Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report presents a framework for designing a procurement strategy using the concept of Power. Companies like Toyota have pioneered the use of the “lean thinking” concept of supply chain management to ensure that the entire supply chain co-operates to build a competitive advantage that saves money and provides a better product to the consumer. The basis of the “lean thinking” concept has been that buyers no longer treat suppliers as adversaries with the sole objective of leveraging the best price but engage with suppliers to develop long-term strategic relationships based on trust and collaboration. Power has always existed in business relationships. Power and the “lean thinking” concept appear to be unable to co-exist in the same supply chain relationships as one deals with trust and collaboration while the other deals with domination. This research reports shows that power and “lean thinking” can co-exist and that power has the potential to play a key role in understand the dynamics present in supply chain relationships both from the perspective of the buyer and the supplier. By mapping the power relationship between parties in the Supply Chain a company can understand the strategic options available to it to increase its impact on the supply chain and to use its position to leverage the best value possible both towards the other parties in the supply chain and to parties operating in competing supply chains. The power relationship between The South African Breweries Ltd and Consol Glass will be mapped to enable SAB to understand its available strategic options for the design of a 3 to 5 year procurement strategy. The strategies that crystallize from the power mapping process will be analysed with a view to selecting a single option that the SAB procurement function could adopt over the next 3 to 5 years. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingsverslag bied 'n raamwerk vir die ontwerp van 'n verkrygingstrategie met behulp van die konsep van mag. Maatskappye soos Toyota het met die gebruik van die “soepel denke”-konsep met betrekking tot aanvoerkettingbestuur baanbrekerswerk gedoen om te verseker dat die algehele aanvoerketting saamwerk om 'n mededingende voordeel te skep wat geld spaar én 'n beter produk aan die verbruiker bied. Die grondslag van die “soepel denke”-konsep is dat kopers nie meer verskaffers as teenstanders beskou en ten alle koste bloot die beste prys wil bewerkstellig nie, maar dat kopers in der waarheid deesdae nouer by verskaffers betrokke raak om langtermyn- strategiese bande op grond van vertroue en samewerking te smee. Mag was nog altyd deel van sakeverhoudinge. Mag en die “soepel denke”-konsep kon tot op hede skynbaar nie naas mekaar in dieselfde aanvoerkettingverhouding bestaan nie – die een handel op stuk van sake oor vertroue en samewerking, en die ander oor oorheersing. Hierdie navorsingsverslag toon dat mag en “soepel denke” wél gelyktydig kan bestaan en dat mag 'n sleutelrol kan speel om die dinamiek in aanvoerkettingbestuursverhoudinge, uit die koper sowel as die verskaffer se oogpunt, te begryp. Deur die magsverhoudinge tussen verskillende partye in die aanvoerketting af te beeld, kan 'n maatskappy verstaan watter strategiese opsies beskikbaar is om sy impak op die aanvoerketting te vergroot en sy posisie te gebruik om vir die ander partye in die aanvoerketting, sowel as partye in mededingende aanvoerkettings, die beste moontlike waarde te bekom. Vervolgens sal die magsverhouding tussen Suid-Afrikaanse Brouerye (SAB) Bpk. en Consol Glass afgebeeld word sodat SAB sy beskikbare opsies vir die ontwerp van 'n drie- tot vyfjaarverkrygingstrategie kan verstaan. Die strategieë wat uit dié magafbeeldingsproses na vore kom sal ontleed word met die oog daarop om 'n enkele opsie te kies wat SAB oor die volgende drie tot vyf jaar kan aanvaar.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between educational and curricular factors and physician location decisions. As a background to the study, a literature search traced the history of medical education in the U.S., focusing on various influences on physician distribution. In the research on physician location decision, this study is unique in its use of the constant comparative method. This method is an inductive approach developed and refined by Glaser and Strauss, used in this study to generate theory regarding the role of educational factors in physician location decisions. In this research, two groups of physicians who completed training after 1965 were selected for study, based on their locations in distinctly different practice settings in Arizona: urban and rural. An open-ended interview format was developed, and each physician was interviewed, with data analysis beginning during the first interview