Este trabalho visa discutir o efeito do tratamento térmico de recuperação nas propriedades magnéticas e mecânicas de aços elétricos, correlacionando variações em suas propriedades, com modificações em sua estrutura de deformação e na formação de subgrãos. O trabalho utilizou duas chapas laminadas de aço elétrico com 0,7% de silício, as chapas foram laminadas a frio com 5% e 10% de redução respectivamente. A partir dessas chapas foram realizados tratamentos térmicos a 300, 400, 500, 600 e 700°C para observar variações em suas propriedades. Para as medidas magnéticas, foram realizados ensaios em quadro de Epstein em esquema quase-estático e para ensaio em frequência. Os ensaios em frequência foram realizados para 25, 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150 e 175Hz com induções máximas de 1 e 1,5T. Quanto aos ensaios mecânicos, foi realizado ensaios de tração para a obtenção das propriedades mecânicas analisadas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode observar-se que as propriedades magnéticas são mais sensíveis à recuperação do que as propriedades mecânicas, isso se deu devido ao fato de que as propriedades mecânicas dependem mais da densidade de discordâncias, enquanto as propriedades magnéticas dependem tanto da densidade de discordâncias quanto da tensão interna do material. / The presented work aims to discuss the effect of recovery annealing on the mechanical and magnetic properties of electrical steels, analyzing the effects of the change in the dislocation structure and subgrain formation on the properties measured. In this thesis it was utilized two cold rolled sheets of silicon steel possessing 0.7% silicon, the sheets were cold rolled with 5 and 10% reduction respectively. Using these sheets, annealing at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C were performed, so that variations of their properties could be observed. The magnetic properties were obtained using Epstein frame. The measures used frequencies of 25, 50, 60, 75, 100,125,150 and 175Hz and maximum inductions of 1 and 1.5T. The mechanical properties were obtained from the stress-strain curves generated from the tensile test. Observing the results it was noted that the magnetic properties are more sensitive to the recovery annealing than the mechanical ones, this occurred due to the magnetic properties being depended on the dislocation density and internal stress, while the mechanical properties are dependent only on the dislocation density.

Este trabalho visa discutir o efeito do tratamento térmico de recuperação nas propriedades magnéticas e mecânicas de aços elétricos, correlacionando variações em suas propriedades, com modificações em sua estrutura de deformação e na formação de subgrãos. O trabalho utilizou duas chapas laminadas de aço elétrico com 0,7% de silício, as chapas foram laminadas a frio com 5% e 10% de redução respectivamente. A partir dessas chapas foram realizados tratamentos térmicos a 300, 400, 500, 600 e 700°C para observar variações em suas propriedades. Para as medidas magnéticas, foram realizados ensaios em quadro de Epstein em esquema quase-estático e para ensaio em frequência. Os ensaios em frequência foram realizados para 25, 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150 e 175Hz com induções máximas de 1 e 1,5T. Quanto aos ensaios mecânicos, foi realizado ensaios de tração para a obtenção das propriedades mecânicas analisadas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode observar-se que as propriedades magnéticas são mais sensíveis à recuperação do que as propriedades mecânicas, isso se deu devido ao fato de que as propriedades mecânicas dependem mais da densidade de discordâncias, enquanto as propriedades magnéticas dependem tanto da densidade de discordâncias quanto da tensão interna do material. / The presented work aims to discuss the effect of recovery annealing on the mechanical and magnetic properties of electrical steels, analyzing the effects of the change in the dislocation structure and subgrain formation on the properties measured. In this thesis it was utilized two cold rolled sheets of silicon steel possessing 0.7% silicon, the sheets were cold rolled with 5 and 10% reduction respectively. Using these sheets, annealing at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C were performed, so that variations of their properties could be observed. The magnetic properties were obtained using Epstein frame. The measures used frequencies of 25, 50, 60, 75, 100,125,150 and 175Hz and maximum inductions of 1 and 1.5T. The mechanical properties were obtained from the stress-strain curves generated from the tensile test. Observing the results it was noted that the magnetic properties are more sensitive to the recovery annealing than the mechanical ones, this occurred due to the magnetic properties being depended on the dislocation density and internal stress, while the mechanical properties are dependent only on the dislocation density.

