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A manutenção da convivência dos filhos com ambos os pais após a ruptura conjugal é uma temática discutida em vários textos, documentos e leis nacionais e internacionais. Todavia, a preservação destas relações se mostra uma tarefa complexa, quando nos referimos às Varas de Família e às separações e divórcios litigiosos que a elas se apresentam. Além dos conflitos parentais, diferentes razões podem causar o distanciamento entre os filhos e o genitor com quem não residem, como alegações de violência sobretudo sexual contra a criança, recusa desta em ver o genitor descontínuo e dificuldades impostas pelo genitor contínuo com relação à convivência. Nos casos mais graves, o convívio pode ser regulamentado judicialmente sob a modalidade de visitas monitoradas, isto é, na presença de um terceiro, visando preservar o vínculo entre pais ou outros familiares e crianças e/ou adolescentes e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a proteção destes. Em nosso contexto de pesquisa, os encontros acontecem dentro dos fóruns e são monitorados por psicólogos judiciários. Estes, porém, atuam sem embasamento técnico ou teórico, dada a escassez de cursos de Psicologia que oferecem a disciplina de Psicologia Jurídica no Brasil, a carência de literatura nacional específica sobre as visitas monitoradas e a falta de uma estrutura adequada, incluindo supervisão e discussão de casos, que permita aos profissionais uma sistematização da prática. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo compreender o significado e a função das visitas monitoradas determinadas judicialmente em Varas de Família para operadores do Direito (juízes, promotoras e advogados), psicólogas judiciárias e familiares. Realizamos a coleta de dados a partir de entrevistas psicológicas semi-estruturadas, por meio do método hermenêutico (Mandelbaum, 2012), com 18 participantes, sendo quatro magistrados, duas promotoras, um advogado, oito psicólogas judiciárias, dois pais e uma mãe. As entrevistas foram transcritas e, no decorrer das transcrições, identificamos temáticas comuns nos discursos dos entrevistados, o que levou à criação de 18 categorias de análise. A partir destas, realizamos uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica internacional, a fim de conhecermos a prática de visitas monitoradas pelo mundo. Deparamo-nos com ampla quantidade de materiais publicados na Europa, Oceania, América do Norte e Israel, cujas experiências apresentam algumas diferenças daquelas realizadas no Brasil, entretanto, muitas semelhanças, tais como: a variedade de terminologias utilizadas para designar a visitação monitorada; uma diversidade de práticas e formatos de trabalho; problemas de comunicação entre os tribunais e aqueles que monitoram os encontros e dificuldade quanto a uma definição clara da técnica e do lugar do profissional nas visitas monitoradas. A análise das entrevistas foi condizente com os temas encontrados no exterior, o que permitiu uma articulação teórico-prática e a percepção da limitação do procedimento de visitas monitoradas para atender às demandas dos complexos conflitos familiares que rotineiramente chegam às Varas de Família. Concluímos pela importância da viabilização de uma integralização de serviços, que ofereça uma rede de cuidado e suporte às famílias em litígio, cujas necessidades extrapolam a capacidade e mesmo o objetivo das visitas monitoradas / The maintenance of the children\'s contact with both parents after the marital breakup is a theme discussed in many texts, documents, and national and international laws. However, the preservation of these relationships is a complex task, when we refer to the Family Courts and the litigious separations and divorces that present themselves to them. In addition to parental conflicts, different reasons may cause the distance between the offspring and the parent with whom they do not reside, such as allegations of violence - especially sexual - against the child, refusal to see the noncustodial parent and difficulties imposed by the custodial parent related to access. In more severe cases, contact can be legally regulated in the form of supervised visitation, i.e., in the presence of a third party, to preserve the bond between parents or other family members and children and/or adolescents and, at the same time, ensuring protection to this children and adolescents. In our research context, the meetings take place within the forums and are supervised by judicial psychologists. These professionals, however, act without technical or theoretical basis, given the shortage of Psychology courses that offer the discipline of Legal Psychology in Brazil, the deficiency of specific national literature about the