La complexité des structures géologiques en Moyenne Durance rend difficile la caractérisation et l’évaluation du risque sismique dans cette région. La compréhension 3D des structures nécessite l’utilisation de techniques modernes de modélisation numérique pour réaliser des modèles 3D du substratum géologique qui soient cohérents à différentes échelles, pour effectuer des simulations des mouvements sismiques. Pour réaliser des modèles 3D géologiques, nous avons harmonisé des bases de données géologiques et géophysiques hétérogènes (forages pétroliers, sondages géotechniques, profils sismiques, profils géophysiques H/V, cartographie géologique haute et basse résolution, datations biostratigraphiques, ...) dans le géomodeleur 3D gOcad. La réalisation des modèles 3D permet de caractériser la géométrie 3D des principales structures tectoniques en Moyenne Durance, notamment la Zone de failles de la Moyenne Durance (ZFMD) ainsi que la géométrie haute résolution du substratum géologique de la vallée de Cadarache, notamment de son remplissage sédimentaire tertiaire. Notre étude permet de préciser la géométrie 3D de la ZFMD et son rôle sur les structures géologiques adjacentes. La ZFMD constitue une zone de transfert qui limite l’extension latérale et modifie la géométrie des plis et chevauchements. Les structures tectoniques en Moyenne Durance sont caractérisées par une déformation de type thin-skin. La tectonique salifère joue un rôle important dans cette déformation (niveau de décollement, formation et géométrie 3D des plis). A l’échelle de la vallée de Cadarache, l’étude géologique des affleurements couplée à l’étude géostatistique des sondages permet de réaliser une simulation en 3D de la répartition spatiale des faciès et de proposer un modèle sédimentaire 3D du remplissage tertiaire de la vallée. Il est caractérisé par une sédimentation en deux étapes : une première phase de remplissage par des apports détritiques importants en provenance du Sud-Est, liés au démantèlement du massif des Maures-Estérel, une deuxième phase de remplissage par des dépôts d’environnement fluviatile méandriforme à forte sinuosité et à dominante de sables. Enfin, l’imbrication multi-échelle des modèles 3D a permis d’expliquer la formation de la vallée de Cadarache dans le contexte géodynamique de la région de la Moyenne Durance au Tertiaire, et notamment sous l’influence de la compression pyrénéenne et de la ZFMD sur la région de la Moyenne Durance et sur la vallée de Cadarache. / The complexity of geological structures in Middle Durance region makes difficult the characterization and evaluation of seismic risk in this region. Understanding these structures in 3D requires to use modern techniques of 3D digital modelling in order to achieve the 3D geological models of the bedrock with coherence on different scales, to perform ground motion simulations. Building 3D geological models need to normalize heterogeneous geophysical and geological databases (oil boreholes, geotechnical boreholes, seismic profiles, H/V geophysical profiles, high and low resolution geological mapping, biostratigraphic dating,...) in the 3D software gOcad. The realization of 3D geological models allows to characterize the 3D geometry of main the tectonic structures in Middle Durance region, including the Middle Durance Fault Zone (ZFMD) and the high resolution geometry of geological bedrock of the Cadarache Valley, and in particular its tertiary sedimentary fill. Our study allows to specify the ZFMD 3D geometry and its role on the adjacent geological structures. The ZFMD is a transfer zone that limits lateral extension and changes the geometry of folds and thrusts. The Middle Durance tectonic structures are characterized by a thin-skin deformation. Salt tectonics plays an important role in this deformation (detachment level, training and 3D geometry of folds). At the scale of the Valley of Cadarache, outcrop geological study coupled with boreholes geostatistical study allows to perform a 3D simulation of the spatial distribution of facies and to propose a 3D sedimentary model for the Tertiary filling of the Cadarache Valley. It is characterized by sedimentation in two steps: a first step of filling by important detrital inputs from the Southeast, related to the erosion of the Maures-Esterel massif, a second step of filling by deposits of fluvial meandering sand-dominant environment with high-sinuosity. Finally, building multi-scale 3D models allows explaining the formation of the Valley of Cadarache in the geodynamic context of the Middle Durance region at Tertiary times, and particularly under the influence of the Pyrenean compression and ZFMD on the Middle Durance region and the Valley of Cadarache.