Le but de ce travail est d’utiliser les simulations du type vertex afin d’étudier l’effet de l’orientation cristallographique sur la cinétique de la restauration dans l’alliage binaire Al-0,1%Mn. La caractérisation de la cinétique de la restauration dans un polycristal déformé par laminage à froid a été faite à l’aide des mesures de microdureté sur les échantillons recuits à quatre températures pendant différentes durées. Le modèle de restauration développé par Vandermeer et al a été appliqué pour estimer l’énergie d’activation pour la restauration. Plusieurs problèmes ont été rencontrés pendant l’application du modèle, dus à la complexité de ses équations, et également l’amplification de l’incertitude des mesures expérimentales par les termes exponentiels qui figurent dans le modèle. Le simulations vertex de la croissance des sous-grains ont été faites avec les propriétés du matériau trouvées dans la littérature. Les microstructures de déformation des monocristaux orientés Brass et Goss ont été reproduites dans les simulations. Les résultats des simulations étaient en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux d’Albou et al. Le faible taux de la croissance des sous-grains dans la microstructure Brass a été à cause de la présence des sous-joints de faible désorientation. La microstructure Goss contient des bandes avec les sous-joints de fortes désorientations, et en conséquent, fortes mobilités, qui entrainent la croissance des sous-grains dans cette structure. Ainsi, il a été établi que l’effet de l’orientation cristallographique est présent dans la microstructure de déformation, les sous-joints ainsi créés et la distribution de désorientations. / The present study aims to investigate the effect of crystallographic orientation on the kinetics of recovery in deformed samples of the Al-0.1%Mn binary alloy using vertex dynamics simulations of subgrain growth. In order to estimate the recovery kinetics experimentally, a polycrystalline bar of the alloy was cold rolled and samples extracted from the rolled bar were subjected to isothermal annealing at four temperatures for different durations. The activation energy for recovery was estimated using microhardness measurements and the recovery kinetics model developed by Vandermeer et al. Several practical difficulties were encountered when using this model due to the complexity of the model equations and the amplification of experimental uncertainty by exponential functions in the model. The activation energy found was therefore not reliable. Using the material properties mentioned in the literature, vertex dynamics simulations of subgrain growth were carried out. Deformation microstructures of monocrystals having Brass and Goss orientations were reproduced in the simulations. Good agreement was achieved with the experimental results of Albou et al. The low speed of recovery in Brass crystals was due to the presence of subgrain boundaries of low disorientations. The Goss deformation microstructure consists of bands with subgrain boundaries of high disorientations. High disorientations lead to high mobilities of subgrain boundaries and this led to subgrain growth in the Goss crystal. Thus the effect of crystallographic orientation is related to the deformation microstructure, the subgrain boundaries and the distribution of their disorientations.

No description available.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile fitting (Rietveld method) was used in this study to characterize the microstructure for seven microalloyed steels, which were produced through thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP). Microstructure characterization was conducted through the strip thickness. The microstructural variables studied include subgrain size, dislocation density, texture index and weight percent of retained austenite. The subgrain size was also analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of processing parameters, including coiling temperature, cooling rate and alloying elements, on the microstructure were also investigated. It was found that decreasing the coiling temperature resulted in a finer subgrain size and higher dislocation densities. The texture index was observed to increase with decreasing coiling temperature. The subgrain size decreased and dislocation density increased as the amount of alloying elements (Ni, Mo and Mn) were increased. The amount of retained austenite increased at the strip center with increasing coiling temperature and increasing C and Ni content. / Materials Engineering

