<p>En mängd slutprodukter kan fås med hjälp av olika ihopsättningar av olika komponenter, vilket görs för att tillfredställa kunders unika behov. Det är väldigt riskabelt och kostsamt för företagen att lagerföra alla dessa olika varianter av produkter i ett färdigvarulager eftersom det kanske inte blir någon större efterfrågan på alla dessa olika varianter. Det är därför många företag väljer att montera mot kundorder.</p><p>I detta examensarbete sammanställs vad litteraturen tar upp om montering mot kundorder och utifrån detta presenteras de riktlinjer företag kan använda sig av när de vill montera mot kundorder. Utifrån litteraturstudierna, som har används som en referensmodell, har en undersökning gjorts på företaget Forbo Forshaga för att se hur de ligger till utifrån modellen. I nuläget tillverkar företaget mot lager men funderar på att börja montera mot kundorder i stället vilket de verkar ligga bra till för att kunna göra inom den närmsta framtiden.</p>

<p>In this master thesis, we design and implemented a super mode for multiple streaming signal processing applications, and got the timing budget based on Senior DSP processor. This work presented great opportunity to study the real-time system and firmware design knowledge on embedded system.</p>

A numerical panel method based on the potential flow theory has been refined and applied to the simulations of steady and unsteady cavitating flows inside water-jet pumps. The potential flow inside the water-jet is solved simultaneously in order to take the interaction of all geometries (blades, hub and casing) into account. The integral equation and boundary conditions for the water-jet problem are formulated and solved by distributing constant dipoles and sources on blades, hub and shroud surfaces, and constant dipoles in the trailing wake sheets behind the rotor (or stator) blades. The interaction between the rotor and stator is carried out based on an iterative procedure by considering the circumferentially averaged velocities induced on each one by the other. The present numerical scheme is coupled with a 2-D axisymmetric version of the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver to evaluate the pressure rise on the shroud and simulate viscous flow fields inside the pump. A tip gap model based on a 2-D orifice equation derived from Bernoulli’s obstruction theory is implemented in the present method to analyze the clearance effect between the blade tip and the shroud inner wall in a global sense. The reduction of the flow from losses in the orifice can be defined in terms of an empirically determined discharge coefficient (CQ) representing the relationship between the flow rate and the pressure difference across the gap because of the viscous effect in the tip gap region. The simulations of the rotor/stator interaction, the prediction of partial and super cavitation on the rotor blade and their effects on the hydrodynamic performance including the thrust/torque breakdown of a water-jet pump are presented. The predicted results, including the power coefficient (P*), head coefficient (H*), pump efficiency (η), thrust and torque coefficients (KT and KQ), as well as the cavity patterns are compared and validated against the experimental data from a series of on the ONR AxWJ-2 pump at NSWCCD. / text

Dynamics between organic molecules and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) hot spots are extracted from far-field optical images by two experimental methods presented in this thesis: orientational imaging and super-resolution optical imaging. We introduce SERS orientational imaging as an all-optical technique able to determine the three-dimensional orientations of SERS-active Ag nanoparticle dimers. This is accomplished by observing lobe positions in SERS emission patterns formed by the directional polarization of SERS emission along the longitudinal axis of the dimer. We further extend this technique to discriminate nanoparticle dimers from higher order aggregates by observing the wavelength-dependence of SERS emission patterns, which are unchanged in nanoparticle dimers, but show differences in higher order aggregates involving two or more nanoparticle junctions. Dynamic fluctuations in the SERS emission pattern lobes are observed in aggregates labeled with low dye concentrations, as molecules diffuse into regions of higher electromagnetic enhancement in multiple nanoparticle junctions. In order to investigate these dynamic interactions between single organic molecules and nanoparticle hot spots we present the first super-resolution optical images of single-molecule SERS (SM-SERS), introducing super-resolution imaging as a powerful new tool for SM-SERS studies. Mapping the dynamic movement of SM-SERS centroid positions with +/- 5 nm resolution reveals the position-dependent SERS intensity as the centroid samples different positions in space. We have proposed that the diffusion of the SERS centroid is due to diffusion of a single molecule on the surface of the nanoparticle, which leads to changes in coupling between the scattering dipole and the optical near field of the nanoparticle. Finally, we combine an isotope-edited bi-analyte SERS spectral approach with super-resolution optical imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM) structural analysis for a more complete picture of molecular dynamics in SERS hot spots. We demonstrate the ability to observe multiple molecule dynamics in a single hot spot and show that in addition to the single-molecule regime, a "few" molecule regime is able to report on position-dependent SERS intensities in a hot spot. Furthermore, we are able to identify multiple local hot spots in single nanoparticle aggregates. / text

