Les sols contaminés par les polluants organiques hydrophobes tels que les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAPs) constituent un problème majeur puisqu'ils sont difficilement éliminés et leurs impacts toxicologiques restent significatifs. Comme alternative aux procédés thermiques et physiques traditionnels, les procédés de lavages de sol in situ et ex situ apparaissent être une solution envisageable et efficace et particulièrement pour les fortes pollutions. Cependant, le traitement des solutions fortement chargées de lavages de sol est une autre barrière à surmonter. Une nouvelle approche combinée est proposée pour répondre à ce problème: les procédés de lavages de sol in situ/ex situ combinés à un Procédé Electrochimique d'Oxydation Avancée Electrochimique (PEOA) avec possibilité de recirculer l'effluent (pour réutiliser l'agent extractant) et/ou de combiner avec un post-traitement biologique (pour minimiser le coût énergétique).L'efficacité d'extraction de l'agent extractant tel que l'hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrine (HPCD) est comparé au traditionnel tensioactif non-ionique dénommé Tween 80, dans les solutions synthétiques et réelles de lavages de sol. Une nouvelle méthode sensible d'analyse du Tween 80, basée sur la fluorescence, est développée pour suivre l'oxydation du Tween 80. Deux PEOAs sont comparés : l'électro-Fenton (EF) et l'oxydation anodique (OA). Les anodes de platine (Pt) (dans le procédé EF) et de diamant dopés au bore (BDD) (dans les deux procédés) sont respectivement utilisées pour étudier la recirculation des effluents et la possibilité d'une combinaison avec un post-traitement biologique. Concernant la réutilisation des agents extractants, l'évolution de la biodégradabilité des solutions et l'énergie consommée (en kWh (kg COT)-1) pendant les PEAOs testés, l'HPCD est trouvée être plus avantageuse que le Tween 80. En revanche, en terme d'efficacité d'extraction, de coût des agents extractants et d'impact sur la respirométrie du sol, le Tween 80 paraît être plus avantageux. En prenant en compte tous ces avantages et inconvénients, le Tween 80 pourrait être retenu comme la meilleure solution / Soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common concern since they are extremely difficult to remove and their potential toxicological impacts are significant. As an alternative to traditional thermal or physical treatments, soil washing and soil flushing processes appear to be conceivable and efficient approaches, especially for higher level of pollution. However, the treatment of highly loaded soil washing/flushing solutions is another challenge to overcome. In that way, a new integrated approach is suggested: soil washing/flushing processes combined to an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) in a combination with a recirculation loop (to save extracting agents) and/or a biological post-treatment step (to minimize energy cost).Extraction efficiency of the extracting agent like hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) is compared to the traditional non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 in synthetic and real soil washing solutions. A new simple fluorescent sensitive and selective quantification method is developed to monitor Tween 80 oxidation. Two EAOPs were compared: electro-Fenton (EF) and anodic oxidation (AO). Platinum (Pt) (in EF process) and boron doped diamond (BDD) (in both treatment) anodes are the respective electrodes employed to recycle effluents and to consider a biological post-treatment, respectively. Regarding the extracting agent recovery, the biodegradability evolution of effluent and the energy consumption (in kWh (kgTOC)-1) during EAOP, HPCD is more advantageous than Tween 80. However, in terms of extraction efficiency, costs of extracting agents and impact on soil respirometry, Tween 80 is much more efficient. By considering all these advantages and drawbacks, Tween 80 could still appear to be the best option

Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-06T01:11:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 106.pdf: 3009480 bytes, checksum: 3073b80b6df5fc1810662a9fd636a233 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / As normas utilizadas na avaliaçäo de lançamento de esgotos, NT-202, DZ-205 e DZ-215, foram utilizadas, para verificar se os esgotos domésticos, portanto de origem näo industrial, realmente mantêm esta condiçäo nos dias atuais, década de 90 e com cinqüenta anos de evoluçäo da industria química. O esgoto bruto, estudado, representativo de uma populaçäo de 4000 habitantes, apresentou uma carga orgânica unitária de 98 g/hab.d, maior do que a prevista pela DZ-215, que é de 54 g/hab.d. A concentraçäo de MBAS encontrada, de 6,09 mg/l, é maior que a concentraçäo permitida pela NT-202 para o lançamento industrial, na rede de esgotos, que é de 2,0 mg/l; implica num consumo percapita de surfactante de 2,9 g/hab.d, contra 4,0g/hab.d previstos na Europa Ocidental (Painter & Zabel, 1988) e 4,5 g/hab.d em Owlwood, U.K (Holt, et al., 1995). Os metais pesquisados estäo todos abaixo dos valores preconizados pela NT-202. O cádmio foi o que registrou maior percentual comparado com limite exigido, 29 por cento , seguido igualmente do chumbo e do zinco com 18 por cento, e, ainda, a maior variaçäo percentual de crescimento do consumo percapita. Esse crescimento poderia ser uma tendência ligada ao consumo exagerado, quer por desperdício ou excesso de oferta de produtos, somado, provavelmente, ao controle inadequado desses elementos nos produtos. A relaçäo DBO/DQ, de referência para a NT-205 (FEEMA, 1991) como indicativo da necessidade de implantaçäo de sistema de pré-tratamento de controle de carga orgânica näo-biodegradável, a ser lançada na rede de esgotos, por uma atividade poluidora industrial. Essas tendências devem ser consideradas, para que se busque formas de controle aplicáveis aos esgotos domésticos, ante a expectativa de mais alteraçöes futuras. A carga industrial, pontual, pode ser devidamente controlada para näo agredir o meio ambiente, ou, aos cofres públicos, com demandas näo previstas para as ETE'S. O controle de uma carga difusa - esgoto doméstico - formada pelos mais variados produtos domissanitários, cosméticos e de higiene, exigirá, num futuro próximo, outras formas de controle, para que näo atinja valores que venha a comprometer o tratamento municipal de esgotos e o meio ambiente. / The FEEMA regulations to valuation sewers throwing, NT-202, DZ-205 and DZ-215, were used in order to verify if the domestic sewers, thus of non-industrial origin, really maintain this condition nowadays, in the ninety’s, and with fifty years of evolution of chemical industry. The raw sewer, up in this work, representative of a population of 4.000 inhabitants, presented an unitary organic load of 98 g/cap.d, larger than that expected by DZ-215, that is of 54g/cap.d. The founded MBAS concentration, of 6.09 mg/l, is larger than the NT-202 standard concentration for industrial throwing in the sewerage system, that is of 2.0 mg/l. This imply in a “per capita” surfactant consumption of 2.9 g/cap.d, against 4.0 g/cap.d foreseen in the Western Europe (Painter & Zabel, 1988) and 4.5 g/cap.d in Owlwood, U.K. (Holt, et al, 1995). The researched metals are all lower than the NT-202 standardized values. The cadmium was the one that recorded the larger percentage, compared with the required standard values, 29%, followed equally by lead and zinc with 18%, and yet, the larger percentage variation of “per capita” consumption increase. This increase could be a tendency associated to an excessive consumption, that by wastefulness or a surplus in the products supply, probably added to the inadequate control of these elements in the products. The found average relation BOD/QOD was 0.6 ± 0.17mg/l. The relation BOD/QOD was 2.3±0.7mg/l, having reached in some samples a value higher than 4:1, which value is the background to indicate the necessity of introduction of pre-treatment system (FEEMA, NT-205) as an indicative to control a non-biodegradable organic load, to be thrown in the sewerage system, by an industrial polluter activity. This tendency must be considerate in order to search control lines to be applied in domestic sewers, foreseeing further future changes. The industrial load, can be properly controlled for d’ont pollute the environment or give rise to public costs, with contests unforeseen loads for the ETE’s. The control of a diffuse load - domestic sewer - composed of the most varied household, cosmetics and hygienic products, will demand, in the near future, other lines of control, to the effect of do not reach values that could compromise the municipal sewers treatment and the environment.