and continuing through the entire period of data collection. Using the constant comparative method, similar groups (rural physicians) were compared to bring out basic properties of categories, and different groups (urban physicians) were then compared to establish boundaries of applicability of the theory. As the interviews proceeded a basic theoretical framework emerged, enabling development of a grounded theory of physician location decisions. The study presents strong empirical evidence in support of the proposition that educational factors are influential in the decision of a physician to enter practice in a rural area. Four primary influences were identified: faculty role modeling, participation in rural clerkships, preceptorships, or required family practice rotations, service activities related to health care for medically underserved populations, and education in a non-traditional setting, or residency training in a rural area. Curriculum content and requirements take on major significance when these influences are subsumed under the major influence of socialization. The extent to which these educational factors play a role in the practice locations of physicians varies according to educational opportunities available during the training period.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa passed in 1996 created three spheres of government - national, provincial and local governments. The local government sphere is at the coal face of service delivery as it is closest to the local communities. The goods and services required by the state to provide services to communities are procured from the private sector. Section 217 of the Constitution stipulates that procurement should be done by a supply chain management system that is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost effective. The Constitution made provisions for the creation of supply chain management departments in municipalities whose policies would be guided by the ideals of Section 17 of the Constitution. This study explores the nature and role of local government and provides insight into the concept of service delivery in the South African context. The aim of the study was to provide insight into public sector procurement supply chain management in order to determine how an effective supply chain performance management system could possibly improve service delivery by local government. The nature of this study is descriptive and exploratory. Primary data was collected using in-depth interviews with eight participants at four metropolitan cities. The literature review section of this study discusses three aspects: (1) the nature, roles and responsibilities of local government; (2) supply chain management in the public sector; and (3) performance management. The literature review revealed that local government has a constitutional mandate to deliver quality services to communities using effective and efficient supply chain management processes. Monitoring of and reporting on projects is critical as it informs future planning and budgeting. Feedback is given on progress and where necessary control measures are introduced to ensure effective service delivery to local communities. The findings of this study indicate that all the participating cities follow the prescribed requirements of the Public Finance Management Act, Municipal Finance Management Act and the Municipal Systems Act amongst others. Challenges identified include: weak internal controls, inadequate contracts management, lack of performance monitoring and reporting, lack of proper and integrated planning, and unresponsive supply chain processes. It is suggested that internal controls need to be strengthened in all areas of supply chain management. Personnel should be held accountable for their actions at all times. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

M.Comm. / Due to frustration experienced in the development and implementation of affirmative action programmes, a definite need was identified for a working tool or document that would allow managers in the engineering industry to quantify and set reasonable achievable targets or goals with respect to the same. The general perception existed in industry that insufficient schooled manpower - like professional engineers - was available in the market to reach the almost arbitrarily chosen affirmative action goals (seemingly based on general group proportionality within the South African society).Quota based systems introduced in especially the public sector and para-statal organisations where it is required that up to 70 per cent previously disadvantaged personnel (all blacks, Asians, coloureds and white women) have to be appointed to management positions by the year 2000, motivated this perception. Due to the engineering industry's unique