Le comportement des structures en béton armé (BA) et en béton précontraint (BP) exposées au feu est une thématique de recherche importante en génie civil. Actuellement, le comportement de l'interface béton-acier à haute température et la simulation thermomécanique non linéaire des structures en béton sont des verrous à lever. Ces deux questions font l'objet de cette thèse. Après avoir fait un état de l'art sur le comportement à froid de l'interface béton-acier, un modèle à haute température est proposé ainsi que son intégration numérique dans le code de calcul ANSYS. Puis, les performances de plusieurs modèles non linéaires du béton ont été analysées. Finalement, des méthodologies de modélisation du transfert thermique et du comportement mécanique des structures exposées au feu ont été proposées et validées à travers des simulations d'essais / Behaviour of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures subjected to fire is an important research theme in civil engineering. Actually, steel-concrete interface behaviour at high temperature and nonlinear thermomechanical simulation of concrete structures are obstacles we need to solve. These obstacles are the subject of this thesis. After doing a summary of all studies concerning the steel-concrete interface, a behaviour model of the interface at high temperature has been developed and a numerical integration method of this model has also been proposed. Subsequently, non linear material models for simulating concrete have been analyzed. Finally, methodologies of modeling thermal transfer and mechanical behaviour of structures have been proposed and validated through simulations of experimental tests

Diese Arbeit behandelt die Instrumentalvariablenregression im Kontext der Stichprobenwiederholung. Es wird ein Rahmen geschaffen, der das Ziel der Inferenz identifiziert. Diese Abhandlung versucht die Instrumentalvariablenregression von einer neuen Perspektive aus zu motivieren. Dabei wird angenommen, dass das Ziel der Schätzung von zwei Faktoren gebildet wird, einer Umgebung und einer zu einem internen Model spezifischen Struktur. Neben diesem Rahmen entwickelt die Arbeit eine Methode der Stichprobenwiederholung, die geeignet für das Testen einer linearen Hypothese bezüglich der Schätzung des Ziels ist. Die betreffende technische Umgebung und das Verfahren werden im Zusammenhang in der Einleitung und im Hauptteil der folgenden Arbeit erklärt. Insbesondere, aufbauend auf der Arbeit von Spokoiny, Zhilova 2015, rechtfertigt und wendet diese Arbeit ein numerisches ’multiplier-bootstrap’ Verfahren an, um nicht asymptotische Konfidenzintervalle für den Hypothesentest zu konstruieren. Das Verfahren und das zugrunde liegende statistische Werkzeug wurden so gewählt und angepasst, um ein im Model auftretendes und von asymptotischer Analysis übersehenes Problem zu erklären, das formal als Schwachheit der Instrumentalvariablen bekannt ist. Das angesprochene Problem wird jedoch durch den endlichen Stichprobenansatz von Spokoiny 2014 adressiert. / Instrumental variables regression in the context of a re-sampling is considered. In the work a framework is built to identify an inferred target function. It attempts to approach an idea of a non-parametric regression and motivate instrumental variables regression from a new perspective. The framework assumes a target of estimation to be formed by two factors - an environment and an internal, model specific structure. Aside from the framework, the work develops a re-sampling method suited to test linear hypothesis on the target. Particular technical environment and procedure are given and explained in the introduction and in the body of the work. Specifically, following the work of Spokoiny, Zhilova 2015, the writing justifies and applies numerically 'multiplier bootstrap' procedure to construct confidence intervals for the testing problem. The procedure and underlying statistical toolbox were chosen to account for an issue appearing in the model and overlooked by asymptotic analysis, that is weakness of instrumental variables. The issue, however, is addressed by design of the finite sample approach by Spokoiny 2014.