The Russian and Ukrainian constitutions—like those in many other post-Soviet states—have concentrated political power in exclusive “super” presidencies. However, the concentration of power has persisted in only one of the two cases. Russian presidential authority was resilient in the face of attempts to increase legislative strength in the 1990s, even when severe economic and political crises undermined the presidency of Boris Yeltsin. In contrast, Ukrainian presidential power fluctuated over time, with “Orange Revolution” constitutional reforms shifting power to the parliament in 2004 and their annulment returning power to the president in 2010. What explains the different trajectories of Russia’s and Ukraine’s presidential systems? Using process-tracing to parse out the actions of elites during the 1990s and 2000s in combination with analyses of the electoral foundations of elite competition in the two cases, this dissertation develops an argument about the origins of super-presidential systems and the prospects for constitutional change in such systems. Concentrated executive power in Russia and Ukraine: (1) depended on elites’ preferences for more or less concentrated political authority; (2) these preferences depended on how elites perceived their political prospects for capturing and holding presidential power; (3) elites’ perceptions of their prospects for gaining and holding presidential power were conditioned by the relative balance of power between major political forces; and (4) this balance of power was very vulnerable to pressure from social forces. It was this final factor that distinguished the Ukrainian and Russian cases. Ukraine had more balanced political competition because of its coherent ethno-linguistic cleavage, and consequently more uncertainty about rival elites’ political fortunes, which produced challenges to super-presidentialism. Russia’s experience with regional politics, by contrast, has not produced a similarly stable balance of power between rival forces, because the country’s minority groups were too diverse and dispersed to form a unified constituency that could challenge the political dominance of the center. The structural underpinnings of elite competition help to explain why the preferences of self-interested politicians to concentrate or disperse political power changed over time in ways that promoted unstable super-presidentialism in Ukraine compared to much more durable super-presidentialism in Russia. / text

<p>The dynamics of impacting components is of particular interest to engineers due to concerns about noise and wear, but is particularly difficult to study due to impact's non-linear nature. To begin transferring concepts studied purely analytically to the world of physical mechanisms, four experiments are outlined, and important non-linear concepts highlighted with these systems. A linear oscillator with a kicked impact, an impacting forced pendulum, two impacting forced pendulums, and a cam follower pair are studied experimentally, with complementary numerical results.</p><p>Some important ideas highlighted are limit cycles, basins of attraction with many wells, grazing, various forms of coexistence, super-persistent chaotic transients, and liftoff. These concepts are explored using a variety of non-linear tools such as time lag embedding and stochastic interrogation, and discussions of their intricacies when used in non-smooth systems yield important observations for the experimentalist studying impacting systems. </p><p>The focus is on experimental results with numerical validation, and spends much time discussing identification of these concepts from an experiment-first mindset, rather than the more traditional analytical-first approach. As such a large volume of experimentally important information on topics such as transducers and forcing mechanism construction are included in the appendices.</p> / Dissertation