supervised visitation and the lack of adequate infrastructure, including supervision and case discussion, to allow these professionals a systematization of the practice. The aim of the present study was to comprehend the meaning and function of supervised visitation judicially ordered in the Family Courts for legal operators, (judges, prosecutors and lawyers), judiciary psychologists and family members. We performed the data collection by semi-structured psychological interviews, through the hermeneutic method (Mandelbaum, 2012), with 18 participants, being four magistrates, two prosecutors, one lawyer, eight judicial psychologists, two fathers and one mother. The interviews were transcribed and, during the transcripts, we identified common themes in the respondents speeches, which led to the creation of 18 categories of analysis. From these, we carried out an extensive international bibliographical research, in order to get to know the practice of supervised visitation around the world. We encountered a broad amount of materials published in Europe, Oceania, North America and Israel, whose experiences show some differences from those performed in Brazil, however, many similarities, such as: the variety of terminology used to designate supervised visitation; a diversity of practices and formats of work; problems of communication between the courts and those who supervise the meetings, and difficulty related to a clear definition of the technique and the role of the professional in the supervised visits. The analysis of the interviews was consistent with the themes found abroad, allowing a theoretical and practical articulation and also the perception of the limits of the supervised visitation procedure to assist the demands of the complex family conflicts that routinely reach the Family Courts. We conclude by the importance of the feasibility of integrated services that could offer a network of care and support to the families in litigation, whose needs exceed the capacity and even the objective of the supervised visitation

The purpose of this study was to examine children's participation in court proceedings on supervised visitation and to analyse the descriptions of children in court verdicts. Eleven verdicts concerning supervised visitation resolved in 2014 were collected from two district courts in Stockholm County and studied with a qualitative textual analysis. The material was analysed with participation levels influenced by the ladder of participation for children developed by Roger Hart and with the theory of sociology of childhood. Our findings showed that children's opinions were mentioned in eight of the verdicts. In four verdicts the children's will influenced the courts decisions. The children’s will was in none of the verdicts determinant for the outcome. The children's level of participation had no correlation with their age. The children were often described as having universal needs rather than individual needs. The will of the children was in some verdicts invalidated by the court because of their age and their perceived lack of ability to understand what's best for them in the future. Our conclusions are that the court rarely described the children as independent actors or took the children's wishes into account.

「未成年子女會面交往服務」乃是透過社工人員協助，在確保安全之前提下提供高衝突家庭親子會面。本研究旨探討家暴相對人進入未成年子女會面交往服務後，接受服務的經驗及改變內涵，並分析其中影響相對人改變之因素。本研究運用質性研究深度訪談法，採用半結構式訪談大綱，訪談了五位參與服務之家暴相對人及四位社工。運用主題分析法進行資料之分析，研究結果如下： 1.接受服務之經驗：相對人明確指出了會面服務的助益及社工協助的重要性，正向經驗的累積成為循環；負向經驗來自會面中的挫折，也看見相對人面對家暴指控及社工預設立場的掙扎與無奈。 2.家暴相對人的改變內涵：相對人自述的改變包含人際互動、復原力、自我成長及親子互動的提升；社工則觀察到親子關係提升、與同住方關係提昇、專業關係提昇、自我成長等改變內涵。子女和同住方也因會面而受益。 3.影響改變之因素：影響因素可分為兩大類：促進改變與阻礙改變。分析相對人訪談資料，促進因素為社工專業關係及維繫親情的動力；阻礙因素為聚焦於衝突及怨懟、父母雙方衝突及司法訴訟。社工則認為促進因素為社工專業關係、維繫親情的動力、相對人狀態的改變及支持資源；阻礙因素為過度聚焦於負面想法、同住方的阻礙、司法訴訟及自身侷限。 研究結果證實會面服務有助於相對人同理心及親子關係的促進且利於復原力的發展，形成正向循環。維繫親情的情感連結及身為父母的責任感是激發改變的基礎，社工的工作技巧運用在改變過程中佔有一定的影響力。過度聚焦於衝突及怨懟則阻礙改變動力的形成。最後，研究者依據本研究之結果提出實務與政策上之建議。 / The Supervised Visitation Program (SVP) provides parent-child meetings for high-conflict families with social workers’ help to ensure safety on the premises. This study addressed batterers’ experiences with SVP services and the changes they experienced because of the SVP services through an analysis of the factors that influenced those changes. In-depth qualitative interviews with five batterers and four social workers involved in SVP were conducted using a semi-structured interview schedule. This study analyzed the interview data in a thematic analysis. The research findings are summarized as follows. 