Ce travail porte sur les propriétés des nanocristaux de cellulose, leur modification de surface et le développement de matériaux avancés. Diverses approches sont utilisées sur ces substrats nanométriques visant à modifier leurs propriétés de surface et étendre leur utilisation dans des applications très sophistiquées, telles que la postsulfation et la désulfatation, le greffage et l'adsorption de polymères, l’oxydation sélective, le greffage moléculaire et l'inclusion "hôte-invité". Sur la base de modifications de surface, l'analyse des propriétés (pour différents taux de groupements sulfates) et divers nanomatériaux dérivés des nanocristaux de cellulose sont étudiés et préparés, notamment des nanocristaux sulfatés à différents taux, des nanocomposites extrudés, des éponges biocomposites et des hydrogels supramoléculaires. L'effet d’un gradient de groupements sulfates sur la chimie de surface, la morphologie et les propriétés physiques des nanocristaux de cellulose est discuté et notamment quatre modèles de section transversale sont comparés pour la détermination de la mesure du degré de substitution surfacique des nanocristaux de cellulose. Une stratégie nouvelle de protection impliquant une double couche polymère et la compatibilisation physique et/ou chimique des nanocristaux de cellulose est proposée afin de promouvoir à la fois la stabilité thermique des nanoparticules et la compatibilité des nanocristaux avec des matrices polymères non polaires au cours de la mise en forme par extrusion. En participant àla réticulation pour la construction de matériaux avancés, des nanocristaux de cellulose sélectivement oxydés (et de la cellulose microfibrillée oxydée pour comparaison) sont introduits dans de l'alginate pour développer des éponges biocomposites présentant une meilleure stabilité mécanique et une meilleure stabilité structurelle. Grâce à la conception intelligente par inclusion 'hôte-invité' in situ entre des nanocristaux de cellulose chimiquement modifiés et la cyclodextrine,deux polysaccharides hydrophiles sont combinés dans des hydrogels supramoléculaires pour l'administration de médicaments. En un mot, cette thèse contribue à l’avancée des nanocristaux de cellulose dans les domaines de l'analyse des propriétés et le développement des applications. / The present work focuses on the properties of cellulose nanocrystals, their surface modification and development of advanced materials. Diverse approaches are employed on these nanoscaled substrates aiming to modify their surface properties and extend their use in highly sophisticated applications, such as postsulfation and desulfation, polymer grafting and adsorption, selective oxidation, molecular grafting, and ‘host-guest' inclusion. On the basis of surface modifications, properties analysis (for different sulfate group contents) and various nanomaterials derived from cellulose nanocrystals are investigated and prepared, including gradient sulfated nanocrystals, extruded nanocomposites, biocomposite sponges, and supramolecular hydrogels. The effect of gradient degrees of sulfate groups on cellulose nanocrystals to surface chemistry, morphology and physical properties are discussed, particularly four cross-section models are compared for the determination of the surface degree of substitution on cellulose nanocrystals. A novel strategy involving a double-polymer-layer shield and physical and/or chemical compatibilization of cellulose nanocrystals is proposed, in order to realize both improvement of thermal stability and promotion of compatibility for nanocrystals with non-polar polymeric matrices during processing by melt-extrusion. With the idea of participating as crosslinking aid for the construction of advanced materials, selectively oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (with oxidized microfibrillated cellulose as comparison) are introduced in alginate for the development of biocomposite sponges with improved mechanical stability or structural stability. Through the smart design of in situ ‘host−guest' inclusion between chemically modified cellulose nanocrystals and cyclodextrin, two hydrophilic polysaccharides are combined in supramolecular hydrogels for use as drug delivery. In a word, this dissertation contributes to the advances of cellulose nanocrystals in the topics of property analysis and application development.