In recent years, localization-based super-resolution imaging has been developed to overcome the diffraction limit of far-field fluorescence microscopy. Photoswitchable probes are a hallmark of this technique. Their fluorescence can be modulated between an emissive and dark state whereby the sequential, nanoscale measurement of individual fluorophore positions can be used to reconstruct an image at higher spatial resolution. Despite the importance of photoswitchable probes for localization-based super-resolution imaging, both a mechanistic and quantitative understanding of the essential photoswitching properties is lacking for most fluorophores. In this thesis, we begin to address this need. Furthermore, we demonstrate the development of new probes and methodologies for both multicolor and live-cell super-resolution imaging. Chapter 2 describes our mechanistic insights into the photoswitching of a common class of dyes called carbocyanines. Red carbocyanines, such as Cy5, enter a long-lived dark state upon illumination with red light in the presence of a primary thiol. We show that the dark state is a covalent conjugate between the thiol and dye and that this dark state recovers by illumination with ultraviolet light. We also speculate on possible reactivation mechanisms. Our mechanistic studies may ultimately lead to the creation of new probes with improved photoswitching properties. Chapter 3 details our quantitative characterization of the photoswitching properties of 26 organic dyes, including carbocyanines and several other structural classes. We define the essential properties of photoswitchable probes, including photons per switching event, on/off duty cycle, photostability, and number of switching cycles, and demonstrate how these properties dictate super-resolution image quality. This rigorous evaluation will enable more effective use of probes. In Chapters 4 and 5, we focus on expanding the super-resolution toolbox with novel strategies for multicolor and live-cell imaging. Chapter 4 discusses two approaches we have developed for multicolor super-resolution imaging, which distinguish probes based on either the color of activation or emission light. These tools allow multiple cellular targets to be resolved with high spatial resolution. Lastly, Chapter 5 introduces a method for targeted cellular labeling with photoswitchable probes using a small peptide tag, as well as a new sulfonate-protection strategy for intracellular delivery of high performing photoswitchable dyes.

This dissertation explores the atmospheric circulation of extrasolar planets ranging from hot Jupiters to super Earths. For each of these studies, I utilize a three-dimensional circulation model coupled to a state-of-the-art, plane-parallel, two-stream, non-grey radiative transfer model dubbed the SPARC/MITgcm. First, I present models of the atmospheric circulation of eccentric hot Jupiters, a population which undergoes large variations in flux throughout their orbits. I demonstrate that the eccentric hot Jupiter regime is qualitatively similar to that of planets on circular orbits. For a select number of model integrations, I generate full-orbit lightcurves and find that the timing of transit and secondary eclipse viewed from Earth with respect to periapse and apoapse can greatly affect what is seen in infrared (IR) lightcurves. Next, I present circulation models of WASP-43b, a transiting hot Jupiter that is joining the ranks of HD 189733b and HD 209458b as a 'benchmark' hot Jupiter, with a wide array of observational constraints from the ground and space. Here I utilize the robust dataset of spectrophotometric observations taken with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to interpret my model results. I find that an atmospheric composition of 5x solar provides the best match to the data, particularly in emission. Lastly, I present atmospheric simulations of the super Earth GJ 1214b, exploring the planet's circulation as a function of atmospheric metallicity and composition. I find that atmospheres with a low mean-molecular weight have strong day-night temperature variations at pressures above the infrared photosphere that lead to equatorial superrotation. For these atmospheres, the enhancement of atmospheric opacities with increasing metallicity leads to shallower atmospheric heating, larger day-night temperature variations and hence stronger superrotation. In comparison, atmospheres with a high mean-molecular weight have larger day-night and equator-to-pole temperature variations than low mean-molecular weight atmospheres, but differences in opacity structure and energy budget lead to differences in jet structure. By comparing emergent flux spectra and lightcurves for 50x solar and water-dominated compositions, I show that observations in emission can break the degeneracy in determining the atmospheric composition of GJ 1214b. In sum, these three studies explore exoplanet atmospheric circulation as a function of mass, radius, gravity, rotation rate, eccentricity and orbital distance.

