumps and there is mechanical ventilation with heat recovery.

The subject of the diploma thesis is the processing of the construction-technical part of the project documentation for the construction of a new kindergarden building in the town of Králíky. The building is divided into two parts - part of the kindergarten and part of the kitchen and laundry facilities. Part of the nursery school consists of three departments, communication space, multipurpose hall and administrative space. In the second part is a cloakroom for staff, kitchen with facilities, laundry and utility rooms. Both parts have separate main entrances. The building consists of two floors and one underground floor. Above part of the nursery school there is a sloping saddle roof structure consisting of wooden nailed trusses. Above the farm part there is a flat single-skin roof with a vegetation layer. The foundation structure under the walls of the building is formed by foundation strips, under the columns the foundation structure is formed by foundation feet. The vertical load-bearing structures are masonry from lime-sand masonry blocks in the above-ground part of the building and in the underground part of the building the vertical load-bearing structure is formed by fittings made of permanent formwork filled with reinforced concrete. Horizontal load-bearing structures are solved by prestressed cavity ceiling panels. The whole building is insulated. In the above-ground part of the nursery school is used contact thermal insulation system with pasty plaster, in the above-ground part of the remaining part of the building is used ventilated facade with fiber-cement facade boards

It handles about a „Retirement home“ named project (3 floors, with a partial basement, building on a slight slope). The base structure is of reinforced concrete strips. The walls of the basement are made with the application of hidden formwork type system BEST. The bearing and non-bearing walls are of majority used silicate bricks. The staircase structure consists of monolithic reinforced concrete 2x brokem slab. For ceilings slab panels, are used Spiroll. The building is finished with a single layered flat roof.

The subject of this master´s thesis is the construction of the guest house with restaurant in the village Plumlov near Prostejov. It is a building with a floor partially sunk into the ground and two floors. Basement is designed as part of the restaurant. Floors are designed for the guest house. In the pension there is a total of 6 accommodation rooms with a total capacity of 15 persons. The restaurant has a comfortable dining area for 25 people. The restaurant also includes a kitchen where they will prepare hot meals. Cladding basement of the shuttering and floors are designed as wood house by system "two by four". The ceiling above the restaurant is designed as a system, reinforced concrete, folded (TRAS system). The ceiling above the 1st floor is designed with wooden ceiling beams. The roof is gabled with unbalanced tendencies. The building is based on the foundation strips.