1.Experiences receiving the SVP services. The batterers explicitly pointed out the helpfulness of the SVP services and the importance of the social workers’ assistance. Positive experiences were cyclically accumulated. The negative experiences were accumulated from the sense of frustration present during the meetings and their psychological struggles and helplessness related to the accusations of domestic violence and the perspectives and opinions of the social workers. 2.Changes experienced by the batterers: The batterers stated that the changes they experienced included improved interpersonal interactions, ability to recuperate, personal growth, and parent-child interactions. The changes observed by the social workers included the batterers’ personal growth and improvements in parent-child relationships, relationship with roommates, and professional relationships. The batterers’ children and roommates also benefited from the SVP. 3.Factors that influenced the changes: The influencing factors were classified as promotive factors or obstructive factors. The analysis of the batterer interview data found that the promotive factors included the social workers’ professionalism and motivational influences on maintaining family affections. The obstructive factors included overemphasis on conflicts and resentments, inter-parental conflicts, and judicial litigations. In the social workers’ opinions, the promotive factors included the social workers’ professionalism, their motivational influences on maintaining family affections, changes to the batterers’ states, and their supportive resources; the obstructive factors included excessive negativity, obstructions by roommates, judicial litigations, and the batterers’ personal limitations. The results found that SVP was beneficial for promoting the batterers’ sense of empathy, parent-child relationships, and for developing the ability to recuperate, thus creating a positive cycle. Family affections and a sense of parental responsibility were the basis of stimulating the batterers’ changes, and the social workers’ professional expertise exerted an influence on the process of the changes. In contrast, overemphasis on conflicts and resentments obstructed the formation of motivational influences for change. Suggestions for practice and policy are presented based on the study’s results.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment s’exerce la parentalité d’accueil dans le contexte des visites supervisées. À partir du point de vue des familles d’accueil, cette étude vise à décrire leur compréhension des visites supervisées; leur implication dans la planification de celles-ci; l’accompagnement qu’elles offrent à l’enfant et la communication qu’elles ont avec les différents acteurs impliqués dans les visites supervisées. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées avec quatorze parents d’accueil affiliés au programme jeunesse du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal. Les entrevues ont été soumises à une démarche d’analyse de contenu thématique. Le modèle théorique et conceptuel écosystémique de la parentalité a été utilisé pour décrire les différentes dimensions de la parentalité d’accueil dans le contexte des visites supervisées. Les résultats de cette recherche démontrent que les familles d’accueil ont une bonne compréhension des visites supervisées en termes des objectifs visés et des motifs de leur mise en place. Pour ce qui est de la planification des visites supervisées, l’implication des familles d’accueil est variable. Certaines rapportent être impliquées dans les prises de décisions tandis que d’autres témoignent se faire imposer des choix par l’intervenant. En ce qui concerne l’accompagnement offert aux enfants, des besoins de formation et/ou de coaching ont été identifiés par bon nombre de familles d’accueil. Il ressort également de cette étude que les familles d’accueil ont majoritairement des échanges positifs avec l’intervenant. Quant à la communication avec les parents d’origine, une panoplie d’expériences autant positive que négative a été rapportée par les familles d’accueil. L’analyse du discours des participants a mis en lumière des défis associés à l’exercice de la parentalité d’accueil dans le contexte des visites supervisées. Elle a également soulevé des enjeux reliés à la reconnaissance des familles d’accueil comme partenaire dans la prestation de services à l’enfant. En terminant, cette recherche offre des pistes de réflexion intéressantes concernant la parentalité d’accueil et les pratiques en matière de visites supervisées. / The main objective of this research is to understand how foster parenting is exercised in the context of supervised visitation. From the foster families' point of view, this study aims to describe their understanding of supervised visits; their involvement in their planning; the support they provide to the child; the communication they have with various parties involved in supervised visits. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fourteen foster parents affiliated with the youth program division from the Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal. The interviews were subject to a continuous thematization. The theoretical and conceptual ecosystemic model of parenting was used to describe the various dimensions of foster parenting. The results of this research show that foster families have a good understanding of supervised visits in terms of their objectives and the reasons for their implementation. The foster families’ involvement in the planning of supervised visits varies. Some are involved in decision-making. While others have choices imposed on them by caseworkers. As for the accompaniment of children, a need for training and/or coaching was identified by a good number of foster families. This study also shows that the majority of foster families have positive exchanges with caseworkers. As for communication with the child’s biological parents, a variety of experiences were reported by the foster families. The participants' discourse analysis highlighted the challenges of foster parenting in the context of supervised visits. It also raised issues related to the recognition of foster families as partners in the delivery of services to children. In conclusion, this research offers interesting avenues for reflection regarding foster parenting and practices for supervised visits.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre, à partir de leur point de vue, le vécu des enfants âgés de 6 à 12 ans qui sont placés dans des ressources d’accueil et qui vivent l’expérience d’avoir des visites supervisées avec leurs parents. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de douze enfants hébergés dans des unités de vie, foyers de groupe ou ressources intermédiaires du Centre jeunesse de Montréal – Institut Universitaire et du Centre jeunesse de la Montérégie. Les entrevues réalisées auprès des enfants ont été soumises à une analyse de contenu thématique. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les enfants ne comprennent pas toujours bien les raisons qui justifient la mise en place de visites supervisées, ni le rôle des adultes dans les décisions, ni celui du tiers durant les visites. De façon générale, les enfants sont favorables au maintien des contacts avec leurs parents, mais sont plus critiques face aux cadres imposés par ces visites. Il ressort également de l’étude que les enfants sont très peu consultés en lien avec l’organisation et la planification de leurs visites et qu’ils souhaiteraient l’être davantage. Les enfants ont rapporté de nombreuses insatisfactions en lien avec les modalités organisationnelles des visites. L’analyse du discours qui a été menée a permis de mettre en évidence le fait que les visites supervisées sont une source de stress importante pour l’enfant. La création d’un guide d’information destiné aux enfants pour expliquer ce qu’est une visite supervisée, les raisons de sa mise en place, ses buts et ses objectifs serait une piste intéressante à explorer. / The main objective of this research is to provide a better understanding of the experience of children aged between six and twelve years old, placed in care and having supervised visits with their parents, based on the child’s perspective. To be able to do this, semi-directed interviews were made with twelve children either living in family living unit, group home and intermediary units at the Centre jeunesse de Montréal – Institut Universitaire and the Centre jeunesse de la Montérégie. Interviews done with the children were subjected to thematic content analysis. The results demonstrated that children do not always understand the reasons leading to the implementation of supervised visits with their parents, the role of adults in the decisions and the role of the social worker during the visit. Generally speaking, children are favorable with the idea of maintaining contacts with their parents; nevertheless, they demonstrate more criticism with the framework imposed to them during visitation. The study also reveals that children are seldom consulted with regards to the organisation and planning of the visitation and they wish they would play a more active role. As well, children report numerous dissatisfaction in relation with organisational arrangements of visitation. The child discourse analysis enables to demonstrate that supervised visitation are an important source of stress for the child. Therefore, providing an information guide meant for the children aiming at explaining what the meaning of a supervised visit is, why is it implemented and what are the aims and objectives, would be an interesting avenue to explore.