Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO THIESSA01122012.pdf: 2678976 bytes, checksum: bfafa3f542d98a72cb20e4bfce2b9e9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-01 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This work presents and discusses the results of the validation of a method for determination of sulfonamide residues in honey bees africanized of the Alto Turi - MA. In preparation of the honey samples, was used acid hydrolysis and employed a system of solid phase extraction in cartridge ABS - Elut Nexus. The eluate was analyzed by liquid chromatography with diode array detection. To determine the limits of detection and quantification, standard curves were constructed with solutions in concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 5.0 μg mL-1, the method was linear in this range. The correlation coefficients obtained ranged from 0.9994 to 0.9999 for the study sulfonamides. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated according to conventional statistical procedures and results were considered satisfactory for the purpose of the method. The recoveries were obtained in the range from 63 to 98%, with a coefficient of variation from 0,4 to 9,9%, which is satisfactory for complex matrices. The maximum sulfonamide residues in honey is 50 μg kg-1, however due to the complexity of the sample for quantification was possible only at a concentration of 100 μg kg-1. It was also made the physicochemical characterization of the honey samples using a method based on CODEX Alimentarius and Association of Official Analytical Chemists, in which it was found that all samples were within the standards established by the Brazilian legislation regarding the index diastasis, minerals, color and hydroxymethylfurfural. Regarding the acidity, 71% of the samples had high values, already on the moisture content and insoluble solids, only two samples were higher than those recommended by Instruction nº11 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. / Este trabalho apresenta e discute os resultados da validação de um método para determinação de resíduos de sulfonamidas em mel de abelhas africanizadas da região do Alto Turi - MA. No preparo das amostras de méis, utilizou-se hidrólise ácida e empregou-se um sistema de extração em fase sólida em cartucho ABS - ELUT Nexus. O eluato foi analisado por cromatografia líquida com detecção por arranjos de diodos. Para determinação dos limites de detecção e quantificação, foram construídas curvas analíticas com soluções em concentrações de 0,025 a 5,0 μg mL-1, o método mostrou-se linear nessa faixa. Os coeficientes de correlação obtidos variaram de 0,9994 a 0,9999 para as sulfonamidas em estudo. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram calculados conforme procedimentos estatísticos convencionais e os resultados considerados satisfatórios para o propósito do método. As recuperações foram obtidas em intervalo de 63 a 98%, com coeficiente de variação entre 0,4 - 9,9%, que para matrizes complexas é satisfatório. O limite máximo de resíduos de sulfonamidas em mel é 50 μg kg-1, no entanto devido a complexidade da amostra a quantificação só foi possível na concentração de 100 μg kg-1. Também foi feita a caracterização físico-química das amostras de méis utilizando-se metodologia baseada no CODEX Alimentarius e Association of Official Analitical Chemists, nas quais se verificou que todas as amostras analisadas encontraram-se dentro do padrão estabelecido pela legislação brasileira no que se refere a índice de diástase, minerais, cor e hidroximetilfurfural. No referente à acidez, 71% das amostras tiveram valores elevados, quanto ao teor de umidade e sólidos insolúveis, apenas duas amostras, tiveram valores superiores aos recomendados pela Instrução Normativa nº11 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento.

Orientador: Susanne Rath / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Doretto_KeityMargareth_D.pdf: 2722057 bytes, checksum: d4c5a2090af2c524cc8d28125e30eaa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Antimicrobianos, entre eles as sulfonamidas, têm sido amplamente utilizados em medicina veterinária para fins terapêuticos e profiláticos. Uma vez excretados os fármacos e/ou metabólitos podem levar a contaminação do meio ambiente e estudos sobre o impacto ambiental ainda são escassos. Em adição, no Brasil, ainda não existe uma fiscalização de medicamentos veterinários. A não conformidade dos medicamentos reflete diretamente na saúde animal, como também é um tópico relevante quanto à segurança alimentar. Assim sendo, métodos foram desenvolvidos e validados para a determinação de sulfadiazina (SDZ), sulfadimetoxina (SDM) e sulfaquinoxalina (SQX) em medicamentos de uso veterinário por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência associada a um detector de arranjo de fotodiodos (HPLC-DAD). Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de controle de qualidade dos fármacos de uso veterinário comercializados no Brasil. Ainda, o trabalho estudou a sorção da SDZ, SDM e SQX em quatro solos característicos do Estado de São Paulo. Os estudos foram conduzidos conforme recomendação do Guia OECD 106. As sulfonamidas foram quantificadas nas soluções de solo por um método HPLC-DAD previamente validado. Os dados de adsorção/dessorção das sulfonamidas nos quatro solos foram ajustados com isotermas de Freundlich na forma linear ou logarítmica. Um fenômeno de histerese de adsorção/dessorção foi evidente em todos os solos. Os baixos valores do coeficiente de Freundlich (KF) obtidos sugerem fraca adsorção das sulfonamidas nos solos avaliados e, portanto, estas tendem a ser lixiviados e, por sua vez apresentam potencial para contaminar águas superficiais e subterrâneas / Abstract: Antimicrobials, including sulfonamides, have been widely used in veterinary medicine for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Once excreted, drugs and/or metabolites can contaminate the environment. Environmental impact studies are still scarce. In addition, in Brazil, there is no surveillance of veterinary medicines. The poor quality of drugs may reflect directly on animal health and is also a topic relevant to food safety. Therefore, methods were developed and validated for the determination of sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) in veterinary drugs, using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained results indicate the need for a quality control program of veterinary drugs comercialized in Brazil. Moreover, the present work aim studied the sorption of sulfonamides (SDZ, SDM and SQX) in four characteristic soils of the State of São Paulo. The studies were conducted as recommended by the OECD Guidelines 106. The sulfonamides were quantified in the soil solutions by a previously validated HPLC-DAD method. Adsorption/desorption data of sulfonamides in soils were fitted to Freundlich isotherms in the linear or logarithmic forms. A hysteresis of adsorption/desorption was evident in all four soils evaluated. The low values of the Freundlich coefficient (KF) obtained suggest weak adsorption of sulfonamides in soils, and therefore they tend to be leached and present high potential to contaminate surface and groundwater / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutora em Ciências

