A thesis which models the DNP3 and IEC 61850 protocol in OPNET / Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a critical part of monitoring and controlling of the electrical substation. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the performance of the Distributed Network Protocol Version 3.3 (DNP3) protocol and to compare its performance to that of International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) 61850 protocol in an electrical substation communication network environment. Building an electrical substation control room and installing the network equipment was going to be expensive and take a lot of time. The better option was to build a model of the electrical substation communication network and run simulations. Riverbend modeller academic edition known as Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) was chosen as a software package to model substation communication network, DNP3 protocol and IEC 61850 Protocol stack. Modelling the IEC 61850 protocol stack on OPNET involved building the used Open System Interconnection (OSI) layers of the IEC 61850 protocol stack onto the application definitions of OPNET. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) configuration settings of DNP3 protocol were also modelled on the OPNET application definitions. The aim is to compare the two protocols and determine which protocol is the best performing one in terms of throughput, data delay and latency. The substation communication model consists of 10 ethernet nodes which simulate protection Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), 13 ethernet switches, a server which simulates the substation Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) and the DNP3 Protocol over TCP/IP simulated on the model. DNP3 is a protocol that can be used in a power utility computer network to provide communication service for the grid components. DNP3 protocol is currently used at Eskom as the communication protocol because it is widely used by equipment vendors in the energy sector. DNP3 protocol will be modelled before being compared to the new recent robust protocol IEC 61850 in the same model and determine which protocol is the best for Eskom on the network of the power grid. The network load and packet delay parameters were sampled when 10%, 50%, 90% and 100% of devices are online. The IEC 61850 protocol model has three scenarios and they are normal operation of a Substation, maintenance in a Substation and Buszone operation at a Substation. In these scenarios packet end to end delay of Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE), vi © University of South Africa 2020 Generic Substation Status Event (GSSE), Sampled Values (SV) and Manufacturing Messaging Specification (MMS) messages are monitored. The throughput from the IED under maintenance and the throughput at the Substation RTU end is monitored in the model. Analysis of the results of the DNP3 protocol simulation showed that with an increase in number of nodes there was an increase in packet delay as well as the network load. The load on the network should be taken into consideration when designing a substation communication network that requires a quick response such as a smart gird. GOOSE, GSSE, SV results on the IEC 61850 model met all the requirements of the IEC 61850 standard and the MMS did not meet all the requirements of the IEC standard. The design of the substation communication network using IEC 61850 will assist when trying to predict the behavior of the network with regards to this specific protocol during maintenance and when there are faults in the communication network or IED’s. After the simulation of the DNP3 protocol and the IEC 61850 the throughput of DNP3 protocol was determined to be in the range (20 – 450) kbps and the throughput of IEC61850 protocol was determined to be in the range (1.6 – 16) Mbps. / College of Engineering, Science and Technology / M. Tech. (Electrical Engineering)