management structure which largely consists of technical staff climbing the corporate ladder, this proved to be an impossible objective in most instances giving rise to spiralling employment costs due to normal market forces and caused by demand far outstripping supply. This study therefore focuses on the numerical quantification of the available resources to allow affirmative action goals to be re-evaluated and adjusted according to the actual availability of resources. In conclusion it may be said that the process of affirmative action is a reality, but that the engineering industry should guard against accepting general yardsticks and requirements. Managers should make a proper study of the fields of application and their environment before setting any affirmative action goals. The existing shortages in the manpower resources that meets both schooling- and affirmative action requirements within the engineering industry, should be addressed through well designed training programmes and not through the setting of ill defined goals merely based on a general quota system.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à plusieurs aspects des marchés de gros de l'électricité. L'achat et vente d'électricité se négocient sur les marchés à terme et sur le marché day-ahead. Sur ce dernier se pratique un type d'enchère très spécifique, où les enchères des acteurs prennent la forme de fonctions d'offre et de demande. Chapitre 2 prend comme point de départ un résultat de Zachmann et von Hirschhausen (2008) qui constatent une réponse asymétrique du prix de gros de l'électricité en Allemagne au changement du prix des permis d'émission négociable ( EUA ). Cependant, en contradiction avec les résultats existants, il est démontré que l'asymétrie a disparu suite à la publication d'un rapport d'enquête par l'autorité de la concurrence. Chapitre 3 porte sur l'interaction des marchés à terme et day-ahead dans un jeu d'oligopole répété. L'effet du marché à terme sur la stabilité des collusions est étudié dans le cas où les stratégies sur le marché spot prennent la forme des fonctions d'offre. Il est démontré que la simple existence d'un marché à terme peut élargir l'intervalle des valeurs du facteur d'actualisation pour lesquelles la collusion est soutenable. Chapitre 4 examine si une réaction asymétrique au changement du prix du C02 est également présente dans les fonctions d'offre du marché d'électricité day-ahead. À cette fin, les outils de l'analyse des données fonctionnelles sont adoptés et appliquées à des données des enchères. Chapitre 5 développe un test pour l'auto-corrélation dans un panel d'observations fonctionnelles. Une simulation Monte-Carlo montre une bonne puissance du test dans des échantillons de taille habituellement utilisé dans la recherche appliquée. / This thesis addresses aspects of interacting markets in electricity wholesale. Electricity is traded in forward markets and in day-ahead auctions, which implement a very specifie market design. The bids of market participants take the fonn of supply and demand functions. Chapter 2 builds upon a finding of Zachmann and von Hirschhausen (2008) who report an asymmetric response of electricity wholesale prices for Gennany to changes in the price of EV Emission Allowances (EVA). ln contrast to the fonner contribution, it is shown that the asymmetry disappeared in response to a report on investigations by the competition authority. Chapter 3 addresses the interaction offorward markets and day-ahead auctions in a repeated oligopoly game. The effect offorward trading on the sustainability of collusion is studied for the case that spot market strategies take the fonn of supply functions. It is shown that the existence of forward markets enlarges the range of discount factors for which collusion can be sustained. Chapter 4 examines if an asymmetric reaction to EVA prices can also be found in the supply functions from the day-ahead market. To this end, tools from the field of functionaJ data analysis are adopted and applied to observed bids from the day-ahead auction. Chapter 5 develops a test for autocorrelation in functional panel data. Asymptotic nonnality of the statistic is proved, and Monte-Carlo simulation sho\l good power of the test in sample sizes which frequently prevail in applied research.