Orientador: Edison Bittencourt / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T14:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GarciaPerez_Tsai_M.pdf: 2963014 bytes, checksum: 30b5a0713b9e84c3712f9092b1cb4fcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: o desenvolvimento de tecnologias limpas e eficientes que permitam substituir os métodos tradicionais de tratamento da superficie de materiais poliméricos e metálicos em busca de adesão entre eles é uma importante área de pesquisa na atualidade. As tecnologias de modificação superficial com uso de plasma e radiação ultravioleta apresentam-se como alternativas aos tratamentos convencionais em razão de sua pouca geração de resíduos, à fácil manipulação e à possibilidade de tratar superficies de diferentes geometrias. O presente trabalho estuda os processos de ativação de camadas de Hexametildisiloxano (HMDSO), com o uso de plasma de Argônio, Hidrogênio a baixa pressão e radiação ultravioleta (UV, UV/fotoiniciador e VUV), a fim de aumentar sua energia de superficie e melhorar, conseqüentemente, suas características adesivas. Para isso, realizou-se.~ a deposição de camadas de Hexametildisiloxano sobre placas de alumínio, por deposição química, em fase vapor assistida por plasma (PEVD), a que se seguiu o processo de ativação. Estudou-se ainda a influência dos parâmetros de deposição, processos a plasma de baixa pressão e radiação ultravioleta na funcionalização da superfície. Obteve-se, como resultado, um importante aumento na energia de superficie das camadas depositadas. Por exemplo: após usar plasma de Hidrogênio, o ângulo de contato obtido foi de 5,4°, que equivale a um aumento de energia superficial de 96,82 mN/m. O uso de radiação UVNUV e UV/fotoiniciador permitiu também mC?dificar a superficie do HMDSO; porém, quando comparado ao tratamento com plasma, o aumento obtido nos valores de energia de superficie foi significativamente menor. A natureZa química das modificações foi analisada por espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Dentre os resultados mais importantes na análise por FTIR, observou-se que o plasma de Argônio contribui para a reticulação do filme e lidera a incorporação de funcionalidades de -OH, principalmente pelas reações que acontecem posteriormente com o ar. Quando analisadas as mudanças na morfologia da superficie por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), a análise evidenciou que, no plasma de Argônio, a radiação VUV possui um importante papel na modificação morfológica da camada de HMDSO depositada / Abstract: The development of clean and efficient technologies to replace traditional methods for solid metallic or polymeric surface treatment in processes related to adhesion is a very important area of research. Plasma treatment and ultraviolet radiation are an altemative to accomplish these objectives since they generate very little residues, can be easily manipulated and make possible the treatment of surfaces with different geometries. The activation of Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) layers with the use of low pressure Argon plasma, low pressure Hydrogen plasma and ultraviolet radiation (UV, UV/photo initiator and VUV) was carried out. The goal was to increase surface energy consequently, improving the adhesive characteristics of these surfaces. The deposition of Hexamethyldisiloxane layers on aluminium plates, in a first step, was achieved by chemical deposition in vapour phase assisted by plasma (PEVD). The activation process with plasma and ultraviolet radiation followed as a second treatment. The influence of operation parameters over the properties of functionalized surfaces treated with plasma and UV radiation were studied. An important increase on the surface energy of deposited layers was observed. For example, the contact angle measured with de-ionized water was reduced to 5,4° when using the Hydrogen plasma treatment. It was equivalent to an increase in surface energy of 96,82 mN/m. The use of UVNUV radiation and UV/photo-initiator also modify . the surface of HMDSO, however, the increase in the surface energy was smaller. than those observed with plasma treatment. The chemical nature of modified surfaces was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The Argon plasma contributes to the film reticulation, and leads the incorporation of - OH functionalities, resulting from reactions with air. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) suggest that, inside of Argon plasma, the VUV radiation possess an important role in the morphologic modification of the HMDSO deposited layer / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Esta dissertação descreve a construção e avaliação de um detector para fase líquida utilizando cristal piezelétrico de quartzo (PQC) (3,579545MHz) com a configuração de eletrodos separados. A cela de detecção possui dois eletrodos de latão, que foram posicionados a uma pequena distância (cerca de alguns décimos de milímetros) da superfície do cristal, cujos eletrodos de prata originais foram removidos. Um dos espaços existentes entre os eletrodos e o PQC é preenchido com ar e o outro com um líquido, o qual pode fluir pela cela. Os eletrodos são conectados a um oscilador, cuja freqüência de oscilação é medida através de um freqüencímetro interfaceado a um microcomputador. O detector foi caracterizado, no que se refere à influência da condutividade, densidade, viscosidade e vazão da solução, que flui pela cela, na freqüência de oscilação do PQC. Foi estudado também, com o auxílio de um analisador de impedâncias, o comportamento do módulo e do ângulo de fase da impedância elétrica oferecida pela cela de detecção para a variação das propriedades reológicas, mencionadas anteriormente, da solução. Para testar o arranjo como sensor gravimétrico em um sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo (FIA), foram desenvolvidos dois métodos de silanização da superfície do cristal, um envolvendo o reagente trimetilclorosilano (TCS) e outro utilizando o composto N-(β-aminoetil)-γ-aminopropiltrimetoxisilano (AEAPTS). Os PQCs silanizados com o TCS foram testados para a detecção de compostos orgânicos (clorofórmio e acetona), enquanto os outros cristais, silanizados com AEAPTS, foram utilizados para detecção de íons metálicos. Para esses últimos PQCs notou-se uma boa sensibilidade para íons Cu2+, com os quais conseguiu-se um límite de detecção de aproximadamente 20µM. / This work describes the construction and evaluation of a liquid-phase detector using a piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) (3,579545 MHz) with separated electrodes. The detection cell has two brass electrodes, which were placed at a small distance (a tenth of millimeters) from the crystal surface, whose original silver electrodes were removed. One of the gaps between the crystal and the electrodes is filled with air, while the other one is filled with a liquid, which flows through the cell. The electrodes are connected to an oscillator, whose oscillation frequency is measured by a frequency counter interfaced to a microcomputer. The influence of the conductivity, density, viscosity and flow rate of the solution on the PQC oscillation frequency was determined. The behavior of the impedance of the cell and its phase angle as a function of the previously mentioned reologic properties ofthe solution were also studied using an impedance analyzer. Two methods for the silanization of the crystal surface, using trimethylchlorosilane (TCS) and N-(β-aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AEAPTS), were developed to test the assembly as a gravimetric sensor in a flow injection analysis system. The TCS-silanized PQCs were tested for the detection of organic compounds (chloroform and acetone), while the AEAPTS-silanized PQC were used for the detection of metallíc íons. These last PQC showed a good sensibility to Cu2+ ions, for which a limit of detection of about 20µM was obtained.

Cristais piezelétricos de quartzo (PQC\'s) com configuração de eletrodo separado e superfície quimicamente modificada foram utilizados para obtenção de um sensor para boro. Uma cela de detecção foi construída, de maneira que um eletrodo de aço inoxidável era mantido a uma pequena distância (0,3 mm) da superfície do PQC, da qual foi removido o eletrodo de ouro original. Foi verificado,por espectroscopia de impedância, medidas de freqüência de oscilação e simulações de espectros de impedância do circuito equivalente da cela, que as propriedades físico-químicas (condutividade, permissividade, densidade e viscosidade) das soluções influenciam de modo diferenciado as freqüências características da cela (ressonância e oscilação). Com o intuito de tomar a superfície sem eletrodo do PQC seletiva a boro, foram experimentadas várias estratégias de modificação química, as quais tinham por objetivo imobilizar polióis (manitol e N-metilglucamina) através de reações de silanização ou deposição de polímeros modificados. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o recobrimento do PQC com um filme fino (0,1 a 0,5 µm) de um polímero resultante da modificação da poliepicloridrina com N-metilglucamina (NG). O sensor para boro foi avaliado em um sistema de análises por injeção em fluxo (FIA), em que a solução transportadora era uma solução de etilenodiaminotetraacetato disódico (EDTA) 50 mmol/L (pH 8,5). Observou-se que o mecanismo de resposta desse sensor era predominantemente não-gravimétrico, devido a um aumento de rigidez do filme de recobrimento, causado pela complexação do boro pelos grupos NG ancorados ao polímero. Além disso, o sensor apresenta uma característica bastante interessante que é a retenção do boro, o que possibilita uma diminuição do limite de detecção (LD) em FIA, por meio do aumento do volume de amostra injetado. Para remover o boro do filme sensor, era injetada uma solução de manitol 1 mol/L. Para volumes injetados de 160 e 1000 µL de solução de borato foram alcançados LD\'s de 2 e 0,3 /-lmol/L, respectivamente. É possível detectar até 3 ng do analito presentes no volume de amostra injetado. O efeito de vários prováveis íons interferentes (Mg 2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fé3+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, HPO42-, SiO32-, F-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, CH3COO-, CO32-, VO3-, Sb(OH)6- AsO4-, AsO3-, SeO3-, SeO4- e Ge(OH) 62-)foram avaliados, porém apenas o íon germanato apresentou significativa interferência, tanto que o sensor também foi considerado adequado para a determinação dessa espécie. A adição de sulfeto à amostra eliminou completamente a interferência do germânio. A não interferência dos íons metálicos é devida à complexação dos mesmos por EDTA presente na solução transportadora. Foi constatado que a presença de polióis, em alta concentração, na amostra afeta a resposta do sensor, uma vez que esses compostos competem com o filme sensor pelo analito. Os resultados obtidos com o sensor encorajaram a construção de um equipamento automatizado de FIA, o qual foi empregado com sucesso na determinação de boro em amostras de águas minerais, sucos de uva, vinagre, vinho e amostra certificada de água de rio. / Piezoelectric quartz crystals (PQC\'s) with electrode-separated configuration and chemically modified surface were used to develop a boron sensor. A detection cell was built in such a way that a stainless-steel electrode was held at a short distance (0.3 mm) from the PQC surface, whose original gold electrode was removed. By using impedance spectroscopy, oscillation frequency measurements, and simulations of impedance spectra of the cell equivalent circuit, it was observed that the physico-chemical properties (conductivity, permissivity, density and viscosity) of the solution affect in different ways the characteristic frequencies of the cell (resonance and oscillation). In order to make the electrodeless PQC surface selective to boron, several chemical modification strategies were tested with the aim of anchoring poliols (manitol and N-metilglucamine) via silanization reactions or deposition of modified polymers. Best results were obtained with PQC coated with a thin film (0.1 to 0.5 µm) of a polymer, which was the product of the polyepichlorohydrin modification with N-methylglucamine (NG). The sensor was evaluated in a flow injection analysis system (FIA), which used a carrier solution containing disodic ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) 50 mmol/L (pH 8.5). It was observed that the mechanism of detection of this sensor is predominantly nongravimetric, owing to an increase in the stiffness of the covering film, because of the complex formation involving boron and the NG groups, which were incorporated in the polymer. Moreover, the sensor shows an interesting characteristic that is the boron retention, which allows decreasing the limit of detection (LOD) of the FIA method by increasing the injected sample volume. Boron is eluted from the sensor film with 1 mol/L manitol solution. For 160 and 1000 µL volumes of borate solution, the LOD\'s were 2 and 0.3 µmol/L, respectively. It is possible to detect down to 3 ng of boron in the injected sample volume. The effect of several ions (Mg 2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fé3+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, HPO42-, SiO32-, F-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, CH3COO-, CO32-, VO3-, Sb(OH)6-\' AsO4-, AsO3-, SeO3-, SeO4- e Ge(OH) 62-) was evaluated. Only the germanate ion showed a significant interference, thus, the sensor can also be suitable for this species. However, this interference can be eliminated by the addition of sulfide to the sample. The non-interference of the metal ions is due to the complex formation with EDTA present in the carrier solution. Polyols at high concentration in the samples affect the sensor response, because these compounds compete with the sensor film for the analyte. An automated FIA equipment was built and successfully applied for determination of boron in samples such as mineral water, grape juice, vinegar, wine, and a standard reference material (river water).