The usage of information technology (IT) systems has become an integral part of assembly manufacturing. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are widely used in order to control production cycles and monitor equipment such as conveyor belts. Other common IT systems are related to logistics, data analysis, or organizing of incoming and outgoing orders. In this thesis we create a model for the IT systems at the fuel pump and fuel injector manufacturer Scania XPI. One model is developed for the current state of the IT systems at Scania XPI, and one model is developed detailing the future state. The current state model consists of charts showing where in the production process that data is transmitted between which IT systems. This thesis utilizes the current state model in order to suggest improvements to the IT systems. These improvements are detailed in the model for the future state of IT systems at Scania XPI. Overall equipment efficiency (OEE) is a measurement of the performance of an industrial operation based on the percentage of up time running at full capacity compared to the available run time. Measurement of OEE requires that only downtimeduetointernal circumstances within the operation is taken into account, and that any potential quality deviations due to the operation are accounted for. Taking into account the variability of manufacturing processes, this thesis proposes solutions to issues in data processing required to measure the efficiency of operations in assembly manufacturing, such as identifying if process breakdowns are caused by external factors. The proposed solution is a system called "Process data analysis system" (PDAS), which uses the recorded machine statuses throughout operation in order to calculate process downtime and OEE. PDAS was implemented using the incremental waterfall model as a software development methodology. PDAS was evaluated by conducting four groups of experiments and a comparison to the PUS (processuppföljnings system) at Scania XPI. Automatically classifying downtime events as planned or unplanned allows PDAS to give an accurate view on the efficiency of the assembly production. The software can be used at Scania XPI and it’s functionality has been verified on assembly production running in ordinary conditions. We show that software can be developed to process industrial data in order to measure assembly line efficiency. Eventually, design and implementation of a downtime management system for assembly production is achieved as a final product of this thesis. / Användningen av informationsteknik (IT) system har blivit en viktig del av monteringstillverknings industrin. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system är ofta implementerade i syfte att kontrollera produktionens takt och för att övervaka eller styra produktionens utrustning. Andra vanliga IT-system är relaterade till logistik, data analys, eller hantering av ingående och utgående beställningar. I detta examensarbete skapar vi en modell för IT-systemen på dieselpump och dieselinjektor tillverkaren Scania XPI. Denna modell visar både hur IT-systemen fungerar idag och hur de kan förbättras. Current state modellen består av diagram som visar var i produktionsprocessen som data skickas mellan IT-systemen. Vi använder oss av current state modellen i syfte att föreslå förbättringar till IT-systemen. Dessa förbättringar beskrivs i en modell för future stateäv IT-systemen hos Scania XPI. Overall equipment efficiency (OEE) är ett mått på prestandan på effektiviteten av industriell verksamhet baserat på procentandelen av drifttiden utan kvalitets avvikelser utan stopp jämfört med den totala drifttiden. Mätning av OEE kräver att driftstopp på grund av externa omständigheter ej tillräknas stopp tiden, och att kvalitets avvikelser kan mätas. Detta examensarbete föreslår lösningar på problem inom databehandling som krävs för att mäta produktionens effektivitet vid monteringstillverkning, exempelvis att identifiera om driftstopp som orsakas av externa omständigheter. Lösningen som presenteras är utveckling av Process Data Analysis System"(PDAS), som använder sig av automatiskt rapporterad maskinstatusdata för att beräkna stopp tid och OEE. PDAS implementerades med "incremental waterfall modelsom metodologi för mjukvaruutveckling. PDAS utvärderades genom att genomföra fyra grupper av experiment och med hjälp av en jämförelse med PUS (processuppföljnings system) hos Scania XPI. Genom att automatiskt klassificera planerad och oplanerad stopp tid ger PDAS en mer ackurat bild av effektiviteten för monterings produktionen. Mjukvaran kan användas av Scania XPI och funktionen av PDAS har verifierats för monteringstillverkningen under vanliga produktionsomständigheter. Vi visar att mjukvaran kan användas för att bearbeta industriell data i syfte att mäta effektiviteten av monterings tillverkningen. Slutligen uppnås design och implementation av ett system för stopptids hantering för monterings produktion som en produkt av denna uppsats.

A very economical way of reducing the operational energy consumed by large commercial buildings such as an airport terminal is the automatic control of its active energy systems. Such control can adjust the indoor environment systems setpoints to satisfy comfort during occupancy or when unoccupied, initiate energy conservation setpoints and if necessary, shut down part of the building systems. Adjusting energy control setpoints manually in large commercial buildings can be a nightmare for facility managers. Incidentally for such buildings, occupancy based control strategies are not achieved through the use of conventional controllers alone. This research, therefore, investigated the potential of using a high-level control system in airport terminal building. The study presents the evolution of a novel fuzzy rule-based supervisory controller, which intelligently establishes comfort setpoints based on flow of passenger through the airport as well as variable external environmental conditions. The inputs to the supervisory controller include: the time schedule of the arriving and departing passenger planes; the expected number of passengers; zone daylight illuminance levels; and external temperature. The outputs from the supervisory controller are the low-level controllers internal setpoint profile for thermal comfort, visual comfort and indoor air quality. Specifically, this thesis makes contribution to knowledge in the following ways: It utilised artificial intelligence to develop a novel fuzzy rule-based, energy-saving supervisory controller that is able to establish acceptable indoor environmental quality for airport terminals based on occupancy schedules and ambient conditions. It presents a unique methodology of designing a supervisory controller using expert knowledge of an airport s indoor environment systems through MATLAB/Simulink platform with the controller s performance evaluated in both MATLAB and EnergyPlus simulation engine. Using energy conservation strategies (setbacks and switch-offs), the pro-posed supervisory control system was shown to be capable of reducing the energy consumed in the Manchester Airport terminal building by up to 40-50% in winter and by 21-27% in summer. It demonstrates that if a 45 minutes passenger processing time is aimed for instead of the 60 minutes standard time suggested by ICAO, energy consumption is significantly reduced (with less carbon emission) in winter particularly. The potential of the fuzzy rule-based supervisory controller to optimise comfort with minimal energy based on variation in occupancy and external conditions was demonstrated through this research. The systematic approach adopted, including the use of artificial intelligence to design supervisory controllers, can be extended to other large buildings which have variable but predictable occupancy patterns.