Cette thèse vise à comprendre l’effet des dynamiques des micelles de copolymères sur leurs propriétés rhéologiques. En effet les copolymères amphiphiles peuvent s'auto-assembler dans l’eau pour former diverses microstructures micellaires sphériques, cylindriques ou lamellaires. Leur dynamique est un paramètre crucial pour définir leur spectre d’applications, en particulier dans le transport de médicaments et dans la synthèse de matériaux méso-structurés. Les micelles se structurent en continu: elles peuvent se former et se dissocier en monomères, se fusionner ou se fragmenter. Nous avons développé une méthode basée sur la fluorescence pour sonder directement les dynamiques micellaires collectives de fusion et de fission dans un bon nombre de copolymères triblocs de la famille PEO-PPO-PEO. Cette thèse se concentre sur l'étude des systèmes micellaires formés par des copolymères triblocs (tensioactifs non ioniques) et les tensioactifs cationiques à des concentrations et des températures où micelles sphériques et micelles cylindriques sont formées. De telles structures peuvent être formées spontanément lorsque le système est soumis à des conditions appropriées de concentration et de température ou à l'induction entre elles en ajoutant des sels inorganiques ou organiques, ou en appliquant des contraintes de cisaillement au système tensioactif/eau.La technique de diffusion de la lumière dynamique (DLS) a été utilisée pour évaluer la transition de la structure dans des solutions micellaires en changeant la température du système et de la structure du système correspondant à des conditions de concentration - température.Des expériences de relaxation de contraintes ont été effectuées où l’assouplissement temporaire de contrainte est mesuré après une déformation instantanée dans des solutions aqueuses de P103. Les temps de relaxation (ou taux) sont comparés avec ceux obtenus par diffusion de la lumière et de leur rapport à la taille des micelles est montré. La relaxation des contraintes présente le comportement de Maxwell. Les temps de relaxation ont montré la dépendance de la température avec des comportements caractéristiques des régimes de micelles sphériques et allongées respectivement.Dans ce travail, nous étudions également le système micellaire CTAnFB avec n la substitution de fluor en positions ortho (F: 2), meta (F: 3) et para (F: 4), à savoir les systèmes CTAortoFB/, CTAmetaFB/eau et CTAparaFB/eau à des concentrations diluées. Nous présentons aussi une étude de la dynamique de la simulation moléculaire de l'hydratation de tensioactifs ortho-, méta- et para-fluorobenzoate et son effet sur la formation de micelles.Nous avons étudié l'effet des contre-ions organiques hydrotropes, 2-, 3- et 4-fluorobenzoïque (2FB-, 3FB- et 4FB-, respectivement) sur le comportement d'épaississement par cisaillement de solutions aqueuses micellaires de micelles en forme de tige de leurs sels avec des cations de cétyltriméthylammonium (CTA2FB, CTA3FB et CTA4FB).Ce travail a contribué à la compréhension de la synergie entre la structure, la dynamique micellaire et la rhéologie dans cette famille de copolymère. / This thesis aims to understand the effect of the dynamics of copolymer micelles on their rheological properties. Indeed amphiphilic copolymers can self-assemble in water to form various micellar microstructures spherical, cylindrical or lamellar. Their dynamic is a critical parameter to define their range of applications, particularly in the transport of drugs and in the synthesis of mesostructured materials. Micelles are structured continuous: they can form and dissociate into monomers, merge or fragment. We have developed a method based on fluorescence to probe directly collective micellar dynamics of fusion and fission in a number of triblock copolymers of PEO -PPO -PEO family.This thesis focuses on the study of micellar systems formed by triblock copolymers (nonionic surfactants) and cationic surfactants at concentrations and temperatures where spherical micelles and rod like micelles are formed. Such structures may be formed spontaneously when the system is subjected to appropriate conditions