The main purpose of the project was to create an initial lab set-up for a dig-ital in-line holographic microscope and a reconstruction algorithm. Different parameters including: light source, pin-hole size and distances pinhole-object and object-camera had to be optimized. The lab set-up is to be developed further by a master student at the University of Nairobi and then be used for malaria detection in blood samples. To acquire good enough resolution for malaria detection it has been found necessary to purchase a gray scale camera with smaller pixel size. Two dierent approaches, in this report called the on-sensor approach and the object-magnication approach, were investigated. A reconstruction algorithm anda phase recovery algorithm was implemented as well as a super resolution algorithm to improve resolution of the holograms. The on-sensor approach proved easier and cheaper to use with approximately the same results as the object-magnication method. Necessary further research and development of experimental set-up was thoroughly discussed. / Projketet har gått ut på att bygga en billigare och enklare metod för att identifiera malaria i blodprover. Malaria är ett stort problem i en mängd områden i världen. Flera av dessa är fattiga och kan i nuläget inte tillhandahålla den här tjänsten till sin befolkning. Förutom att dyr apparatur krävs måste även utbildad personal lägga ner mycket tid för att kolla en stor mängd blodprover för att statistiskt säkerställa om en person har malaria eller inte. Vårt mål var att bygga en labbuppställning för "Digital in line holographic microscopy" och en rekonstruktionsalgoritm som en masterstudent vid Nairobi universitet ska fortsätta utveckla. Vi kom också fram till vilken upplösning som krävdes för att kunna urskilja malaria i blodproverna. Digital in line holographic microscopy går till så att man har en ljuskälla som riktas genom ett pinnhål, ljuset som går genom pinnhålet ljuser upp det prov, blodproverna i vårt fall, man vill undersöka och det resulterande ljuset fångas på en kamera. Med kunskap om fourieroptik går det att rekonstruera den digitala bilden man fångat på kameran, innan rekonstruktion är den ett hologram vilken är svårtydd. Labbuppställningen byggdes delvis med en 3D printer. För att förbättra resultaten implementerades flera algoritmer vilka lade ihop en mängd förskjutna bilder till en bättre bild, så kallad super resolution. Vi lyckades inte komma till den upplösning som krävdes för att urskilja malaria men gjorde en grundlig förstudie och en utförlig beskrivning av det arbete som väntar den student som fortsätter med projektet. Framför allt beskrevs värden på parametrar och vilken typ av kamera som ska användas för att optimera uppställningen.

A need was identified to test multi–layer vacuum super insulation (MLVSI) used in cryogenic applications for hydrogen storage. The study focuses on the application of commercially available MLVSI to a locally patented liquid hydrogen cryogenic storage system. This led to an investigation of different types of multi–layer vacuum insulation configurations, as well as further research on tank inlet coupling configurations. It includes the manufacturing of a liquid nitrogen testing cryostat to be able to test and evaluate the system performance. The first set of tests was based on the development of an inlet coupling configuration to limit heat transfer through the inner tank inlet, of a double cryogenic tank system in order to reduce gas boil–off. The couplings were manufactured in the form of a bellow to handle cryogenic vacuum levels, while ensuring low heat transfer rates between inner and outer tanks. It was found that various coupling designs can be considered to limit gas boil–off. The second set of tests was conducted on a specific MLVSI configuration to determine its effectiveness to insulate the spherical header surface of a typical hydrogen storage vessel. The installation procedure, to limit heat transfer and boil–off due to edge effects in this configuration was investigated. It was found that insulation–overlap–edge effects will always have an impact on insulation performance when a spherical header of a storage vessel is insulated, due to its specific geometry. A time efficient way to install MLVSI on such a spherical header is presented and evaluated. Further investigations were carried out by combining findings into one single system to determine the performance of an optimised insulated cryogenic system. It was found that copper plate discs installed between the vanes of a bellowed inlet/outlet nozzle is the most promising to limit heat transfer to the cryogenic fluid. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.