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Unlike canonical phytochromes, the GAF domain of cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) can bind bilins autonomously and is sufficient for functional photocycles. Despite the astonishing spectral diversity of CBCRs, the GAF1 domain of the three-GAF-domain photoreceptor all2699 from the cyanobacterium Nostoc 7120 is the only CBCR-GAF known that converts from a red-absorbing (Pr) dark state to a far-red-absorbing (Pfr) photoproduct, analogous to the more conservative phytochromes. Here we report a solid-state NMR spectroscopic study of all2699g1 in its Pr state. Conclusive NMR evidence unveils a particular stereochemical heterogeneity at the tetrahedral C31 atom, whereas the crystal structure shows exclusively the R-stereochemistry at this chiral center. Additional NMR experiments were performed on a construct comprising the GAF1 and GAF2 domains of all2699, showing a greater precision in the chromophore–protein interactions in the GAF1-2 construct. A 3D Pr structural model of the all2699g1-2 construct predicts a tongue-like region extending from the GAF2 domain (akin to canonical phytochromes) in the direction of the chromophore, shielding it from the solvent. In addition, this stabilizing element allows exclusively the R-stereochemistry for the chromophore-protein linkage. Site-directed mutagenesis performed on three conserved motifs in the hairpin-like tip confirms the interaction of the tongue region with the GAF1-bound chromophor

Composite structures are extremely useful for aerospace, automotive, marine and civil applications due to their very high specific structural properties. These structures are subjected to severe dynamic loading in their service life. Repeated exposure to these severe loading conditions can induce structural damage which ultimately may precipitate a catastrophic failure. Therefore, an interest in the continuous inspection and maintenance of engineering structures has grown tremendously in recent years. Sensitive aerospace applications can have small design margins and any inadequacy in knowledge of the system may cause design failure. Structures made from composite materials posses complicated failure mechanism as compared to those made from conventional metallic materials. In composite structural design, it is hence very important to properly model geometric intricacies and various imperfections such as delaminations and cracks. Two important issues are addressed in this thesis: (1) structural modeling of nonlinear delamination and uncertainty propagation in nonlinear characteristics of composite plate structures and (2) development of a model based damage detection system to handle uncertainty issues. An earlier proposed shear deformable C0 composite plate finite element is modified to alleviate modeling uncertainty issues associated with a damage detection problem. Parabolic variation of transverse shear stresses across the plate thickness is incorporated into the modified formulation using mixed shear interpolation technique. Validity of the proposed modification is established through available literature. Correction of the transverse shear stress term in the formulation results in about 2 percent higher solution accuracy than the earlier model. It is found that the transverse shear effect increases with higher modes of the plate deformation. Transverse shear effects are more prominent in sandwich plates. This refined composite plate finite element is used for large deformation dynamic analysis of delaminated composite plates. The inter-laminar contact at the delaminated region in composite plates is modeled with the augmented Lagrangian approach. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of delamination on the nonlinear transient behavior of composite plates. Results obtained from these studies show that widely used unconditionally stable β-Newmark method presents numerical instability problems in the transient simulation of delaminated composite plate structures with large deformation. To overcome this instability issue, an energy and momentum conserving composite implicit time integration scheme presented by Bathe and Baig is used for the nonlinear dynamic analysis. It is also found that a proper selection of the penalty parameter is very crucial in the simulation of contact condition. It is shown that an improper selection of penalty parameter in the augmented Lagrangian formulation may lead to erroneous prediction of dynamic response of composite delaminated plates. Uncertainties associated with the mathematical characterization of a structure can lead to unreliable damage detection. Composite structures also show considerable scatter in their structural response due to large uncertainties associated with their material properties. Probabilistic analysis is carried out to estimate material uncertainty effects in the nonlinear frequencies of composite plates. Monte Carlo Simulation with Latin Hypercube Sampling technique is used to obtain the variance of linear and nonlinear natural frequencies of the plate due to randomness in its material properties. Numerical results are obtained for composite plates with different aspect ratio, stacking sequence and oscillation amplitude ratio. It is found that the nonlinear frequencies show increasing non-Gaussian probability density function with increasing amplitude of vibration and show dual peaks at high amplitude ratios. This chaotic nature of the dispersion of nonlinear eigenvalues is also revealed in eigenvalue sensitivity analysis. For fault isolation, variations in natural frequencies, modal curvatures and curvature damage factors due to damage are investigated. Effects of various physical uncertainties like, material and geometric uncertainties on the success of damage detection is studied. A robust structural damage detection system is developed based on the statistical information available from the probabilistic analysis carried out on beam type structures. A new fault isolation technique called sliding window defuzzifier is proposed to maximize the success rate of a Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) in damage detection. Using the changes in structural measurements between the damaged and undamaged state, a fuzzy system is generated and the rule-base and membership functions are generated using probabilistic informations. The FLS is demonstrated using frequency and mode shape based measurements for various beam type structures such as uniform cantilever beam, tapered beam in single as well as in multiple damage conditions. The robustness of the FLS is demonstrated with respect to the highly uncertain input information called measurement deltas (MDs). It is said, if uncertainty level is larger than or close to the changes in damage indicator due to damage, the true information would be submerged in the noise. Then the actual damaged members may not be identified accurately and/or the healthy members may be wrongly detected as damaged giving false warning. However, this being the case, the proposed FLS with new fault isolation technique tested with these noisy data having large variation and overlaps shows excellent robustness. It is observed that the FLS accurately predicts and isolates the damage levels up-to considerable uncertainty and noise levels in single as well as multiple damage conditions. The robustness of the FLS is also demonstrated for delamination detection in composite plates having very high material property uncertainty. Effects of epistemic uncertainty on damage detection in composite plates is addressed. The effectiveness of the proposed refined Reddy type shear deformable composite plate element is demonstrated for reducing the modeling or epistemic uncertainty in delamination detection.

