As relações da psicanálise com as obras de arte, a filosofia da arte e as disciplinas estéticas têm sido objeto de inúmeras investigações. Desde sua invenção, a experiência artística esteve presente na argumentação metapsicológica de Freud. E se uma primeira aproximação do tema poderia sugerir que o recurso às formas artísticas ali encontraria uma função meramente expositiva, mobilizado em benefício da ilustrabilidade das teses e proposições psicanalíticas, ou debatidas sob a perspectiva de sua aptidão em demonstrar a plausibilidade das idéias freudianas, cumpre apontar para o que se possa conceber para além desse dispositivo puramente metodológico. A arte realiza na obra freudiana uma função legitimamente heurística. Em momentos decisivos do estabelecimento de determinadas teses da metapsicologia, o recurso ao debate interpretativo acerca de figuras e experiências artísticas provê aportes fundamentais para a configuração e consolidação das mesmas. Recurso esse, é bem verdade, que coexiste e articula-se com elementos extraídos das investigações clínicas de Freud, esses ainda mais frequentes e não menos importantes para os contornos da teoria psicanalítica. O conceito de sublimação é aquele que reúne, sob o extenso e complexo panorama de sua inserção metapsicológica, os mais diversos apontamentos freudianos acerca das consequências e pormenores subjetivos de vicissitudes das mudanças de alvo da pulsão, das quais a experiência artística é um paradigma exemplar. Tal conceito é aqui revisitado, com vistas a restabelecer suas principais matrizes teóricas e alguns de seus matizes doutrinais, numa investigação interna à obra de Freud. Mas, preponderantemente, a discussão aqui pretendida entrevê as conexões da teoria freudiana da sublimação com os elementos artísticos que nela infletem ou à ela subjazem. Na esteira desses desdobramentos, fez-se crucial um debate entre o conceito de sublimação e momentos da filosofia moderna do sublime. Um debate que, em seu desenlace, buscou revelar, quanto a doutrina freudiana da sublimação e acerca da apreensão freudiana das obras de arte, os principais efeitos que sobre ela parecem ter exercido aspectos das idéias de Kant, Schopenhauer e Schiller em suas investigações acerca do belo e do sublime. Se o conceito de sublimação não pode ser subsumido à filosofia do sublime, ali figurando como mais um de seus capítulos, ele é todavia permeável a esse debate, sob aspectos que, por motivos e circunstâncias que aqui se procurou evidenciar, Freud jamais soube suficientemente explicitar. / The relationship between psychoanalysis and works of art, the philosophy of art, and the aesthetic disciplines have been the subject of innumerable studies. Since its invention, the metapsychology of Freud has discussed the artistic experience. Beyond merely serving as a methodological exercise for the purpose of illustrating psychoanalytic theses and propositions or demonstrating the plausibility of Freudian ideas, revisiting the topic of artistic expression succeeds in extending their conceptual range. Art serves a legitimately heuristic function in Freudian works. At crucial points in the establishment of particular metapsychological theses, the configuration and consolidation of the theory receives fundamental support from revisiting the interpretation of artistic expression and experience. It is true that this involves elements which are extraneous to the clinical investigations of Freud, but this does not diminish their importance to the shape of psychoanalytic theory. Due to the extent and complexity if its insertion into metapsychological theory, the concept of sublimation reunites many diverse Freudian concepts concerning the effect of subjective idiosyncracies upon the way in which impulses are directed to a target, and the artistic experience serves as a paradigm for this process. The concept is revisited here in an internal investigation of the works of Freud for the purpose of elucidating its principal theoretical origins and some of its nuance. However, for the most part, this discussion intends to connect the Freudian theory of sublimation to artistic elements that are expressed in, or underly, it. In the course of these expositions, there is a crucial dialogue between the concept of sublimation and modern philosophy\'s propositions concerning the sublime. The debate ultimately seeks to reveal how much the Freudian doctrine of sublimation and the Freudian understanding of art have been effected by, and employed, the ideas of Kant, Schopenhauer, and Schiller in its investigation of beauty and the sublime. If the concept of sublimation cannot be subsumed within the philosophy of the sublime, configured as one more of its chapters, it is nevertheless permeable to that discussion, with the view that, for motives and circumstances which herein one attempts to make evident, Freud never knew how to make it sufficiently explicit.