of concentration and temperature or to the induction of these by adding inorganic or organic salts, or by applying shear stresses to the surfactant/water system.The technique of dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to evaluate the transition of the structure in micellar solutions by changing the temperature and the structure of the system itself at given concentration - temperature conditions.Stress relaxation experiments were performed where temporary relaxation of stress is measured after a momentary deflection in aqueous solutions of P103. The relaxation times (or rate) are compared with those obtained by light scattering and their relation to the size of the micelles is shown. The stress relaxation presented a Maxwelian behavior. The relaxation times showed temperature dependence with characteristic behavior schemes for elongated and spherical micelles respectively.In this work, we also study the micellar system CTAnFB where “n” is substitution of fluorine in the ortho position (F:2) meta ( F:3) and para (F:4), namely CTAortoFB/water CTAmetaFB/water and CTAparaFB/water systems in diluted concentrations. We presented a study of molecular dynamics simulation of the hydration of ortho-, meta-, para- Fluorobenzoate surfactants and its effect on the formation of micelles.The effect of hydrotropes organic counterions , 2- , 3- and 4- fluorobenzoic acid (2FB-, 3FB- and 4FB-, respectively), the shear thickening behavior of aqueous micellar solutions of rod like micelles thereof salts with cations of cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA2FB, CTA3FB and CTA4FB ) were studied.This work has contributed to the understanding of the synergy between the structure, dynamics and rheology of micellar in this family of copolymer.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCMS.pdf: 1022234 bytes, checksum: 6525fbcf6f201d09af59285b78bcba6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-18 / Naphthenic lubricating oils are used in transformers with the purpose of promoting electrical insulation and dissipating heat. The working temperature range of these oils typically lies between 60?C and 90?C and their useful life is 40 years in average. In that temperature range, the oils are decomposed during operation, whereby a small fraction of polar compounds are formed. The presence of these compounds may induce failure and loss of physical, chemical and electrical properties of the oil, thus impairing the transformer operation. By removing these contaminants, one allows the oxidized insulating oil to be reused without damaging the equipment. In view of this, an investigation on the use of surfactants and microemulsions as extracting agents, and modified diatomite as adsorbent, has been proprosed in this work aiming to remove polar substances detected in oxidized transformer oils. The extraction was carried out by a simple-contact technique at room temperature. The system under examination was stirred for about 10 minutes, after which it was allowed to settle at 25?C until complete phase separation. In another experimental approach, adsorption equilibrium data were obtained by using a batch system operating at temperatures of 60, 80 and 100?C. Analytical techniques involving determination of the Total Acidity Number (TAN) and infrared spectrophotometry have been employed when monitoring the decomposition and recovery processes of the oils. The acquired results indicated that the microemulsion extraction system comprising Triton? X114 as surfactant proved to be more effective in removing polar compounds, with a decrease in TAN index from 0.19 to 0.01 mg KOH/g, which is consistent with the limits established for new transformer oils (maximal TAN = 0.03 mg KOH/g). In the adsorption studies, the best adsorption capacity values were as high as 0.1606 meq.g/g during conventional adsoprtion procedures using natural bauxite, and as high as 0.016 meq.g/g for the system diatomite/Tensiofix? 