The aim of this thesis is to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different number of equivalent persons and different treatment technologies. Five sulfonamides were chosen for a determination due to their wide usage in human and veterinary medicine practice. The specific compounds are sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole a sulfamethoxazole. For the determination of those sulfonamides, an UHPLC/DAD analytical method was chosen and optimized. There was also a need for optimization of SPE extraction method, especially a sample volume optimization. 250 mL was chosen as an ideal volume of wastewater sample for SPE. The optimized method was used for determination of sulfonamides in real wastewater samples from WWTP in Podivín, Pohořelice, Hustopeče, Valtice, Lednice and Mikulov. Average concentrations of pharmaceuticals in influent and effluent wastewater samples were in a range of 0,1 – 1 µg/l. The concentration of sulfonamides was mostly found higher in influent samples and lower in effluent samples. It can be said that a partial recovery of sulfonamides on WWTPs was observed.

Un certain nombre de principes actifs sont responsables d'hypersensibilité allergique, en particulier les pénicillines et les sulfamides. Selon la théorie de l'haptène, ces principes actifs ne peuvent pas induire de réaction immunitaire par eux-mêmes, mais doivent être liés à une protéine. Ces protéines hapténisées par un antibiotique sont capturées puis digérées par des cellules présentatrices d'antigènes, qui présentent aux lymphocytes T des peptides issus de la protéine digérée. Les peptides hapténisés peuvent activer le système immunitaire des patients allergiques. Ce travail de thèse porte sur la sélection et la synthèse de peptides modifiés par les antibiotiques étudiés, dans le but de trouver ces peptides immunogènes. Pour réaliser cette étude, l'albumine du sérum humain (HSA) a été choisie comme protéine modèle. Son hapténisation a été étudiée pour trois principes actifs de forte prévalence allergique : la pénicilline G, l'amoxicilline et le sulfaméthoxazole. L'analyse par spectrométrie de masse des bioconjugués HSA-antibiotique a permis l'identification des acides aminés hapténisés pour la conception et la sélection par des méthodes in silico de peptides de 15-mers potentiellement immunogènes. La synthèse de ces peptides implique la préparation d'un monomère acide aminé-haptène stable pour une synthèse orientée de peptides d'enchaînements diversifiés. Pour les antibiotiques de la famille des pénicillines, cette synthèse s'est orchestrée autour d'une étape clé : l'ouverture du cycle β-lactame par une lysine. En ce qui concerne le sulfamide sulfaméthoxazole, la synthèse du monomère stable cystéine-sulfaméthoxazole a reposé sur une étape clé de couplage entre le sulfaméthoxazole et un acide cystéique. A partir du monomère lysine-pénicilline G, des peptides ont déjà été synthétisés et testés sur des lymphocytes T. L'effet immunogène et leur valorisation en tant qu'outils pour le diagnostic sont en cours d'évaluation. / Many drugs are responsible of allergic reactions, in particular penicillins and sulfonamides. As these antibiotics respond to the hapten theory, they cannot induce the immune system by themselves, but have to bind a protein. These haptenized proteins are detected then digested by antigen presenting cells into peptides which are presented to T cells. These haptenized peptides are responsible of the activation of the immune system in allergic patient. The aim of this study is to select and synthesize immunogenic peptides, modified by selected antibiotics. The human serum albumin (HSA) was chosen as a model protein. It haptenization was studied for three drugs with high allergic prevalence: benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole. Mass analysis of the resulting bioconjugates HSA-antibiotic allowed identification of haptenized amino-acid which were used to design and select through in silico methods potentially immunogenic 15-mers peptides. The synthesis of these peptides implies the preparation of stable amino-acid-hapten monomers for an oriented synthesis of diversified peptidic sequences. For penicillins, this synthesis was based on a key step: the opening of the penicillins β-lactam ring by a lysine. Regarding the sulfonamide sulfamethoxazole, the synthesis of a stable cysteine-sulfamethoxazole monomer was centered on a coupling key step between the sulfamethoxazole and a cysteic acid. From lysine-benzylpenicillin monomer, peptides have already been synthesized and tested over T cells. Their immunogenic effect and development as tools for diagnosis are being evaluated.

