Background: As result of the restructuring of the South African Police Services during 1994 as well as other factors, Police Social Work Services decided to shift the focus from reactive services to more proactive, personnel capacity building programmes. At the end of 1999 , 15 of these programmes were already developed. Although basic evaluation instruments were included in some of the programme packages, the need arose to determine either the effect of the programmes on the participants or the cost-efficiency of the interventions scientifically. This led to the launch of the PCBP project and the Evaluation of the Substance Dependency study in November 2001. This form part of the evaluation of the comprehensive personnel capacity building research project. Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to determine the effect of the Substance Dependency Programme on SAPS personnel's knowledge, attitude and behaviour. Method: In the research, the comparison group pre-test and post-test design and triangulation were used. Six measurement scales and a presenter's evaluation questionnaire were developed and completed by 217 experimental group respondents, 47 comparison group respondents and 10 presenters. Results: Through the triangulation of measurement it was determined that the Substance Dependence Programme had a practical significant effect on the respondent's knowledge, attitude and behaviour. It is thus an effective tool in the hand of Police Social Work Services, that empower police members and lead to productivity and enhanced their personal well-being. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Background: As result of the restructuring of the South African Police Services during 1994 as well as other factors, Police Social Work Services decided to shift the focus from reactive services to more proactive, personnel capacity building programmes. At the end of 1999 , 15 of these programmes were already developed. Although basic evaluation instruments were included in some of the programme packages, the need arose to determine either the effect of the programmes on the participants or the cost-efficiency of the interventions scientifically. This led to the launch of the PCBP project and the Evaluation of the Substance Dependency study in November 2001. This form part of the evaluation of the comprehensive personnel capacity building research project. Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to determine the effect of the Substance Dependency Programme on SAPS personnel's knowledge, attitude and behaviour. Method: In the research, the comparison group pre-test and post-test design and triangulation were used. Six measurement scales and a presenter's evaluation questionnaire were developed and completed by 217 experimental group respondents, 47 comparison group respondents and 10 presenters. Results: Through the triangulation of measurement it was determined that the Substance Dependence Programme had a practical significant effect on the respondent's knowledge, attitude and behaviour. It is thus an effective tool in the hand of Police Social Work Services, that empower police members and lead to productivity and enhanced their personal well-being. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Bakgrund  Smärta är ett stort problem som många människor lider av globalt. Substansberoende av narkotika är också ett utbrett problem som dessutom rapporteras ha ökat senaste decenniet. När dessa två problem samexisterar uppstår en komplex situation både för vårdpersonal och personer som söker vård med behov av smärtlindring. Bristande kunskap och inre konflikter hos vårdpersonal samt stigmatisering av substansberoende hotar att leda tillotillräcklig behandling och lidande för personer som söker vård. För att vården för personer med substansberoende i behov av smärtlindring ska kunna utvecklas krävs studier som visar hur mötet med vården upplevs av patientgruppen.  Syfte  Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva hur personer med substansberoende av narkotika upplever mötet med vården vid behov av smärtlindring.  Metod  För att besvara syftet användes en icke-systematisk litteraturstudie där 17 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades. De vetenskapliga artiklarna erhölls genom sökarbete i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed och kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskaplig klassificering och kvalitet. Resultatet av artiklarna analyserades med hjälp av integrerad analys.  Resultat Resultatet för denna litteraturöversikt visade att personer med substansberoendehuvudsakligen hade negativa upplevelser av vårdmötet. Upplevelserna inkluderade stigmatisering från vårdpersonal och bristande behandling vilket ledde till att patienterna sökte smärtlindring på olaglig väg, samt att de förlorade sin tillit till vården. Resultatet diskuterades med utgångspunkt i Sigridúr Halldórsdóttirs teori om mänskliga möten inom omvårdnad som utgår från patientens perspektiv.  Slutsats Många personer som lider av substansberoende och smärta upplever sig bli marginaliserade i mötet med vården. Litteraturöversikten belyser hur fördomar och stigma existerar i vårdmötet med en utsatt samhällsgrupp. Kunskap och utbildning angående patientgruppen kan bidra med insikter hos sjuksköterskor och leda till ett förbättrat och mer inkluderande möte mellan patienter med substansberoende av narkotika och vårdpersonal. / Background Pain and substance dependence are major issues globally, and substance dependence is reported to have increased the past decade. When pain and substance dependence coexist, a complex situation arises both for caregivers and people with substance dependency seeking pain relief. Lack of knowledge, internal conflicts in the healthcare staff and stigmatization of substance dependency threaten to lead to inadequate treatment and suffering for the person seeking care. To develop the care for people with substance dependence of narcotics requiring pain relief further research is needed regarding how this patient group experiences the encounter with healthcare. Aim The aim was to describe how people with substance dependency of narcotics experiences the encounter with healthcare whilst in need of pain relief. Method This non-systematic literature review was based on 17 scientific articles which were analyzed using integrated analysis. The scientific articles were obtained through search work in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. The articles were quality checked based on Sophiahemmet University's assessment tool.  