Neste trabalho, a oferta e a demanda de açúcar no Estado de São Paulo foram analisadas para o período de janeii-o de 199,5 a outubro de 2000 através de um sistema de equações simultâneas a fim de se obter as elasticidades preço da oferta e as elasticidades preço e renda da demanda, as quais são instrumentos úteis no auxílio à determinação das políticas públicas voltadas ao setor sucroalcooleiro. O período analisado está inserido na fase de desregulamentação do setor sucroalcooleiro, no qual o governo deixou de determinar as cotas de produção de açúcar e de álcool para cada usina ou destilaria, os preços da matéria-prima e dos produtos finais e a operacionalização das exportações de açúcar excedente produzido. As variáveis consideradas na equação da oferta (preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo, preço do açúcar no mercado internacional e preço do álcool) apresentaram sinais coerentes aos esperados e significativas a 10% de probabilidade com exceção da variável preço do álcool hidratado, que apesar de ter apresentado sinal correto, mostrou-se estatisticamente não-significativo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a oferta é elástica a preços, tendo-se encontrado uma elasticidade preço da oferta de 1,8917, indicando que, um aumento de 1% nos preços do açúcar a oferta varia 1,8917% no mesmo sentido. O coeficiente da variável preço do açúcar no mercado internacional foi de -0,4233 indicando que a um aumento de 1% no preço do açúcar no mercado internacional, a oferta de açúcar no mercado interno varia 0,4233% em sentido oposto, pois parte do açúcar ofertado internamente será deslocado para o mercado externo. Esses resultados devem ser analisados, no entanto, com certa cautela visto que os resultados econométricos obtidos não foram satisfatórios. As variáveis consideradas no ajustamento da equação da demanda, preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo e renda, foram estatisticamente não significativos e apenas a variável preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo apresentou sinal coerente ao esperado. Portanto, não foi possível a obtenção das elasticidades preço e renda da demanda. A variável dependente defasada foi incluída para eliminar o problema de autocorrelação de resíduos. A fim de se obter as elasticidades preço e renda da demanda, estimou-se uma equação de demanda de açúcar através do método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, visto que a variável dependente é relativas à quantidade de açúcar comercializada no Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis preço do açúcar no Estado de São Paulo (-0,4703) e renda (0,9960) são significativas a 10% e 1%, respectivamente. Os valores dos coeficientes obtidos, -0,4703 e 0,9960 para as variáveis preço do açúcar e renda respectivamente, indicaram que a demanda é inelástica a preço e renda por ser o açúcar um bem essencial e de necessidade básica. / In this paper, the supply and dermand for sugar in the State of Sao Paulo were analyzed for the period of January 1995 to October 2000, using a system of simultaneous equations, in order to obtain price elasticity of supply, as well as price and income elasticities of demand. These are useful instruments to determine public policies for the sugarcane sector. The period analyzed coincides with the deregulation of the sugarcane sector, in which the Brazilian government stopped determining sugar and ethanol production quotas for each sugarmill and ethanol distillery, price of raw material and of the final products and relinquished its control for exporting sugar. The variables considered in the supply equation (price of crystal sugar in the State of Sao Paulo, price of sugar in the international market and price of ethanol) showed expected signs, significant at 10% probability except the 'price of ethanol' which was not statistically significant. Results indicate a price supply elasticity of 1,8917, indicating that a 1 percent price increase would cause a 1,8917 percent increase in supply. The coefficient of the variable 'price of sugar in the international market' was estimated to be -0,4233 indicating that an increase of 1% in the price of sugar in the international market would cause a decrease of sugar supply in the internal market of 0,4233. These results should be taken with caution, since the econometric results obtained were not totally satisfactory. The variables considered in the adjustment of the demand equation: price of granulated sugar in the State of Sao Paulo and income, were not statistically significant and only the variable granulated sugar in the State of Sao Paulo, showed the expected sign. Therefore it was not possible to obtain the price and income elasticities of the demand. The lag dependent variable was included to eliminate the autocorrelation of residues. In order to obtain price and income elasticities of demand an equation for sugar demand, was estimated using ordinary least squares, given that the dependent variable is relative to the amount of sugar marketed in the State of Sao Paulo. Results indicate that the variable price of sugar in the State of Sao Paulo (-0,4703) and income (0,9960) are statistically significant at a probability level of 10% and 1% respectively. These coefficients indicate that the demand is inelastic for price and income, since sugar is a basic good.