The thesis examines the design and implementation of a supervisory controller for the energy management of an AC stand-alone microgrid. The microgrid under study consists of a photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage system (BESS) and auxiliary (micro gas turbine) units connected to a common AC bus and supplies a local load. The BESS unit has to maintain the AC bus voltage and frequency and needs to balance the difference between the intermittent PV power and that consumed by the load. However, the BESS has limited energy capacity and power rating and therefore it is important to implement a supervisory controller that can curtail the PV power to prevent the battery from being overcharged and also to operate the auxiliary unit to prevent the battery from being over discharged. A Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) that can be implemented inside the BESS unit is proposed. It monitors the battery power and State of Charge (SOC) and varies the bus frequency accordingly. The variation in the bus frequency serves as a communication means to the PV and auxiliary units. If the frequency is increased above the nominal value, the PV unit starts to curtail its power and if the frequency is decreased, the auxiliary unit starts to generate power. Power curtailment and supplement are proportional to the frequency variation. In order to avoid any need for communication links between the units, the DC/AC inverters of all the units adopt the well-known wireless droop technique. The droop control of the auxiliary unit is implemented in such a way that the unit is floating on the bus and thus it generates power only if the bus frequency is decreased below its nominal value. The main merits of the proposed controller are simplicity and easiness of implementation inside the BESS unit. The effectiveness of the controller in protecting the battery from over-charging/over-discharging has been verified by simulations including a real-time simulation and experimentally. Furthermore, the thesis investigates the effect of sudden shading of a PV and concentrated PV (CPV) on the bus frequency of an AC stand-alone microgrid. It is known that the CPV power can drop drastically, compared to traditional PV, when it is exposed to shading. A simulation model of the CPV in a microgrid has been built and the results are compared to those of the traditional PV. It is found that shading of the CPV has much more stronger effect on the bus frequency.

Demand responsive transportation is a variable route service of passengers or freight from specific origin(s) to destination(s) in response to the request of users. Operational planning of DRT system encompasses the methods to provide efficient service to the passengers and to the system operators. These methods cover the assignments of vehicles to transportation requests and vehicle routings under various constraints such as environmental conditions, traffic and service limitations. Advances in the information and communication technologies, such as the Internet, mobile communication devices, GIS, GPS, Intelligent Transportation Systems have led to a significantly complex and highly dynamical decision making environment. Recent approaches to DRT operational planning are based on "closed information loop" to achieve a higher level of automation, increased flexibility and efficiency. Intelligent and effective use of the available information in such a complex decision making environment requires the application of formal modeling and control approaches, which are robust, modular and computationally efficient. In this study, DRT systems are modeled as Discrete Event Systems using Finite Automata formalism and DRT real time control is addressed using Supervisory Control Theory. Two application scenarios are considered; the first is based on air-charter service and illustrates uncontrolled system model and operational specification synthesis. The automatic synthesis of centralized and modular supervisors is demonstrated. The second scenario is a mission critical application based on emergency evacuation problem. Decentralized supervisory control architecture suitable for accommodating the real-time contingencies is presented. Conditions for parallel computation of local supervisors are specified and the computational advantages of alternative supervisory control architectures are discussed. Discrete event system modeling and supervisory control theory are well established and powerful mathematical tools. In this dissertation, they are shown to be suitable for expressing the modeling and control requirements of complex and dynamic applications in DRT. The modeling and control approaches described herein, coupled with the mature body of research literature in Discrete Event Systems and Supervisory Control Theory, facilitate logical analysis of these complex systems and provide the necessary framework for development of intelligent decision making tools for real time operational planning and control in a broad range of DRT applications.