Results The results indicated how people with substance dependency mainly had negative experiences of the encounter with healthcare, including stigmatization and lack of treatment. This led to the patients seeking pain relief illegally and a loss of trust in healthcare. The results were discussed on the basis of Sigridúr Halldórsdóttir's theory of human encounters in nursing based on the patient's perspective.  Conclusions Many who suffer from substance dependency and co-occurring pain experience being marginalized when encountering healthcare. This literature review highlights how prejudice and stigma exists in the encounter between the healthcare staff and a vulnerable group in society. Knowledge and education regarding this particular group of patients can provide nurses with insights and lead to an improved and more inclusive encounter between patients with substance abuse of narcotics and healthcare staff.

The aim of this research was to explore the causes of relapse post treatment for substance dependency within the South African Police Services (SAPS). “Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing brain disease, so individuals with substance abuse disorders face the possibility of relapse once they stop using alcohol even if they have had a successful treatment” (Perkinson, 2004:180). According to Connors, Maisto and Donovan (1996:5) research revealed that relapse rates among persons treated for alcoholism were approximately 35% and 58% at two weeks and three months after treatment, respectively. A relapse or uncontrolled return to alcohol or other drug use following competent treatment, is one of the greatest problems substance abusers and their counselors face (Lewis, Dana&Blevins, 2002:105; Johnson, 2003:271). The objective of the study was to explore the challenges that members in the South African Police Services (SAPS) experience or are exposed to causing them to relapse post treatment for substance dependency. The findings are intended to provide recommendations to the management of SAPS to develop a relapse prevention programme in the workplace to prevent relapse post treatment. The researcher utilized a quantitative research approach to identify the causes of relapse among SAPS members post rehabilitation for substance dependency. The type of research is applied research as the focus of the study is on identifying the causes for members within the SAPS to relapse post treatment for substance dependency and to address a specific practical issue in the workplace. The literature review focused on understanding the relapse process. The cognitive-behavioural Model of relapse was discussed at length including the prevalence of substance abuse among police members and concluded with information on the relapse prevention programme. A self-administered questionnaire was used as a research tool to collect data from the respondents (See annexure C). The population of this study was the members of the SAPS who had undergone treatment for substance dependency from January 2008 to April 2009. The researcher concentrated on those members in the KZN Province. Consultation with the social workers revealed a population size of 50 members. Due to the small size of the population, no sampling procedure was necessary as the whole population was selected as the sample. The findings of the study were based on 44 questionnaires that were returned by the respondents. The findings were analyzed and presented using tables and graphs which were then interpreted in words. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents attributed their main cause for relapse due to Intrapersonal determinants - they experienced a negative emotional state (for example, feelings of anger, frustration and anxiety) that initially triggered their need to taking that first drink. Secondly respondents identified exposure to peer pressure and boredom as also being a cause for their relapse. They disclosed that at times their peers would pressurize them to consume alcohol. The temptation, urges and cravings and being in the presence of other people consuming alcohol proved too difficult to resist. Alcohol being the recreational drug of choice proved to be tempting to members especially when socialising with colleagues. Based on the findings of the study conclusions and recommendations were made to the development of the relapse prevention programme to assist members post treatment to maintain their sobriety. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

The aim of this study is to demonstrate how the complementary concepts of stability and change could manifest during the therapeutic process, specifically with clients showing the symptom of dependency. The study is guided by a literature study on systems/cybernetic theory with a focus on the cybernetic complementarity of stability and change. A brief description is provided of the symptom of dependency from a more traditional lineal perspective as well as a non-lineal (systemic) perspective. A single case study is utilized to describe how both stability and change could manifest in the therapeutic process. From this description the relevance and usefulness of addressing both stability and change during the therapeutic process emerge and are outlined. / Social Work / M. A. (Social Science Mental Health)

Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Background: The success achieved with the South-African Police Service’s generic Personnel Capacity-Building Programmes contributed to a 2003 decision by the National Commissioner that a similar type of intervention should be included in the basic training of SAPS recruits. This led to the development of the Self-Management Programme. This programme is, since July 2004, an integral part of the empowerment of more than 8000 recruits annually and is presented on a bi-annual basis. A comprehensive study into the programme’s short-term and long-term effect and return on investment (ROI) was launched in 2004. This thesis will report on the results achieved with the measurement of the programme’s human relation and health maintenance components. Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to determine the effect of the Self-Management Programme’s human relations and health maintenance modules on the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of SAPS recruits, as well as the programme’s return on investment coefficient. Method: The study utilised an experimental research design, as well as focus groups and triangulation. It involved an average of 520 recruits (400 for the experimental groups and 120 for the control groups) per module. This was supplemented by qualitative research in which 91 recruits participated in various focus groups. The modules and programme was also subjected to a structured and comprehensive return on investment analysis. Results: Through the triangulation of measurements it was ascertained that the human relations and health maintenance modules had a practical significant effect on the recruits’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour and empowered them on both a personal and a professional level. The ROI analysis also showed that the programme was of considerable financial benefit to the SAPS and should remain as an integral part of all new recruits’ training in the future. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Background: The success achieved with the South-African Police Service’s generic Personnel Capacity-Building Programmes contributed to a 2003 decision by the National Commissioner that a similar type of intervention should be included in the basic training of SAPS recruits. This led to the development of the Self-Management Programme. This programme is, since July 2004, an integral part of the empowerment of more than 8000 recruits annually and is presented on a bi-annual basis. A comprehensive study into the programme’s short-term and long-term effect and return on investment (ROI) was launched in 2004. This thesis will report on the results achieved with the measurement of the programme’s human relation and health maintenance components. Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to determine the effect of the Self-Management Programme’s human relations and health maintenance modules on the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of SAPS recruits, as well as the programme’s return on investment coefficient. Method: The study utilised an experimental research design, as well as focus groups and triangulation. It involved an average of 520 recruits (400 for the experimental groups and 120 for the control groups) per module. This was supplemented by qualitative research in which 91 recruits participated in various focus groups. The modules and programme was also subjected to a structured and comprehensive return on investment analysis. Results: Through the triangulation of measurements it was ascertained that the human relations and health maintenance modules had a practical significant effect on the recruits’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour and empowered them on both a personal and a professional level. The ROI analysis also showed that the programme was of considerable financial benefit to the SAPS and should remain as an integral part of all new recruits’ training in the future. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate how the complementary concepts of stability and change could manifest during the therapeutic process, specifically with clients showing the symptom of dependency. The study is guided by a literature study on systems/cybernetic theory with a focus on the cybernetic complementarity of stability and change. A brief description is provided of the symptom of dependency from a more traditional lineal perspective as well as a non-lineal (systemic) perspective. A single case study is utilized to describe how both stability and change could manifest in the therapeutic process. From this description the relevance and usefulness of addressing both stability and change during the therapeutic process emerge and are outlined. / Social Work / M. A. (Social Science Mental Health)

This study was undertaken to determine the extent of aggressive behaviour exhibited by secondary school learners. Many factors were considered when investigating the problem of aggressive behaviour. The problem was traced from the theorists' perspectives and factors related to the family, school and community. An extensive literature review showed that the above factors contribute to aggressive behaviour among adolescents. In order to support or reject the findings of the literature study, quantitative (questionnaire) research and qualitative research (interviews) were conducted. The results of the quantitative research concerning learners' aggressive behaviour in secondary schools were analysed and interpreted while at the same time a deeper understanding of aggressive behaviour was revealed through qualitative research. The results of the empirical research indicated that the more negative the family climate, school climate, community climate or influence of friends are, or the more negative the emotional self-concept of the adolescent is, the more aggressive the adolescent is, and vice versa. Based on these findings recommendations for the implementation of prevention programmes were made. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)