<p>The Artillery Lake area is diagonally bisected by the north-northeasterly trending Thelon Front. The best single surface feature to represent the Thelon Front is the "straight zone" which is a zone of porphyroclastic metasediments that also contains the study area. Kinematic indicators observed in the study area include extensional shear surfaces, C&S fabric, mica "fish", asymmetrical porphyroclast tails, asymmetrical folds, microfaulted porphyroclasts and secondary quartz subgrain foliations. Kinematic analysis of these features has shown that right lateral simple shear displacements and "east-side-up" vertical shear displacements have been accommodated within the rocks of the study area. The displacement senses determined by kinematic analysis are consistent with the regional data indicating progressively deeper exposures of structural levels to the east which suggests vertical motions localized at the domain boundaries. The stretching lineation present in the area is a combination of passive and direct extensions due to sub-vertical motions in the shear zone. A transition from early-ductile to late-brittle feldspar deformation textures indicates that metamorphic conditions during initial deformation were at epidoteamphibolite facies and relaxed during the later stages of deformation to greenschist facies. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

In the present work, deformation behavior, texture and microstructure evolution of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) are investigated by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) after compression tests at elevated temperatures. By analysing work hardening rate vs. flow stress, the deformation behaviour can be divided into three groups, viz. three-stage work hardening, two-stage work hardening and flow softening. A new deformation condition map is presented, dividing the deformation behavior of CP Ti into three distinct zones which can be separated by two distinct values of the Zener-Hollomon parameter. The deformed microstructures reveal that dynamic recovery is the dominant deformation mechanism for CP Ti during hot working. It is the first time that the Schmid factor and pole figures are used to analyse how the individual slip systems activate and how their activities evolve under various deformation conditions. Two constitutive equations are proposed in this work, one is for single peak dynamic recrystallization (DRX), the other is specially for CP Ti deformed during hot working. After the hot compression tests, some stress-strain curves show a single peak, leading to the motivation of setting up a DRX model. However, the examinations of EBSD maps and metallography evidently show that the deformation mechanism is dynamic recovery rather than DRX. Then, the second model is set up. The influence of the deformation conditions on grain size, texture and deformation twinning is systematically investigated. The results show that {10-12} twinning only occurs at the early stage of deformation. As the strain increases, the {10-12} twinning is suppressed while {10- 11} twinning appears. Three peaks are found in the misorientation frequency-distribution corresponding to basal fiber texture, {10-11} and {10-12} twinning, respectively. A logZ-value of 13 is found to be critical for both the onset of {10-11} compressive twinning and the break point for the subgrain size. The presence of {10-11} twinning is the key factor for effectively reducing the deformed grain size. The percentage of low angle grain boundaries decreases with increasing Z-parameter, falling into a region separated by two parallel lines with a common slope and 10% displacement. After deformation, three texture components can be found, one close to the compression direction, CD, one 10~30° to CD and another 45° to CD. / QC 20100819

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit zerstörungsfreien Untersuchungen von Kristalldefekten an kompakten Proben mittels röntgenographischer Kossel- u. Weitwinkel-Mikrobeugung im Rasterelektronenmikroskop. Das REM wurde durch ein neu entwickeltes Aufnahmeverfahren so erweitert, daß die äußerst intensitätsschwachen Kossel-Röntgeninterferenzen mittels Phosphorszintillator und hochauflösendem, extrem empfindlichen CCD-Flächendetektor registriert werden können. Das aufwendige Röntgenfilmverfahren wurde damit abgelöst. Die Aufnahme-Techniken wurden so kombiniert, daß die sich gegenseitig ergänzenden Methoden, v.a. die Kossel- u. Pseudo-Kossel-, aber auch die Rückstreu-Elektronen-Beugung, erstmals mit einem einzigen CCD-System im REM ausführbar sind. Die Aufnahme von Kikuchi-Bändern wurde so weit verbessert, daß diese erstmalig bei vertikaler Inzidenz