No description available.

Adverse effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors on bone healing have previously been demonstrated in diaphyseal fracture models in animals. In spite of that, they are widely used as postoperative analgesics in orthopaedic surgery. After joint replacement, a bone repair process starts at the interface between bone and cement. If this process is disturbed, the prosthesis may never become rigidly fixed to the bone, leading to migration and with time loosening. This thesis investigates the effects of a selective COX-2 inhibitor (parecoxib or celecoxib) on bone healing in metaphyseal bone in a rat model and on knee prosthesis migration after total knee replacement, as measured with radiostereometric analysis. Blood loss, postoperative recovery, and the 2-year subjective outcome, were also measured. In addition, a hemoglobin dilution method for blood loss estimation, used in this thesis, was evaluated. In the first study, pull-out force of a screw inserted in metaphyseal bone of the tibia in rats was only marginally decreased by parecoxib after 7 days but not after 14 days. In the second and third study, celecoxib treatment resulted in less pain postoperatively in conjunction with total knee replacement (TKR), but no effects were seen on blood loss, range of motion, subjective outcome, or prosthesis migration after 2 years. Comparing the true blood loss of blood donors with the blood loss estimated by the hemoglobin dilution method, this method was found to underestimate the true blood loss. It is therefore not suitable for calculation of the absolute blood loss volume, but may be used for a rough estimate. In summary, celecoxib and presumably other cyclooxygenase inhibitors seems not likely to increase the risk of prosthesis loosening.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diploma thesis is focused on the choose of methods and optimalisation analysis procedure of selected pharmaceuticals (salicylic acid, ibuprofene, naproxene, ketoprofene and diclofenac) in surface and waste water by using gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges was used as an extraction method in this analysis. Extraction is followed by derivatization and their optimalization of selected pharmaceuticals. Derivatization and its optimalization were performed by two silylation reagens N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Different volumes of derivatization reagents, different temperatures and different times were used during the procedure. The best combination is then used for analysis of real samples. Real samples of waste water were collected in sewage treatment plants in Brno – Modřice and real samples of surface water were collected from several rivers and one pond in region Moravia. This thesis also presents and tests SPE methods for extraction and concentration selected sulfonamide residues (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole) from the aquatic environment.

The objective of this research was to develop new sample preparation procedures for the isolation of sulfonamides, as well as, to determine the applicability of employing on-line nitrogen selective and mass spectrometric detection methods. The first phase of this research investigated the effect of temperature and pressure on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of sulfonamides from a spiked sand matrix. Temperature effects were either positive or negative with respect to extraction rate and total recovery, depending on the pressure and extraction fluid employed. The second portion of this research compared trifluoromethane (CHF3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as fluids for the extraction of sulfonamides from spiked non-fat dry milk, beef liver, and egg yolk were found to be more selective using CHF3 than CO2. The polar trifluoromethane improved the extraction efficiency of the polar sulfonamides from the biological matrices and also reduced the amount of co-extractives. The next phase of this research considered the effect of organic modifier and CO2 in the SFE of sulfonamides from chicken liver, beef liver and egg yolk. Methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile were compared to determine optimum conditions. A SFE method employing 20% acetonitrile modified CO2 yielded quantitative recovery of sulfonamides from chicken liver, but 20% acetone modified CO2 was required to obtain quantitative recovery from beef liver. Either 20% acetone or 20% acetonitrile yielded quantitative recovery from egg yolk. The last phase of this research focused on the evaluation of selective detection methods for sulfonamide analysis. Chemiluminescence nitrogen detection (CLND) parameters were optimized for use with packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) yielding a minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) of 5 ng of sulfamethazine, on column. Improvements in the detector design decreased the MDQ to 0.5 ng, while, decreasing the column diameter further reduced the MDQ to 125 pg. The second part of this phase evaluated PLC/Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry for the detection of sulfonamides. Sensitivity in selective ion mode was found to be as low as 50 pg on column for sulfamethazine. Supercritical fluid extracts of sulfonamides spiked at 100μg/kg in chicken liver were found to be readily detected by this method. / Ph. D.