Ce travail aborde la sublimation dans l’enseignement de Lacan selon deux soucis: l’interroger à l’intérieur de la théorie et mettre celle-ci en résonance avec la clinique pour déterminer son champ d’application et sa valeur heuristique.Partant de son appartenance conceptuelle à la doctrine de la jouissance, cette recherche montre comment la sublimation participe à la détermination de deux dimensions de l’expérience psychanalytique: le surgissement du sujet au-delà du principe du plaisir et la constitution de l’objet en-deçà de celui-ci. Une topologie du transfert qui les articule devient alors visible à la lumière de sa con-ceptualisation. Sur cet axe, cet ouvrage pose que la conceptualisation lacanienne de la su-blimation met en question la réduction du transfert à sa nature imaginaire et nar-cissique. Avec le concept de sublimation, cette réduction, dé-constructive de l’amour de transfert énoncé par Freud et théorisée de la perspective du rapport de l’amant à l’aimé du banquet platonicien, est vouée à être dépassée comme né-cessité de discours par l’amour courtois. Des vignettes cliniques montrent comment la sublimation intervient dans une pratique qui vise la conversion de la jouissance au désir selon le dispositif de la lettre et structure par son agir le discours psychanalytique. Une valorisation du terme de sublimation s’impose afin de préciser sa spé-cificité face à d’autres termes qui lui sont corrélatifs comme le néologisme sin-thome ou encore l’acception que Lacan donne au terme d’escabeau. Une considé-ration épistémologique se dégage alors de sa capacité autonome de produire du savoir à l’intérieur du discours de la psychanalyse. / Concerns: to question it inside the theory and to put it in resonance with the clinic to determine its field application and its heuristic value. Starting from its conceptual belonging to the doctrine of jouissance, this research shows how sublimation contributes to the determination of two dimensions of the psychoanalytic experience: the emergence of the subject beyond the pleasure principle and the constitution of the object below this principle. A topology of the transfer that articulates them becomes visible in the light of its conceptualization. On this axis, this research posits that the Lacanian conceptualization of sublimation questions the reduction of transference to its imaginary and narcissistic nature. With the concept of sublimation, this reduction, de-constructive of the love of transfer enunciated by Freud and theorized from the perspective of the relationship of the lover to the beloved in the Platonic banquet, is doomed to be surpassed as a necessity of discourse by courteous love. Clinical vignettes show how sublimation intervenes in a practice that aims at the conversion of jouissance to desire according to the device of the letter and structures by its action the psychoanalytical discourse. A valorization of the term of sublimation is essential in order to specify its specificity in front of others which are correlative to it like the neologism sinthome or the acceptation that Lacan gives to the term of stool. An epistemological consideration emerges from its autonomous capacity to produce knowledge within the discourse of psychoanalysis

Wind transport and sublimation of snow particles are common phenomena across high altitude and latitude cold regions and play important roles in hydrological and atmospheric water and energy budgets. In spite of this, blowing snow processes have not been incorporated in many mesoscale hydrological models and land surface schemes. A physically based blowing snow model, the Prairie Blowing Snow Model (PBSM), initially developed for prairie environments was used to model snow redistribution and sublimation by wind over two sites representative of mountainous regions in Canada: Fisera Ridge in the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges in Alberta, and Granger Basin in the Yukon Territory. Two models were used to run PBSM: the object-oriented hydrological model, Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platform (CRHM) and Environment Canadas hydrological-land surface scheme, Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire Surface and Hydrology (MESH). PBSM was coupled with the snowcover energy and mass-balance model (SNOBAL) within CRHM. Blowing snow algorithms were also incorporated into MESH to create MESH-PBSM. CRHM, MESH and MESH-PBSM were used to simulate the evolution of snowcover in hydrological response units (HRUs) over both Fisera Ridge and Granger Basin.<p> To test the models of blowing snow redistribution and ablation over a relatively simple sequence of mountain topography, simulations were run from north to south over a linear ridge in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Fisera Ridge snowcover simulations with CRHM were performed over two winters using two sets of wind speed forcing: (1) station observed wind speed, and (2) modelled wind speed from a widely applied empirical, terrain-based windflow model. Best results were obtained when using the site meteorological station wind speed data. The windflow model performed poorly when comparing the magnitude of modelled and observed wind speeds. Blowing snow sublimation, snowmelt and snowpack sublimation quantities were considerably overestimated when using the modelled wind speeds. As a result, end-of-winter snow accumulation was considerably underestimated on windswept HRUs. MESH and MESH-PBSM were also used to simulate snow accumulation and redistribution over these same HRUs. MESH-PBSM adequately simulated snow accumulation in the HRUs up until the spring snowmelt period. MESH without PBSM performed less well and overestimated accumulation on windward slopes and the ridge top whilst underestimating accumulation on lee slopes. Simulations in spring were degraded by a large overestimation of melt by MESH. The early and overestimated melt warrants a detailed examination that is outside the scope of this thesis.<p> To parameterize snow redistribution in a mountain alpine basin, snow redistribution and sublimation by wind were calculated for three winters over Granger Basin using CRHM. Snow transport fluxes were distributed amongst HRUs using inter-HRU snow redistribution allocation factors. Three snow redistribution schemes of varying complexity were evaluated. CRHM model results showed that end-of-winter snow accumulation can be most accurately simulated when the inter-HRU snow redistribution schemes take into account wind direction and speed and HRU aerodynamic characteristics, along with the spatial arrangement of HRUs in the catchment. As snow transport scales approximately with the fourth power of wind speed (u4), inter-HRU snow redistribution allocation factors can be established according to the predominant u4 direction over a simulation period or can change at each time step according to an input measured wind direction. MESH and MESH-PBSM were used to simulate snow accumulation and ablation over these same HRUs. MESH-PBSM provided markedly better results than MESH without blowing snow algorithms.<p> That snow redistribution by wind can be adequately simulated in computationally efficient HRUs over mountainous terrain has important implications for representing snow transport in large-scale hydrology models and land surface schemes. Snow redistribution by wind caused mountain snow accumulation to vary from 10% to 161% of seasonal snowfall within a headwater catchment in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and blowing snow sublimation losses ranged from 10 to 37% of seasonal snowfall.