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the internal and external supply in relation to citizens’ demand for radical populist parties. To explore how the Sweden Democrats between 2010 and 2018 has developed its party organisation and how this has changed over time. The essay is based on the theory of Cas Mudde which claims demand and supply as a reason and understanding for the increasing growth of radical right parties in Western democracies. The theory divides Sweden Democrats into three different aspects; demand, internal and external supply which explain the stability and increased support for the party. Socio-economic factors such as unemployment, education and level of immigration are significant explanation factors for radical right parties to establish on long term. However, the essay concludes that the internal aspects of the party organisation, in relation to lack of trust for the traditional parties and low party identification, are crucial explanations. The importance of these factors have gradually increased during the years 2010-2018, while the level of significance for socioeconomic factors have decreased.

Desde meados dos anos 1970 os preços do algodão vêm caindo no Brasil e, mesmo assim, após a reestruturação dos anos 1990, a produção se expande de forma marcante. Neste trabalho argumenta-se que tal perfomance decorreu de uma conjugação de fatores de ordem tecnológica (do lado da oferta) e mercadológica (do lado da demanda). A capacidade empresarial e empreendedora dos produtores brasileiros foi essencial para aproveitar as oportunidades e superar os obstáculos para que a produção de algodão e derivados alcançasse o elevado padrão de produtividade e eficiência dos dias de hoje. Por um lado, o setor se organizou e se transformou numa ?cotonicultura empresarial?, com o plantio sendo realizado em grandes extensões, num sistema capitalizado e tecnificado. Ao mesmo tempo, a partir dos anos 1990 verifica-se um processo de redefinição institucional. Devido à escassez de recursos estatais a partir dos anos de 1980, a iniciativa privada passa a investir inclusive em pesquisa. Deste processo resultam saltos de produtividade que se viabilizam graças às exportações, que moderavam as quedas de preços que, fatalmente ocorreriam caso a expansão da produção ficasse represada no mercado interno. Desenvolve-se um modelo econômico para aferir o crescimento do setor em termos de choques de oferta e de demanda utilizando as idéias básicas desenvolvidas por Blanchard e Quah (1989), que foram adaptadas ao setor agrícola por Barros; Spolador e Bacchi (2006). Aplica-se a Análise de Auto-Regressão Vetorial ? VAR a dados da renda nacional (PIB), do quantum exportado de algodão em pluma, da produtividade agrícola de algodão em caroço, da área colhida com algodão, da produção de algodão em caroço e do preço recebido pelo produtor no mercado interno. Os resultados do trabalho apontaram que a área colhida com algodão tem uma evolução fortemente marcada por um processo auto-regressivo. Aparentemente, definidas as condições gerais econômicas e tecnológicas, a área da cultura passa a seguir um processo de elevação ou redução em direção ao valor desejado que pode levar uma década ou mais. Entretanto, aproximadamente 30% do crescimento da produção de algodão no Brasil se deveu ao comportamento da produtividade da lavoura. Outros 15% do aumento da produção pode ser atribuído à evolução do preço. Quase um quarto da evolução da exportação de algodão pode ser atribuído ao comportamento da produtividade. Entre trinta e cinco e quarenta porcento se devem a mudanças de produção não associadas diretamente à produtividade e preços. Em síntese, podese dizer que o desenvolvimento da cotonicultura brasileira pode ser atribuído principalmente a mudanças do lado da oferta. / Brazilian cotton prices have been decreasing since the 1970s. Even after the restructuring of the sector, in 1990s, cotton production has been increasing in a great pace. This paper argues that this performance is directly related to technological (supply) and marketing (demand) factors. Entrepreneurial and management abilities were essential to Brazilian growers take opportunities and overcome obstacles. That is why the cotton production has reached the current standard of productivity. The sector has been reorganized, turning into a ?cottonculture business?, with plant activities both in large extensions, as well as capitalized and hi-tech systems. At the same time, from 1990s, it was noted a process of institutional redefinition. Due to scarcity of federal resources starting in 1980s, private companies have also started to invest in cotton research. The result was a big improvement of productivity assisted by increasing exports, which was crucial to support prices. An