des Elektronenstrahls auf der Probe beobachtet werden konnten. Durch Einsatz einer fokussierenden Polykapillarlinse in einem Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometer konnte die Anregung von Kossel-Linien durch Bremsstrahlung und erheblich kürzere Belichtungszeiten sowie deutlich höhere laterale Auflösungen erzielt werden. Für die komplementären Mikrobeugungsmethoden wurde ein einheitliches Programm entwickelt, dessen neue Art der Simulation komplizierter Weitwinkel-Kurven 4. Ordnung die Lokalisierung von Gitterbaufehlern im kompakten Kristall ermöglichte. Entsprechende Simulationen und Verfeinerungen der Kanüle erlaubten in feinkörnigen Polykristallen, wie Bariumtitanat, eine Einzelkornanalyse mit der Weitwinkel-Beugung. Insbesondere wurden markante Erhöhungen der Versetzungsdichte nahe der Korngrenze einzelner Kristallite in FeAl festgestellt. An intermetallischen Fe-Al-Verbindungen wurden in Weitwinkel-Kurven Feinstrukturen gefunden, die sich durch Umweganregungen in Zusammenhang mit Überstrukturen erklären lassen. An zugverformten Ni-Kristallen wurden Kossel- u. Weitwinkel-Linienbreiten in Abhängigkeit des Azimuts im symmetrischen Bragg-Fall ausgewertet u. mit theoretischen Modellen verglichen. Anisotrope Linienverbreiterungen durch die Wirkung von Stufenversetzungen konnten quantitativ nachgewiesen werden. Erste Kossel- u. Weitwinkel-Untersuchungen an zyklisch verformten Ni-Einkristallen zeigten, daß beobachtete perlenkettenförmige Intensitätsanhäufungen an Weitwinkelreflexen die Konfiguration von Versetzungswänden aus Stufenversetzungsdipolen im Kristallvolumen widerspiegeln. Erstmals konnte der Einfluß von Stapelfehlern auf Weitwinkel-Linien, der sich durch linsenförmige Intensitätsaufspaltungen zeigte, experimentell nachgewiesen, theoretisch erklärt und quantitativ bestimmt werden. / The thesis deals with the nondestructive investigation of crystal defects by X-ray Kossel and Pseudo Kossel microdiffraction on compact specimens in the scanning electron microscope. The SEM was extended by means of a newly developed detection method in such a way that X-ray Kossel interferences, which are extremely faint in intensity, can be observed by a phosphor scintillator as well as a high resolution and ultra-sensitive CCD area detector. The demanding X-ray film method was thus replaced. The observation techniques were combined so that the mutually complementary methods, above all the Kossel and Pseudo Kossel, but also the electron backscattered diffraction, are made possible for the first time by using just one CCD system in the SEM. The detection of Kikuchi bands was improved to such a degree that these could be recorded even at vertical incidence of the electron beam on the specimen for the first time. It was shown that the lateral resolution of the Kossel technique under polychromatic X-ray tube excitation could be enhanced considerably and the exposure times strongly reduced by using a polycapillary lens in an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. For the complementary microdiffraction methods a homogeneous simulation program was developed, whose novel way of simulating the complicated Pseudo Kossel curves of the fourth order enable the lattice defect localization in compact crystals. The corresponding simulations and refinements of the target tube allowed a single grain analysis also in fine-grained polycrystals like barium titanate with Pseudo Kossel X-ray diffraction. Particularly, a marked increase of the dislocation density was ascertained near the grain boundary of individual crystallites in FeAl. At intermetallic Fe-Al compounds Pseudo Kossel curves fine structures were found, which can be explained by umweg (detour) excitations in relation to superstructures. Kossel and Pseudo Kossel line widths were analyzed in dependence on the azimuth and compared with theoretical models at tensile deformed Ni-crystals in the symmetrical Bragg case. Anisotropic line broadenings through the effect of edge dislocations could be proved quantitatively. Conclusions could be drawn from the initial Kossel and Pseudo Kossel investigations of cyclically deformed nickel crystals with respect to the observed pearl-necklace-like intensity thickening at Pseudo Kossel lines reflecting the strong local variations of the dislocation density and, thus, the configuration of dislocation walls of edge dislocation dipoles inside the crystalline volume. For the first time, the effect of stacking faults on Pseudo Kossel reflections appearing by lens-shaped intensity splittings could be proved experimentally, explained theoretically and determined quantitatively.