Wind transport and sublimation of snow particles are common phenomena across high altitude and latitude cold regions and play important roles in hydrological and atmospheric water and energy budgets. In spite of this, blowing snow processes have not been incorporated in many mesoscale hydrological models and land surface schemes. A physically based blowing snow model, the Prairie Blowing Snow Model (PBSM), initially developed for prairie environments was used to model snow redistribution and sublimation by wind over two sites representative of mountainous regions in Canada: Fisera Ridge in the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges in Alberta, and Granger Basin in the Yukon Territory. Two models were used to run PBSM: the object-oriented hydrological model, Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platform (CRHM) and Environment Canadas hydrological-land surface scheme, Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire Surface and Hydrology (MESH). PBSM was coupled with the snowcover energy and mass-balance model (SNOBAL) within CRHM. Blowing snow algorithms were also incorporated into MESH to create MESH-PBSM. CRHM, MESH and MESH-PBSM were used to simulate the evolution of snowcover in hydrological response units (HRUs) over both Fisera Ridge and Granger Basin.<p> To test the models of blowing snow redistribution and ablation over a relatively simple sequence of mountain topography, simulations were run from north to south over a linear ridge in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Fisera Ridge snowcover simulations with CRHM were performed over two winters using two sets of wind speed forcing: (1) station observed wind speed, and (2) modelled wind speed from a widely applied empirical, terrain-based windflow model. Best results were obtained when using the site meteorological station wind speed data. The windflow model performed poorly when comparing the magnitude of modelled and observed wind speeds. Blowing snow sublimation, snowmelt and snowpack sublimation quantities were considerably overestimated when using the modelled wind speeds. As a result, end-of-winter snow accumulation was considerably underestimated on windswept HRUs. MESH and MESH-PBSM were also used to simulate snow accumulation and redistribution over these same HRUs. MESH-PBSM adequately simulated snow accumulation in the HRUs up until the spring snowmelt period. MESH without PBSM performed less well and overestimated accumulation on windward slopes and the ridge top whilst underestimating accumulation on lee slopes. Simulations in spring were degraded by a large overestimation of melt by MESH. The early and overestimated melt warrants a detailed examination that is outside the scope of this thesis.<p> To parameterize snow redistribution in a mountain alpine basin, snow redistribution and sublimation by wind were calculated for three winters over Granger Basin using CRHM. Snow transport fluxes were distributed amongst HRUs using inter-HRU snow redistribution allocation factors. Three snow redistribution schemes of varying complexity were evaluated. CRHM model results showed that end-of-winter snow accumulation can be most accurately simulated when the inter-HRU snow redistribution schemes take into account wind direction and speed and HRU aerodynamic characteristics, along with the spatial arrangement of HRUs in the catchment. As snow transport scales approximately with the fourth power of wind speed (u4), inter-HRU snow redistribution allocation factors can be established according to the predominant u4 direction over a simulation period or can change at each time step according to an input measured wind direction. MESH and MESH-PBSM were used to simulate snow accumulation and ablation over these same HRUs. MESH-PBSM provided markedly better results than MESH without blowing snow algorithms.<p> That snow redistribution by wind can be adequately simulated in computationally efficient HRUs over mountainous terrain has important implications for representing snow transport in large-scale hydrology models and land surface schemes. Snow redistribution by wind caused mountain snow accumulation to vary from 10% to 161% of seasonal snowfall within a headwater catchment in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and blowing snow sublimation losses ranged from 10 to 37% of seasonal snowfall.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-184).