8426. Comparatively in this case, a negative effect could be observed on the adsorption phenomenon due to microemulsion impregnation on the surface of the diatomite / ?leos lubrificantes naft?nicos s?o usados em transformadores tem com a finalidade de promover um isolamento el?trico e agir como fonte dissipadora de calor. A temperatura de trabalho destes ?leos est? entre 60 a 90?C e sua vida ?til ? de em m?dia 40 anos. Nesta temperatura, durante o servi?o, ocorre a degrada??o do ?leo, onde uma pequena fra??o de compostos polares ? formada. A presen?a desta fra??o pode provocar falhas e a perda das propriedades f?sicas, qu?micas e el?tricas do ?leo, impossibilitando o uso do transformador. A remo??o destes compostos permite que o ?leo isolante oxidado possa ser novamente utilizado, sem causar preju?zo ao equipamento. Nestes contexto, este trabalho prop?e-se a investigar a utiliza??o de tensoativos e microemuls?es, como extratantes, e a diatomita modificada, como adsorvente, na remo??o dos compostos polares existentes nos ?leos oxidados de transformador. A extra??o foi realizada pelo m?todo de contato simples ? temperatura ambiente. O sistema em estudo foi agitado por cerca de 10 minutos, em seguida mantido em repouso ? 25?C at? completa separa??o das fases. Por outro lado, os dados de equil?brio de adsor??o foram obtidos utilizando um sistema em batelada para as temperaturas de 60, 80 e 100oC. As t?cnicas anal?ticas de IAT (?ndice de Acidez Total) e espectrofotometria no infravermelho foram utilizadas no acompanhamento dos processos de degrada??o e recupera??o dos ?leos degradados. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o sistema de extra??o por microemuls?o utilizando triton X114 mostrou-se ser o m?todo mais eficiente na remo??o dos compostos polares, com redu??o no ?ndice de acidez total (IAT) de 0,19 para 0,01 mg KOH/g. Este valor se encontra dentro dos limites especificados para um ?leo de transformador novo (IAT m?ximo = 0,03 mg KOH/g). Nos estudos de adsor??o, os maiores valores de capacidade de adsor??o foram de 0,1606 meq.g/g na adsor??o convencional usando bauxita natural e de 0,016 meq.g/g para o sistema diatomita/tensiofix 8426. Comparativamente, neste caso, observou-se um forte efeito negativo apresentado sobre o fen?meno adsortivo devido ao processo de impregna??o com microemuls?o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KlismeryaneCM_TESE_Parcial.pdf: 534814 bytes, checksum: 7f809659b18392cc6ade30651d315ef5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / The drilling fluid used to assist in the drilling operation of oil wells, accumulates solids inherent in the formation as it is circulated in the well, interfering in the fluid performance during operation. It is discarded after use. The disposal of these fluids causes one of the most difficult environmental problems in the world. This study aims to promote liquid phase separation of drilling fluids, which have circulated in oil wells, and enable this recovered liquid to formulate a new fluid. For this, non-ionic surfactants were used in order to select the best outcome in phase separation. Five real water-based drilling fluids were utilized, which were collected directly from the fields of drilling oil wells, classified as polymeric fluids. The methodology used consisted in combining the fluid with surfactant and then subjecting it to a process of centrifugation or decantation. The decantating tests were scheduled through experimental planning 23 and 32, using as variables the percentage (%) of surfactant utilized and the stirring time in minutes. The surfactants used were ethoxylated nonylphenol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with different degrees of ethoxylation. Phase separation was monitored first by tests of stability, and subsequently by the height of the interface in beakers of 100 mL. The results showed that from the surfactants studied, the lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with 3 ethoxylation units has been the most effective in the phase separation process of the drilling fluids tested. The statistical tool used was of great industrial value regarding the programming phase separation in drilling fluids. In conclusion, the liquid phase separated using surfactant can be reused for a new formulation of drilling fluid with similar properties of a new fluid, assuring its efficiency. And in the resulting analysis it is also suggested that the adsorption is the mechanism that leads the phase separation, with surfactant adsorbing in the active solids / O fluido de perfura??o, utilizado para auxiliar na opera??o de perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo, acumula s?lidos inerentes a forma??o ? medida que ? circulado no po?o durante a perfura??o, interferindo no seu desempenho durante a opera??o. Assim, ap?s o uso ele ? descartado, gerando um dos passivos ambientais mais dif?ceis de recuperar em todo o mundo. O presente estudo tem por finalidade promover a separa??o da fase l?quida de fluidos de perfura??o que j? foram circulados em po?os de petr?leos, habilitando seu uso para formula??o de um novo fluido. Para isso, foram utilizados tensoativos n?o i?nicos a fim de selecionar o que melhor atuasse na separa??o de fases. Foram utilizados cinco fluidos de perfura??o base ?gua, reais coletados diretamente nos campos de perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo, classificados como fluidos polim?ricos. A metodologia utilizada constitui-se basicamente em aditivar o fluido com o tensoativo e depois submet?-lo ? um processo de centrifuga??o ou decanta??o. Os ensaios de decanta??o foram programados atrav?s do planejamento experimental 23 e 32, utilizando como vari?veis o % de tensoativo utilizado e o tempo de agita??o em minutos. Os tensoativos utilizados foram o nonilfenol etoxilado e o ?lcool laur?lico etoxilado, ambos com diferentes graus de etoxila??o. A separa??o de fases foi acompanhada inicialmente por ensaios de estabilidade e, posteriormente, pela altura da interface em provetas de 100 mL. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, dentre os tensoativos estudados, o ?lcool laur?lico etoxilado, com 3 unidades de etoxila??o, foi o que atuou de forma mais eficiente no processo de separa??o de fases dos fluidos de perfura??o estudados. A aplica??o de planejamentos estat?sticos pode ser uma ferramenta de grande valor industrial no que diz respeito a programa??o de separa??o de fases em fluidos de perfura??o. Concluiuse que a fase l?quida separada utilizando tensoativos pode ser reutilizada na formula??o de um novo fluido de perfura??o, com propriedades semelhantes a de um fluido novo, garantindo a efic?cia do mesmo. Com a an?lise dos resultados sugere-se, ainda, que a adsor??o ? o mecanismo que governa a separa??o de fases, com o tensoativo adsorvendo-se nos s?lidos ativos / 2020-01-01

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KahildeteRFD_TESE.pdf: 2018469 bytes, checksum: 2bf4c3c4dd7f5e60e73413d8e6ce2dd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-12 / The diesel combustion form sulfur oxides that can be discharged into the atmosphere as particulates and primary pollutants, SO2and SO3, causing great damage to the environment and to human health. These products can be transformed into acids in the combustion chamber, causing damage to the engines. The worldwide concern with a clean and healthy environment has led to more restrictive laws and regulations regulating the emission levels of pollutants in the air, establishing sulfur levels increasingly low on fuels. The conventional methods for sulfur removal from diesel are expensive and do not produce a zero-level sulfur fuel. This work aims to develop new methods of removing sulfur from commercial diesel using surfactants and microemulsion systems. Its main purpose is to create new technologies and add economic viability to the process. First, a preliminary study using as extracting agent a Winsor I microemulsion system with dodecyl ammonium chloride (DDACl) and nonyl phenol ethoxylated (RNX95) as surfactant was performed to choose the surfactant. The RNX95 was chosen to be used as surfactant in microemulsioned systems for adsorbent surface modification and as an extracting agent in liquid-liquid extraction. Vermiculite was evaluated as adsorbent. The microemulsion systems applied for vermiculite surface modification were composed by RNX95 (surfactant), n-butanol (cosurfactant), n-hexane (oil phase), and different aqueous phases, including: distilled water (aqueous phase),20ppm CaCl2solution, and 1500ppm CaCl2solution. Batch and column adsorption tests were carried out to estimate the ability of vermiculite to adsorb sulfur from diesel. It was used in the experiments a commercial diesel fuel with 1,233ppm initial sulfur concentration. The batch experiments were performed according to a factorial design (23). Two experimental sets were accomplished: the first one