Power system protection is important for service reliability and quality assurance. Various faults may occur due to natural and artificial calamity. To reduce the outage duration and promptly restore power services, fault section estimate has to be done effectively and accurately with fault alarms. Dispatchers study the changed statuses of protection devices from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to identify the fault. Single and multiple faults could coexist with the failed operation of relays and circuit breakers, or with the erroneous data communication. It needs a long time to process a large number of alarms under various conditions involving multiple faults and many uncertainties. To cope with the problem, an effective tool is helpful for the fault section estimation and alarm processing. Besides, power transformer plays a major role in a power system. For a better service quality, it is important to be routinely examined for detecting incipient faults inside transformers. Preventive techniques for early detection can find out the incipient faults and avoid outages. Power quality is another issue to considerable attentions from utilities and customers due to the popular uses of many sensitive electronic equipment. Harmonics, voltage swell, voltage sag, and, power interruption could downgrade the service quality. To ensure the power quality, detecting harmonic and voltage disturbances becomes important. A detection method with classification capability will be helpful for detecting disturbances. This dissertation developed various algorithm for detection including fault section detection, alarm processing, transformer fault diagnosis, and power quality detection. For a well-dispatched power system, the adaptive detection idea will be used, and the existing SCADA/EMS will be integrated without extra devices.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 99 pages. / Thesis (M.S.I.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: A Workflow is an automation of a business process. In general, it consists of processes and activities, which are represented by well-defined tasks. These include 'Office Automation,' 'Health Care' and service-oriented processes such as 'Online Reservations,' 'Online Bookstores' and 'Insurance Claims,' etc. The entities that execute these tasks are humans, application programs or database management systems. These tasks are related and dependent on one another based on business policies and rules. With rapid increases in application domains that use workflow management systems, there is a need for a framework that can be used to implement these applications. In particular, it is essential to provide a formal technique for defining a problem that can be used by various workflow software product developers. In this work, a formal framework based on finite state automata that facilitate modeling and analysis of workflows is presented. / ABSTRACT: The workflow and its specifications are modeled separately as finite state automata models. We provide a general framework for specifying control flow dependencies in the context of supervisory control theory. We also identify several properties of supervisory control theory and demonstrate their use for conducting the analysis of the workflows. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

An important consideration in discrete event dynamic systems control theory is the selection of a suitable modeling formalism that can capture the complex characteristics of the system and the capability to automatically synthesize a controller based on the system model. Net condition event systems are well suited for modeling complex discrete event dynamic systems owing to their input and output structure, which effectively captures the behavior of the physical devices to be monitored and/or controlled. To date, net condition event systems control models have not been extensively applied to highly automated manufacturing systems and there are few guidelines on how to automatically generate Programmable Logic Controller programming languages from net condition event systems models. This research automatically converted net condition event systems control models into Programmable Logic Controller programming language and evaluated the applicability of the proposed methodology in highly automated manufacturing systems using HAS-200 as a test bed.

Smart grid technologies are starting to be the future of electric power systems. These systems are giving the utilities detailed information about their systems in real time. One of the most challenging things of implementing smart grid applications is employing the communications into the systems. Understanding the available communications can help ease the transition to these smart grid applications. Many of the utility personnel are spending too much time trying to figure out which communication is better for their application or applications. So this thesis presents the different communication types available with discussing the different attributes in which these communication types are going to offer to the utility. Then these communication types are looked such that utilities can quickly understand how to approach the difficult task of obtaining the information from the different smart grid applications by the use of different communication options.

This thesis investigates the relationships between performance, workload, and situation awareness at varying levels of automation. The relationships observed in this study are compared to a description put forth to formalize the conventional interpretation of the trade-off between the benefits of automation during routine operation and the costs under conditions of automation failure. The original work stipulated that this “routine-failure trade-off” is likely a simplification affected by contextual factors. This work therefore aimed to i) provide empirical evidence to support or refute the trade-off and ii) to identify possible extenuating factors. The results generally supported the routine-failure trade-off, and considered in light of the functional structure of the task suggested that the relationships between goals and individual functions specific to a given task seem to affect the overall costs and benefits of automation through the mechanism of selective reliance. Further work is required to validate the findings of this study.