Orientador: Maria do Carmo Gonçalves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T19:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeFarias_MarceloAlexandre_D.pdf: 6813625 bytes, checksum: 734f14c74ec0690013d0549463dd8b09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O principal objetivo desta tese consiste na síntese de nanopartículas de prata e de sílica e sua posterior modificação de superfície. Visando atribuir um caráter hidrofóbico às nanopartículas, sintetizou-se o copolímero em bloco de poliestireno-bloco-poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona) (PS-b-PVP), via técnicas de polimerização radicalar controlada. A metodologia utilizada produziu copolímeros de PS-b-PVP com baixa polidispersidade e massa molar controlada, capazes de estabilizar a emulsão de água em clorofórmio. Nanopartículas de prata (AgNP) produzidas à temperatura ambiente exibiram diâmetros médios de 8 e 11 nm, utilizando PVP ou PS-b-PVP como agentes estabilizantes, respectivamente. Nanopartículas de sílica (SiO2NP) foram sintetizadas pelo método de Stöber e apresentaram diâmetros aproximados de 40, 80 e 150 nm. Também foram utilizadas SiO2NP comerciais, que apresentaram duas populações com diâmetros médios de 12 e 25 nm, além de aglomerados. Por este motivo, a adsorção de PVP ou de PS-b-PVP à superfície das SiO2NP só foi caracterizada adequadamente com as SiO2NP sintetizadas. Mapas elementares de carbono, obtidos por imagem espectroscópica de elétrons (ESI-TEM) de dispersões de AgNP ou SiO2NP, mostraram que ambas as nanopartículas tiveram sua superfície modificada por PVP ou PS-b-PVP. Adicionalmente, as nanopartículas foram incorporadas em matrizes de poliestireno-bloco-polibutadieno-bloco-poliestireno (SBS) para produção de nanocompósitos. Observou-se por espalhamento de raios X de baixo ângulo (SAXS) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) que filmes de SBS puros apresentaram elevado grau de auto-organização da microestrutura de cilindros empacotados hexagonalmente, devido às condições de tratamento térmico e de casting utilizadas. Os nanocompósitos contendo SiO2NP apresentaram o mesmo comportamento termomecânico que a matriz de SBS, embora perturbações na microestrutura da matriz tenham sido observadas. Imagens de microscopia de força Kelvin mostraram a presença de domínios com potenciais elétricos distintos, indicando a ocorrência de uma forte interação entre o SBS e as AgNP/PS-b-PVP. Análises de DMA e TEM sugeriram que as AgNP/PS-b-PVP apresentaram maior interação com os cilindros de PS da matriz de SBS, em comparação com as AgNP/PVP. O conjunto de resultados obtidos neste trabalho indica que foi possível modificar superficialmente as nanopartículas inorgânicas empregando o copolímero PS-b-PVP / Abstract: The main objective of this thesis is the synthesis and surface modification of silver and silica nanoparticles. Aiming towards a hydrophobic character for the nanoparticles, the polystyrene-block-poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PS-b-PVP) amphiphilic block copolymer was synthesized by controlled radical techniques. This methodology produced PS-b-PVP block copolymers with low polydispersity and controlled molar mass, which are able to stabilize water/chloroform emulsions. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) produced at room temperature showed 8 and 11 nm mean diameters when using PVP or PS-b-PVP, respectively. Silica nanoparticles (SiO2NP) synthesized by Stöber method showed 40, 80 and 150 nm mean diameters. Commercial SiO2NP was also used and presented two populations with mean diameters of 12 and 25 nm, as well as agglomerates. The adequate characterization of PVP or PS-b-PVP adsorption onto SiO2NP surfaces was only possible using the SiO2NP obtained by the Stöber method. Carbon maps, obtained by electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI-TEM) showed that AgNP and SiO2NP were both surface modified by PVP or PS-b-PVP. Additionally, the nanoparticles were incorporated into polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene (SBS) matrices to produce nanocomposites. Small angle X ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that SBS films presented a high self-assembly degree of the hexagonally packed cylinder due to annealing and casting conditions. Similar thermal-mechanical behavior was observed for the nanocomposites containing SiO2NP in relation to pure SBS, although perturbations in the SBS microstructure had also been observed. Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) showed domains with different electrical potentials, indicating a strong interaction between SBS and AgNP/PS-b-PVP. DMA and TEM analysis suggested that AgNP/PS-b-PVP interacted preferentially with SBS matrix PS cylinders. The results obtained in this work indicate that the inorganic nanoparticle surfaces were successfully modified by the PS-b-PVP copolymer / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Oberflächenmodifikation von Nanodiamanten (ND) aus der Detonationssynthese und die anschließende Konjugation von einzel- bzw. doppelsträngiger DNA an die zuvor eingeführten funktionellen Gruppen. Als Ausgangsmaterialien wurden zwei Nanodiamantpulver mit unbekannter Oberflächenbelegung eingesetzt, deren Charakterisierung durch elektronenmikroskopische Methoden erfolgte. Weiterhin wurden kommerziell modifizierte ND mit definierter Oberflächenbelegung (Amino- und Hydroxylgruppen) verwendet. Für potenzielle Anwendungen von ND wird eine monofunktionale Oberfläche angestrebt, die u. a. über Oxidation oder Reduktion der durch den Herstellungsprozess eingeführten primären funktionellen Gruppen realisiert werden kann. Die dadurch erzeugten sekundären Funktionen ermöglichen die kovalente bzw. nichtkovalente Anbindung weiterer Substanzen, z. B. von Biomolekülen, an die Oberflächen der ND-Partikel. Die hier beschriebene Konjugation von DNA, an die mit Carboxyl-, Hydroxyl- oder Aminogruppen modifizierten Partikeloberflächen, erfolgte durch die Generierung von Amid-, Phosphodiester- und Isoharnstoffbindungen. Der Erfolg der Konjugationen wurde mit Hilfe von Infrarotspektroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie untersucht. Die Fluoreszenz der Konjugate beruhte dabei auf Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen, die an die DNA-Moleküle gebunden waren. Darüber hinaus wird die Herstellung einer kolloidalen ND-Suspension beschrieben, von der die Partikelgrößen und das Zeta-Potenzial bestimmt wurden. Kolloidale Suspensionen ermöglichen aufgrund der geringen Partikelgrößen diverse biologische und medizinische Anwendungen von ND. Mit den hier präsentierten Ergebnissen erweitert sich der Kenntnisstand zur Konjugation von DNA an ND aus der Detonationssynthese. Die angewandte Methodik kann ebenso auf andere Substanzen wie Proteine oder Chemotherapeutika übertragen werden. Derart funktionalisierte Partikel besitzen ein großes Potenzial für die weitere Anwendung in der Biomedizin und Nanotechnologie. / The present study deals with the surface modification of nanodiamonds (ND) from detonation synthesis and the subsequent conjugation of both single and double stranded DNA to previously introduced functional groups. As starting materials two kinds of nanodiamond powders with unknown surface configuration were used. Both types of ND were characterized by electron-microscopic methods. Furthermore, commercially modified ND with defined surface configuration (amino and hydroxyl groups) were applied. Potential applications of ND require a mono-functional surface, that can be realized e. g. via oxidation or reduction of the primary functional groups introduced during the production process. The thereby generated secondary functions permit the covalent or non-covalent linking of further substances onto the surfaces of ND particles. Conjugation of DNA, as described here, onto the carboxyl-, hydroxyl- or aminomodified particle surfaces was accomplished by generating of amino, phosphodiester and isourea bonds. The success of conjugations has been examined by infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence of conjugates based on fluorescent dyes bound to the DNA molecules. Furthermore, the fabrication of a colloidal ND suspension is described, of which the particle sizes and the Zeta potential have been determined. Colloidal suspensions facilitate various biological and medical applications of ND on the basis of low particle sizes. The presented results enlarge the state of knowledge about the conjugation of DNA on ND from detonation synthesis. The applied methodology may also be transferred to other substances like proteins or chemotherapeutics. In this way, functionalized particles have a big potential for further application in biomedicine and nanotechnology.