applying 1:2 vermiculite to diesel ratio and the second one using 1:5 vermiculite to diesel ratio. It was evaluated the effects of temperature (25?C and 60?C), concentration of CaCl2in the aqueous phase (20ppm and 1500ppm), and vermiculite granule size (65 and 100 mesh). The experimental response was the ability of vermiculite to adsorb sulfur. The best results for both 1:5 and 1:2 ratios were obtained using 60?C, 1500ppm CaCl2solution, and 65 mesh. The best adsorption capacities for 1:5 ratio and for 1:2 ratio were 4.24 mg sulfur/g adsorbent and 2.87 mg sulfur/g adsorbent, respectively. It was verified that the most significant factor was the concentration of the CaCl2 solution. Liquid-liquid extraction experiments were performed in two and six steps using the same surfactant to diesel ratio. It was obtained 46.8% sulfur removal in two-step experiment and 73.15% in six-step one. An alternative study, for comparison purposes, was made using bentonite and diatomite asadsorbents. The batch experiments were done using microemulsion systems with the same aqueous phases evaluated in vermiculite study and also 20ppm and 1500 ppm BaCl2 solutions. For bentonite, the best adsorption capacity was 7.53mg sulfur/g adsorbent with distilled water as aqueous phase of the microemulsion system and for diatomite the best result was 17.04 mg sulfur/g adsorbent using a 20ppm CaCl2solution. The accomplishment of this study allowed us to conclude that, among the alternatives tested, the adsorption process using adsorbents modified by microemulsion systems was considered the best process for sulfur removal from diesel fuel. The optimization and scale upof the process constitutes a viable alternative to achieve the needs of the market / Os ?xidos de enxofre formados pela combust?o do ?leo diesel podem ser descarregados para a atmosfera sob a forma de particulados e poluentes prim?rios como SO2 e SO 3, acarretando grandes preju?zos ao meio ambiente e ? sa?de humana e, ainda, podem se transformar em ?cidos na c?mara de combust?o, causando danos aos motores. A preocupa??o mundial com o meio ambiente saud?vel e despolu?do tem levado ? institui??o de normas e leis no sentido de reduzir os n?veis de emiss?o de poluentes no ar, estabelecendo teores de enxofre cada vez mais baixos nos combust?veis, de modo a seter produtos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente e ? sa?de p?blica. Os m?todos convencionais de remo??o de enxofre do diesel t?m custo elevado, al?m de n?o serem capazes de produzir combust?veis com n?vel zero de enxofre. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver novos m?todos de remo??o de enxofre do diesel utilizando tensoativos e sistemas microemulsionados, procurando associar novas tecnologias e viabilidade econ?mica aos processos. Para escolha do tensoativo, foi feito um estudo de extra??o na regi?o de Winsor I, com cloreto de dodecilam?nio (DDACl) e nonil fenol etoxilado (RNX 95). A partir dos resultados foi escolhido o RNX 95, como constituinte dos sistemas microemulsionados utilizados na modifica??o dos adsorventes, para os processos de adsor??o e, como extratante, para extra??o l?quido-l?quido. Utilizou-se como adsorvente a vermiculita tratada com uma microemuls?o constitu?da por RNX 95 (tensoativo), n-butanol (cotensoativo), hexano (fase oleosa) e ?gua destilada, solu??o salina de CaCl220 ppm, solu??o salina de CaCl2 1500 ppm (fase aquosa), nos processos de adsor??o, em banho finito e em coluna, cuja fase fluida foi o ?leo diesel comercial (1233 ppm de enxofre). Na etapa de adsor??o em banho finito aplicaram-se duas abordagens estat?sticas pelo m?todo do planejamento fatorial completo (23), com tr?s vari?veis (temperatura, concentra??o da solu??o salina de CaCl2 e granulometria da vermiculita) em dois n?veis experimentais (superior e inferior), variando a raz?o vermiculita:diesel, sendo um planejamento fatorial para a raz?o igual a 1:2 e outro para raz?o igual a 1:5. A resposta experimental foi a capacidade da vermiculita em adsorver o enxofre. Os melhores resultados, tanto para a raz?overmiculita/diesel de 1:5 como para a raz?o 1:2, foram obtidos a uma temperatura de 60?C, concentra??o de CaCl 2 1500 ppm e granulometria da vermiculita 65 mesh, obtendo-se capacidades de adsor??o de 4,24 mg/g para a raz?o 1:5 e 2,87 mg/g, para