Thesis (Ph. D.) York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-227). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ67894.

CdTe is one of the most promising absorbers for use in inexpensive semiconductor solar cells having achieved a high efficiency of 16.4% in small area cells [1]. One of the most important technological problems in obtaining high efficiencies is to have a good ohmic contact on the CdTe, which is characterized by a very high work function [2]. Cu is used as a dopant in CdTe at the contact to promote quantum mechanical tunneling [3]. But the oversupply of Cu causes the diffusion of Cu through CdTe to the underlying CdS layer resulting in the degradation of the cell performance. It has been reported that Cu was segregated near the CdS/CdTe junction. To avoid the Cu segregation at the junction, Cu supply should be minimized while the ohmic characteristics of p-CdTe contact are maintained [4]. In this thesis, the main objective is to understand the role of Cu at the CdS/CdTe interface. Here the Cu is added at the CdS/CdTe interface and is avoided at the back contact.

The properties of free-standing cubic silicon carbide for optoelectronic applications are explored in this work. The main focus of the work is on boron doped cubic silicon carbide, which is proposed as a highly useful material in several optoelectronic applications. The material is grown using sublimation epitaxy and the doped material is grown homoepitaxially on nominally undoped seeds. It is characterized using the experimental setups of photoluminescence spectroscopy, Nomarski interference spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy. I have studied seed growth of nominally undoped cubic material on hexagonal (4H) substrates, and the influence on the grown material from the different faces of the substrate. It is found that it is not possible under the explored conditions to completely cover the growth area with the cubic polytype on the carbon face, but it can be done reproducibly on the silicon face. Reasons for this are discussed. Different doping setups are also explored. The influence on the material properties from growth conditions is explored. It is shown from absorption measurements that it is possible to grow boron doped cubic silicon carbide using this growth method, whereas optical microscopy studies show that the sample quality degrades with high doping concentrations. I have explored the luminescence properties of the material. No boron related emission is found with either room temperature or low temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy. Reasons for this are discussed using results from absorption measurements and optical microscopy.

Soot is formed whenever the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels is incomplete. Since soot particles are very small, they can be inhaled and cause severe health problems, such as pulmonary diseases. They can also cause environmental pollution, and have a significant effect on global warming and melting of polar ice sheets. The environmental and health impact of soot depends strongly on soot particle size and morphology, so there is a pressing need for measuring techniques that characterize aerosolized soot. Laser-Induced incandescence (LII) has proved to be a reliable technique for making spatial and temporal measurements of soot primary particle sizes and soot volume fractions. Nevertheless, there are some unresolved issues in LII, which may cause large errors in soot primary particle size inferred from LII data. One of these issues is anomalous cooling, which is the unexpectedly high initial rate of soot particle cooling observed in experiments, which can not be predicted by LII models. Among the speculations about the possible causes of this phenomenon is the transient gas dynamics effects which have been ignored in LII models. Another phenomena that has been speculated to affect LII predictions in high fluence LII, is how the gas dynamics of sublimed carbon clusters impact the local gas dynamics surrounding the particle during the cooling phase. The focus of this thesis is to investigate transient effects on heat conduction in low fluence LII, and the gas dynamics of sublimed species in high fluence LII using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. DSMC is a statistical/numerical method which works based on the physics of Boltzmann equation. In this method a large number of real molecules are represented by the so called simulated molecules and the state of these molecules is tracked during the simulation as they undergo collisions with each other and with the boundaries. The results show that transient effects contribute to anomalous cooling but are not the only cause of this phenomenon. The time scale over which transient effects are significant is also found to be very close to that of anomalous cooling which implies the real cause of anomalous cooling has some similarities to transient effects. Also regarding gas dynamics of sublimation, two effects in particular have been investigated using DSMC, namely, back flux of sublimed species and formation of shock waves. DSMC results confirm the back flux of sublimed species but no shock wave was observed for the boundary conditions considered in this study.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-132).