This thesis examines the dynamic mechanical properties of natural silk fibres, mainly from silkworm species Bombyx mori (B. mori) and spider species Nephila edulis, using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, DMTA. The aim is not only to provide novel data on mechanical properties of silk, but also to relate these properties to the structure and morphology of silk. A systematic approach is adopted to evaluate the effect of the three principal factors of stress, temperature and hydration on the properties and structure of silk. The methods developed in this work are then used to examine commercially important aspects of the ‘quality’ of silk. I show that the dynamic storage modulus of silks increases with loading stress in the deformation through yield to failure, whereas the conventional engineering tensile modulus decreases significantly post-yield. Analyses of the effects of temperature and thermal history show a number of important effects: (1) the loss peak at -60 °C is found to be associated the protein-water glass transition; (2) the increase in the dynamic storage modulus of native silks between temperature +25 and 100 °C is due simply to water loss; (3) a number of discrete loss peaks from +150 to +220°C are observed and attributed to the glass transition of different states of disordered structure with different intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Excess environmental humidity results in a lower effective glass transition temperature (Tg) for disordered silk fractions. Also, humidity-dynamic mechanical analysis on Nephila edulis spider dragline silks has shown that the glass transition induces a partial supercontraction, called Tg contraction. This new finding leads to the conclusion of two independent mechanisms for supercontraction in spider dragline silks. Study of three commercial B. mori cocoon silk grades and a variety of processed silks or artificial silks shows that lower grade and poorly processed silks display lower Tg values, and often have a greater loss tangent at Tg due to increased disorder. This suggests that processing contributes significantly to the differences in the structural order among natural or unnatural silks. More importantly, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis is proposed to be a potential tool for quality evaluation and control in silk production and processing. In summary, I demonstrate that DMTA is a valuable analytical tool for understanding the structure and properties of silk, and use a systematic approach to understand quantitatively the important mechanical properties of silk in terms of a generic structural framework in silk proteins.

Helicopter rotor system operates in a highly dynamic and unsteady aerodynamic environment leading to severe vibratory loads on the rotor system. Repeated exposure to these severe loading conditions can induce damage in the composite rotor blade which may lead to a catastrophic failure. Therefore, an interest in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of the composite rotor blades has grown markedly in recent years. Two important issues are addressed in this thesis; (1) structural modeling and aeroelastic analysis of the damaged rotor blade and (2) development of a model based rotor health monitoring system. The effect of matrix cracking, the first failure mode in composites, is studied in detail for a circular section beam, box-beam and two-cell airfoil section beam. Later, the effects of further progressive damages such as debonding/delamination and fiber breakage are considered for a two-cell airfoil section beam representing a stiff-inplane helicopter rotor blade. It is found that the stiffness decreases rapidly in the initial phase of matrix cracking but becomes almost constant later as matrix crack saturation is reached. Due to matrix cracking, the bending and torsion stiffness losses at the point of matrix crack saturation are about 6-12 percent and about 25-30 percent, respectively. Due to debonding/delamination, the bending and torsion stiffness losses are about 6-8 percent and about 40-45 percent after matrix crack saturation, respectively. The stiffness loss due to fiber breakage is very rapid and leads to the final failure of the blade. An aeroelastic analysis is performed for the damaged composite rotor in forward flight and the numerically simulated results are used to develop an online health monitoring system. For fault detection, the variations in rotating frequencies, tip bending and torsion response, blade root loads and strains along the blade due to damage are investigated. It is found that peak-to-peak values of blade response and loads provide a good global damage indicator and result in considerable data reduction. Also, the shear strain is a useful indicator to predict local damage. The structural health monitoring system is developed using the physics based models to detect and locate damage from simulated noisy rotor system data. A genetic fuzzy system (GFS) developed for solving the inverse problem of detecting damage from noise contaminated measurements by hybridizing the best features of fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. Using the changes in structural measurements between the damaged and undamaged blade, a fuzzy system is generated and the rule-base and membership functions optimized by genetic algorithm. The GFS is demonstrated using frequency and mode shape based measurements for various beam type structures such as uniform cantilever beam, tapered beam and non-rotating helicopter blade. The GFS is further demonstrated for predicting the internal state of the composite structures using an example of a composite hollow circular beam with matrix cracking damage mode. Finally, the GFS is applied for online SHM of a rotor in forward flight. It is found that the GFS shows excellent robustness with noisy data, missing measurements and degrades gradually in the presence of faulty sensors/measurements. Furthermore, the GFS can be developed in an automated manner resulting in an optimal solution to the inverse problem of SHM. Finally, the stiffness degradation of the composite rotor blade is correlated to the life consumption of the rotor blade and issues related to damage prognosis are addressed.