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit zerstörungsfreien Untersuchungen von Kristalldefekten an kompakten Proben mittels röntgenographischer Kossel- u. Weitwinkel-Mikrobeugung im Rasterelektronenmikroskop. Das REM wurde durch ein neu entwickeltes Aufnahmeverfahren so erweitert, daß die äußerst intensitätsschwachen Kossel-Röntgeninterferenzen mittels Phosphorszintillator und hochauflösendem, extrem empfindlichen CCD-Flächendetektor registriert werden können. Das aufwendige Röntgenfilmverfahren wurde damit abgelöst. Die Aufnahme-Techniken wurden so kombiniert, daß die sich gegenseitig ergänzenden Methoden, v.a. die Kossel- u. Pseudo-Kossel-, aber auch die Rückstreu-Elektronen-Beugung, erstmals mit einem einzigen CCD-System im REM ausführbar sind. Die Aufnahme von Kikuchi-Bändern wurde so weit verbessert, daß diese erstmalig bei vertikaler Inzidenz des Elektronenstrahls auf der Probe beobachtet werden konnten. Durch Einsatz einer fokussierenden Polykapillarlinse in einem Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometer konnte die Anregung von Kossel-Linien durch Bremsstrahlung und erheblich kürzere Belichtungszeiten sowie deutlich höhere laterale Auflösungen erzielt werden. Für die komplementären Mikrobeugungsmethoden wurde ein einheitliches Programm entwickelt, dessen neue Art der Simulation komplizierter Weitwinkel-Kurven 4. Ordnung die Lokalisierung von Gitterbaufehlern im kompakten Kristall ermöglichte. Entsprechende Simulationen und Verfeinerungen der Kanüle erlaubten in feinkörnigen Polykristallen, wie Bariumtitanat, eine Einzelkornanalyse mit der Weitwinkel-Beugung. Insbesondere wurden markante Erhöhungen der Versetzungsdichte nahe der Korngrenze einzelner Kristallite in FeAl festgestellt. An intermetallischen Fe-Al-Verbindungen wurden in Weitwinkel-Kurven Feinstrukturen gefunden, die sich durch Umweganregungen in Zusammenhang mit Überstrukturen erklären lassen. An zugverformten Ni-Kristallen wurden Kossel- u. Weitwinkel-Linienbreiten in Abhängigkeit des Azimuts im symmetrischen Bragg-Fall ausgewertet u. mit theoretischen Modellen verglichen. Anisotrope Linienverbreiterungen durch die Wirkung von Stufenversetzungen konnten quantitativ nachgewiesen werden. Erste Kossel- u. Weitwinkel-Untersuchungen an zyklisch verformten Ni-Einkristallen zeigten, daß beobachtete perlenkettenförmige Intensitätsanhäufungen an Weitwinkelreflexen die Konfiguration von Versetzungswänden aus Stufenversetzungsdipolen im Kristallvolumen widerspiegeln. Erstmals konnte der Einfluß von Stapelfehlern auf Weitwinkel-Linien, der sich durch linsenförmige Intensitätsaufspaltungen zeigte, experimentell nachgewiesen, theoretisch erklärt und quantitativ bestimmt werden. / The thesis deals with the nondestructive investigation of crystal defects by X-ray Kossel and Pseudo Kossel microdiffraction on compact specimens in the scanning electron microscope. The SEM was extended by means of a newly developed detection method in such a way that X-ray Kossel interferences, which are extremely faint in intensity, can be observed by a phosphor scintillator as well as a high resolution and ultra-sensitive CCD area detector. The demanding X-ray film method was thus replaced. The observation techniques were combined so that the mutually complementary methods, above all the Kossel and Pseudo Kossel, but also the electron backscattered diffraction, are made possible for the first time by using just one CCD system in the SEM. The detection of Kikuchi bands was improved to such a degree that these could be recorded even at vertical incidence of the electron beam on the specimen for the first time. It was shown that the lateral resolution of the Kossel technique under polychromatic X-ray tube excitation could be enhanced considerably and the exposure times strongly reduced by using a polycapillary lens in an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. For the complementary microdiffraction methods a homogeneous simulation program was developed, whose novel way of simulating the complicated Pseudo Kossel curves of the fourth order enable the lattice defect localization in compact crystals. The corresponding simulations and refinements of the target tube allowed a single grain analysis also in fine-grained polycrystals like barium titanate with Pseudo Kossel X-ray diffraction. Particularly, a marked increase of the dislocation density was ascertained near the grain boundary of individual crystallites in FeAl. At intermetallic Fe-Al compounds Pseudo Kossel curves fine structures were found, which can be explained by umweg (detour) excitations in relation to superstructures. Kossel and Pseudo Kossel line widths were analyzed in dependence on the azimuth and compared with theoretical models at tensile deformed Ni-crystals in the symmetrical Bragg case. Anisotropic line broadenings through the effect of edge dislocations could be proved quantitatively. Conclusions could be drawn from the initial Kossel and Pseudo Kossel investigations of cyclically deformed nickel crystals with respect to the observed pearl-necklace-like intensity thickening at Pseudo Kossel lines reflecting the strong local variations of the dislocation density and, thus, the configuration of dislocation walls of edge dislocation dipoles inside the crystalline volume. For the first time, the effect of stacking faults on Pseudo Kossel reflections appearing by lens-shaped intensity splittings could be proved experimentally, explained theoretically and determined quantitatively.