economic model was developed to measure the growth of the sector in terms of supply and demand disturbances, considering the ideas used by Blanchard and Quah (1989), which were adapted to the agricultural sector by Barros, Spolador, and Bacchi (2006). Analysis of Vector Autoregression ?VAR was applied to data of the national income (Gross Domestic Product ? GDP), the cotton exported volume, the agricultural productivity of cotton, the harvested cotton area, the cotton production, and the price received by growers in the domestic market. The paper concluded that the cotton harvested area showed progress manifested by an Auto Regression (AR) process. Apparently, defined economic and general technological conditions, the area of the culture starts to follow a process of rise or reduction in direction of the desired value that can take one decade or more. However, around 30 percent of the cotton production?s growth in Brazil was related to technical productivity. Another 15 percent of the rise of the production can be attributed to prices? changes. Almost a quarter of development of cotton export can be explained by the productivity. Between 35 and 40 percent is linked to production alterations, not directly linked to productivity and prices. To summarize, the development of Brazilian cotton culture can be associated with supply-side disturbances.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as causas do grande crescimento das produções agropecuária e agroindustrial do Brasil no período de 1961 a 2013, e como o crescimento dessas produções impactaram suas exportações. Atenção especial é dada aos anos de 1991 a 2013 devido ao crescimento diferenciado das exportações nesses anos. Para alcançar o objetivo supracitado, buscou-se quantificar o crescimento, a concentração, as mudanças estruturais e a diversificação da produção e da exportação de produtos agropecuários e agroindustriais no Brasil de 1961 a 2013. Além disso, foi feito um exame qualitativo dos seus determinantes e realizada uma análise econométrica dos determinantes da oferta e da demanda das exportações brasileiras de produtos agropecuários e agroindustriais de 1991 a 2013. Para tanto, foram calculados alguns indicadores de concentração, de mudança estrutural e de diversificação para a produção e para as exportações de produtos agropecuários e agroindustriais. Também foram estimadas equações de oferta e da demanda de exportações de produtos agropecuários e agroindustriais do Brasil, considerados em separado e conjuntamente, identificando os seus principais determinantes. Pela análise dos resultados foi possível observar um crescimento bastante acentuado da produção da agropecuária no Brasil (em toneladas), processo esse que se intensificou a partir dos anos 2000. Foi possível observar que houve mudança na pauta de produção e exportação, isto é, ocorreu diversificação, mas houve nova concentração nas mesmas. Por exemplo, diminuiu-se a exportação de café, mas aumentou a de soja, foi reduzida a proporção de açúcar exportado, mas surge o complexo exportador de carne. Ao mesmo tempo em que a produção e a exportação se diversificam, se concentram em novos produtos, o que pode ser denominado como uma \"diversificação concentradora\". Outra característica da expansão das exportações brasileiras de gêneros agropecuários e agroindustriais foi o seu destino a novos mercados, destacando o significativo crescimento das exportações com destino à Ásia, ao Oriente Médio e à África o que mostra a consolidação dos mercados emergentes como importadores dos produtos de base agropecuária produzidos no Brasil. O modelo de equações simultâneas foi estimado com dados anuais de 1991 a 2013, no qual as variáveis explicativas para a oferta de exportações foram o total produzido, a taxa de câmbio e os preços de exportação; já para a demanda por exportações as variáveis explicativas foram o preço de exportação, a renda mundial e os preços de um país concorrente (preços da Argentina). Foram estatisticamente significativas para determinar as exportações agropecuárias e agroindustriais praticamente todas as variáveis supracitadas, exceto os preços do concorrente nas equações de demanda por exportações de produtos agroindustriais e para o total de produtos de base agrícola. A partir da análise interpretativa e dos resultados das regressões estimadas foi confirmada a hipótese formulada nessa tese de que desde 1961, em especial entre 1991 a 2013, ocorreu uma série de condicionantes externos e internos à economia brasileira que levou ao grande crescimento de nossas produções agropecuária e agroindustrial e os excedentes dessas produções levaram ao crescimento de nossas exportações desses produtos. A tese mostra que dentre os condicionantes externos a se examinar estão a dinâmica da oferta e da demanda mundial de produtos agropecuários e a dinâmica dos principais países exportadores e das grandes empresas multinacionais. Entre os condicionantes internos estão as disponibilidades de terra e tecnologia, o papel das políticas agrícolas e a presença de fazendeiros empreendedores. / The objective of this work is to analyze the causes of the great growth of agricultural and agro-processed productions in Brazil from 1961 to 2013, and how the growth of these productions impacted their exports. Special attention is given to the years 1991 to 2013 due to the differential growth of exports in this years. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, it was searched to quantify the growth, concentration, structural changes and diversification of the production and export of agricultural and agro-processed products in Brazil from 1961 to 2013. In addition, a qualitative analysis of its determinants was made out and an econometric analysis was performed on the supply and demand determinants of brazilian agricultural and agro-processed exports from 1991 to 2013. Therefore, some indicators of concentration, structural change and diversification were calculated for the production and exports of agricultural and agro-processed products. Were also estimated equations of supply and demand for exports of agricultural and agro-processed products from Brazil, considered separately and jointly, identifying their main determinants. By analyzing the results it was possible to observe of a quite accentuated growth of agricultural production in Brazil (in tons), a process that intensified from the 2000\'s. It was possible to observe that there was a change in the pattern of production and export, this is, diversification occurred, but there was a new concentration in them. For example, the export of coffee has been reduced, but the soybean has been increased, the proportion of sugar exported has been reduced, but arises the meat exporting complex. At the same time as production and exports diversify, they focus on new products, what can be termed as a \"concentration diversification\". Another feature of the expansion of Brazilian exports of agricultural and agro-processed products was destined to new markets, highlighting the significant growth of exports to Asia, the Middle East and Africa, which shows the consolidation of emerging markets as importers of agricultural commodities produced in Brazil. The model of simultaneous equations was estimated with annual data from 1991 to 2013, in which the explanatory variables for the export supply were the total produced, the exchange rate and the export prices; already for the demand for exports the explanatory variables were the export price, the world income and the prices of a competing country (Argentine prices). It was statistically significant to determine the agricultural and agro-processed exports practically all the aforementioned variables, except for the prices of the competitor in the equations of demand for agro-processed exports and for the total of agricultural commodities. From the interpretative analysis and the results of the estimated regressions, the hypothesis formulated in this thesis was confirmed that since 1961, especially from 1991 to 2013, occurred a series of external and internal conditioning to the brazilian economy that led to the great growth of our agricultural and agro-processed production and the surplus of these productions led to the growth of our exports of these products. The thesis shows that among the external conditioning to be examined are the dynamics of world supply and demand for agricultural products, and the dynamics of the main exporting countries and large multinational companies. Among the internal conditioning are the availability of land and technology, the role of agricultural policies and the presence of entrepreneurial farmers.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é medir e testar empiricamente a importância dos choques de oferta e demanda no vigoroso crescimento da agricultura brasileira, ao longo dos últimos trinta anos. Pressupõe-se que a agricultura brasileira tem o seu desempenho, relacionado não apenas a fatores microeconômicos ou setoriais - como tecnologia e condições específicas de mercado e apoio setorial governamental - mas também macroeconômicos: (a) políticas fiscal, monetária/creditícia e cambial e; (b) eventos de ampla repercussão econômica em âmbito nacional e internacional. Nem sempre há uma conjunção claramente favorável ou desfavorável desses fatores de distintas naturezas; assim, por exemplo, a rentabilidade de uma nova tecnologia pode ser prejudicada por uma valorização cambial. Dessa forma métodos especiais são necessários para estimar os efeitos de cada variável. Historicamente a agricultura brasileira sempre teve uma função relevante no que diz respeito