Les chambres implantables sont des dispositifs médicaux utilisés pour l’'administration de produits de chimiothérapie et/ou de nutrition parentérale. Comme la plupart des implants médicaux, ces dispositifs peuvent être à l’'origine d’infections nosocomiales. L’'objectif de la thèse a été d’'étudier la contribution des modifications physico-chimiques de surface de matériaux à base de titane sur l’'adhérence de microorganismes. Des surfaces présentant différentes caractéristiques ont été élaborées et l’'adhérence de la bactérie Staphylococcus aureus et de la levure Candida albicans a été testée in vitro en conditions statiques. Des surfaces modèles de TiO2 présentant des rugosités à l’'échelle du nanomètre et du micromètre ont été élaborées avec des wafers de silicium revêtues d’'un film mince d’'oxyde de titane déposé par pulvérisation cathodique. Des surfaces d’'alliages de titane grade 2 et grade 5 ont été modifiées par polissage, sablage ou électroérosion, créant différentes morphologies. Il est apparu que le nombre de microorganismes adhérents changeait certes avec la rugosité, mais était fonction de la morphologie de surface des matériaux et de la taille du microorganisme. Des surfaces lisses de TiO2 ont ensuite été fonctionnalisées par greffage moléculaire pour modifier le caractère hydrophile/hydrophobe de surface. L’'étude de l’'adsorption de protéines du plasma sanguin, par QCM, a permis de mieux expliquer l’'adhérence de bactéries et de levures sur ces surfaces. L’'influence de la nutrition parentérale et des produits de chimiothérapie sur les surfaces a aussi été étudiée afin de se rapprocher des conditions d’'utilisation des chambres implantables. / Totally implantable venous-access ports are medical devices used for the administration of chemotherapy drugs and/or parenteral nutrition. Infections can occur and it is indispensable in modern-day medical practice to prevent and reduce the rare infectious complications. In this context, the goal of this work was to study the contribution of the modification of physico-chemical properties of titanium based surfaces on the adherence of microorganisms. Surfaces with different characteristics were produced and the adherence of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Candida albicans was studied in vitro in static conditions. Model surfaces made of titanium dioxide with roughness from nanometer to micrometer were elaborated using silicon wafers recovered with a thin film of titanium dioxide deposited by plasma vapor deposition. Titanium alloy surfaces (Ti grade 2 and Ti grade 5) were modified by polishing, grit-blasting or wire erosion, to create different surface morphologies. In vitro studies were performed and it was found that the number of adhering microorganisms changed with roughness, but more importantly with the surface morphology of the biomaterials and microorganisms size. Flat titanium dioxide thin films were then functionalized by molecular grafting to modify the hydrophobicity of the surface. Study of plasma protein adsorption, by QCM, allowed to better explain the adherence of bacteria and yeast onto these surfaces. The influence of parenteral nutrition and chemotherapy drugs was also studied in order to better approach the real conditions of totally implantable venous-access ports.

To form Cu interconnects, dual-damascene techniques like chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) and post-CMP became inevitable for removing the "overburden" Cu and for planarizing the wafer surface. During the CMP processing, Cu interconnects and barrier metal layers experience different electrochemical interactions depending on the slurry composition, pH, and ohmic contact with adjacent metal layers that would set corrosion process. Ruthenium as a replacement of existing diffusion barrier layer will require extensive investigation to eliminate or control the corrosion process during CMP and post CMP. Bimetallic corrosion process was investigated in the ammonium citrate (a complexing agent of Cu in CMP solutions) using micro test patterns and potentiodynamic measurements. The enhanced bimetallic corrosion of copper observed is due to noble behavior of the ruthenium metal. Cu formed Cu(II)-amine and Cu(II)-citrate complexes in alkaline and acidic solutions and a corrosion mechanism has been proposed. The currently used metallization process (PVD, CVD and ALD) require ultra-high vacuum and are expensive. A novel method of Si surface metallization process is discussed that can be achieved at room temperature and does not require ultra-high vacuum. Ruthenation of Si surface through strong Si-Ru covalent bond formation is demonstrated using different ruthenium carbonyl compounds. RBS analysis accounted for monolayer to sub-monolayer coverage of Si surface. Interaction of other metal carbonyl (like Fe, Re, and Rh) is also discussed. The silicon (111) surface modifications with vinyl terminated organic compounds were investigated to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and there after these surfaces were further functionalized. Acrylonitrile and vinylbenzophenone were employed for these studies. Ketone group of vinylbenzophenone anchored to Si surface demonstrated reactivity with reducing and oxidizing agents.

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This paper deals with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) and its use in tissue engineering of vascular wall. During the work interaction of endothelial cells with the modified fibrin-based biomaterial into which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A121) has been incorporated was monitored. This modification supported the adhesion and growth of endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-A121 is signal glycoprotein that activates transmembrane receptors on endothelial cells. VEGF-A121 is a key regulator in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration and survival of endothelial cells. In this work, this protein was heterologously expressed at a thioredoxin fusion partner in an expression system of E. coli Origami B (DE3). Recombinant VEGF-A121 was additionally coexpressed with bacterial chaperones GroEL/GroES for potential increase of its solubility and biological activity. In the next part of this work thin fibrin network was prepared by catalytic action of thrombin on the polystyrene-bound monolayer of fibrinogen. This network has been further enriched by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A121), which was covalently incorporated in it by enzyme activity of transglutaminase (factor XIIIa). The last...