Cette thèse étudie les problèmes de diagnostic itératif et propose des outilsd’aide au diagnostic interactif. Différents processus de diagnostic où des outils interactifs homme-automate sont utiles, sont présentés. Ces outils permettent de résoudre des difficultés liées à la représentation d’un grand nombre d’éléments d’un système, des difficultés liées à la représentation du comportement et du fonctionnement d’un système et des difficultés liées à l’explicitation de l’expertise. Nos travaux ont conduit à la conception de différents types d’outils interactifs d’aide au diagnostic. Le premier permet d’exploiter des représentations structuro-fonctionnelles pour construire et résoudre progressivement un problème de diagnostic.Le second outil interactif permet d’exploiter des modèles de comportement construit au fur et à mesure de la résolution d’un problème de diagnostic. Enfin, un dernier outil a étéproposé pour montrer qu’il est possible de prendre compte la connaissance implicite d’un expert dans la résolution de problème de diagnostic. Un problème de diagnostic est donc présenté comme un processus itératif avec des interactions homme-automate. / This PhD thesis studies the iterative diagnosis problems and provides thecomputer-aided diagnostic tool for interactive diagnosis. Different diagnosis processes wherethe tool to support human-machine interaction are useful, are presented. These tools help totackle difficulties related to the representation of a large number of elements in a system,difficulties related to the representation of the behavior functioning of a system and difficultiesencountered while expliciting the expertise. Our work led to the design of different interactivetools to support the diagnosis process. The first tool allows to exploit the structural-functionalmodeling to build and solve progressively a diagnosis problem. The second interactive toolallows to exploit the behavioral models built step by step in the diagnosis process and tosolve the diagnosis problem. The final tool was proposed to show that it is possible to takeinto account the implicit knowledge of an expert in order to solve the diagnosis problem.A diagnosis problem is therefore presented as an iterative process with human-machineinteractions.

The confinement of concrete structures has been used for reinforcement and rehabilitation of compressed structural elements, with the objective of increasing their strength capacity and ductility. Various types of reinforcement are used: metal pipes, fiber reinforced polymers, transverse reinforcement, among others. Understanding the stress-strain behavior of confined concrete columns is an important aspect to be considered in the design of these structural elements. This work presents a study of short columns of concrete confined by transverse reinforcement and fiber reinforced polymers subjected to the centered load, employing a nonlinear theoretical model that allows obtaining the stress-strain curves. Concrete columns with various strength levels and different cross-sectional shapes are considered. The employed model is modified according with the type of analyzed problem and a comparative analysis is carried out to verify the performance of the models, considering the experimental results from several examples of short columns confined available in the literature. / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O confinamento de estruturas de concreto vem sendo utilizado no reforço e reabilitação de peças comprimidas, com o objetivo de aumentar sua capacidade resistente e dutilidade. Vários tipos de reforços são usados: tubos metálicos, polímeros reforçados com fibras, armaduras transversais, entre outros. A compreensão do comportamento tensão-deformação de colunas de concreto confinadas é um aspecto importante a considerar para um projeto confiável desses elementos estruturais. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de colunas curtas de concreto confinadas por armadura transversal e polímeros reforçados com fibras submetidas à carga centrada, empregando um modelo teórico não linear que permite a obtenção das curvas tensão-deformação. São considerados concretos de variadas resistências e diferentes formas de seção transversal. O modelo empregado é modificado se adequando aos diversos casos analisados, e para verificação do desempenho deste é realizada uma análise comparativa considerando os resultados experimentais provenientes de vários exemplos de colunas curtas confinadas disponíveis na literatura.