ao crescimento econômico do país. A agricultura tinha que crescer em consonância ao crescimento da economia, ou seja, sem que se rompessem de forma severa o equilíbrio interno (nível de preços e grau de abastecimento) e/ou equilíbrio externo (geração de divisas necessárias para financiar importações ou pagamento da dívida externa). Tais equilíbrios nem sempre se verificam simultaneamente, e têm importantes impactos distributivos na economia de modo que: moeda supervalorizada pode ser compatível com abastecimento interno satisfatório, mas desequilíbrio externo grave; um caso como esse, por exemplo, é marcado por forte transferência de renda dos produtores para os consumidores nacionais. A hipótese central deste trabalho é que a maior parte do crescimento da agricultura brasileira, nos últimos trinta anos, pode ser atribuída a dois fatores gerais relacionados a dois tipos de choques sobre a agricultura: de demanda - originado a partir do mercado doméstico (renda) e, também, do mercado externo (taxa de câmbio) e de oferta - relacionado à produtividade do setor agrícola. Ao longo do tempo tanto a produtividade agrícola como a demanda agregada apresentaram tendência crescente; assim, entende-se que se os choques positivos (tendentes a aumentar a produção) de oferta predominarem em relação ao choque positivos de demanda (idem), a agricultura estará cumprindo com folga seu papel. Através da revisão da literatura, é realizado um levantamento sobre a participação da agricultura no equilíbrio macroeconômico do país, cujo interesse é caracterizar os cenários macro e microeconômicos da agricultura. Finalmente, estabelece-se um modelo econométrico, baseado na metodologia de Blanchard e Quah (1989), a fim de se verificar e mensurar os impactos do comportamento das variáveis macroeconômicas e microeconômicas sobre o crescimento da agricultura. Os resultados indicam que tanto os choques de oferta, como os choques de demanda, afetam permanentemente preço e produto agrícolas. As estimativas realizadas permitem concluir que a expansão do produto agrícola é explicado, em grande proporção, pelos aumentos de produtividade. A integração aos mercados internacionais foi essencial para assegurar a lucratividade e adoção contínua de novas tecnologias, que levaram a ganhos de produtividade. / The main objective of this work is to measure and to test empirically the importance of the supply and demand shocks in the vigorous growth of Brazilian agriculture in the last thirty years. We hypothesize that Brazilian agriculture has its performance not only related to the microeconomic factors - such as technology and specific market conditions and governmental support - but also macroeconomic factors: (a) fiscal policies, monetary/credit policies and exchange rate systems and; (b) events of ample economic repercussion in national and international environment. The conjunction of these factors of distinct natures may be either favorable or unfavorable to agriculture; thus, for example, the yield gain de to a new technology can be more than offset by a appreciation of exchange rate. Then, special methods are necessary to estimate the effects of each variable. Historically, the Brazilian agriculture has had a relevant role in Brazil’s economic growth. Agriculture had to grow in accordance to the growth of the economy so that internal balance (level of prices and raw material supply) and external balance (generation of foreign currency) are not severely disrupted. For instance, an overvalued currency can be compatible with satisfactory internal supply at the cost of serious external disequilibria with a strong transference of income from producers to consumers. The central hypothesis of this work is that most of the growth of Brazilian agriculture, in last the thirty years, can be attributed to two general factors related the two types of shocks on agriculture: demand - originated from domestic market (income) and, also, of the external market (exchange rate) and supply - related to the productivity of the agricultural sector. It is understood that if the positive supply shocks (tending to increase production) predominate compared to the demand positive shocks (they idem), agriculture will have fulfilled its role. An econometrical model, based in the methodology of Blanchard e Quah (1989), is defined in order to verify and to measure the impacts of the macroeconomic and microeconomic variables on the growth of agriculture. The results indicate that supply shocks and demand shocks permanently affect agricultural price and output. The expansion of the agricultural output is largely explained by productivity increases. The integration to the international markets was essential to assure the profitability and continuous adoption of new technologies that had taken the productivity profits.