a raz?o 1:2, indicando que a vari?vel mais significativa, em ambas as raz?es, foi a concentra??o da solu??o salina de CaCl2. Na extra??o l?quido-l?quido, realizada em duas e em seis etapas, utilizou-se a mesma propor??o de tensoativoe diesel e obtiveram-se percentuais de extra??o de 46,8% e 73,15%, respectivamente. Foi realizado tamb?m um estudo alternativo de modifica??o de outros adsorventes para fins de compara??o. Os ensaios foram feitos em banho finito com bentonita e diatomita, modificadas com microemuls?o. Os agentes modificadores foram os j? estudados neste trabalho acrescidos de solu??es salinas de BaCl220 ppm e 1500 ppm, como fases aquosas dos sistemas microemulsionados. Para a bentonita a melhor capacidade de adsor??o foi de 7,53 mg/g utilizando o sistema microemulsionado com ?gua destilada na fase aquosa e para a diatomita o melhor resultado ocorreu com a microemuls?o contendo solu??o salina de CaCl2 20ppm, obtendo-se uma capacidade de adsor??o de 17,04 mg/g. A realiza??o deste estudo permite concluir que, dentre as alternativas testadas, a adsor??o utilizando adsorventes impregnados por microemuls?es foi considerado o melhor processo de remo??o do enxofre do diesel e que a sua otimiza??o e scale upconstitui-se em uma alternativa vi?vel e de custo compat?vel comas necessidades do mercado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DamilsonFS_TESE.pdf: 10674685 bytes, checksum: 7f06df7e27225da9012b623997ac7e3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The growing utilization of surfactants in several different areas of industry has led to an increase on the studies involving solutions containing this type of molecules. Due to its amphiphilic nature, its molecule presents one polar part and one nonpolar end, which easily interacts with other molecules, being able to modify the media properties. When the concentration in which its monomers are saturated, the airliquid system interface is reached, causing a decrease in interfacial tension. The surfactants from pure fatty acids containing C8, C12 and C16 carbonic chains were synthesized in an alcoholic media using sodium hydroxide. They were characterized via thermal analysis (DTA and DTG) and via infrared spectroscopy, with the intention of observing their purity. Physical and chemical properties such as superficial tension, critical micelle concentration (c.m.c), surfactant excess on surface and Gibbs free energy of micellization were determined in order to understand the behaviour of these molecules with an aqueous media. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were obtained aiming to limit the Windsor equilibria conditions so it could be possible to understand how the surfactants carbonic chain size contributes to the microemulsion region. Solutions with known concentrations were prepared to study how the surfactants can influence the dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS) and how the diffusion coefficient is influenced when the media concentration is altered. The results showed the variation on the chain size of the studied surfactant lipophilic part allows the conception of surfactants with similar interfacial properties, but dependent on the size of the lipophilic part of the surfactant. This variation causes the surfactant to have less tendency of microemulsionate oil in water. Another observed result is that the n-alcanes molecule size promoted a decrease on the microemulsion region on the obtained phase diagrams / O crescente uso de tensoativos nas mais diferentes ?reas da ind?stria tem levado a um aumento nos estudos envolvendo solu??es contendo este tipo de mol?cula. Devido a sua natureza anfif?lica, sua mol?cula apresenta uma parte polar e outra apolar, que facilmente interage com outros tipos de mol?culas, podendo modificar as propriedades do meio. Quando a concentra??o, na qual seus mon?meros saturam, a interface do sistema ar-l?quido, ? atingida promovendo a redu??o da tens?o interfacial. Os tensoativos dos ?cidos graxos puros com cadeias carb?nicas C8, C12 e C16 foram sintetizados em meio alco?lico, utilizando hidr?xido de s?dio. Eles foram caracterizados por an?lise t?rmica (DTA e DTG) e espectroscopia de infravermelho com o objetivo de se observar a pureza dos mesmos. Foram determinadas algumas propriedades f?sicoqu?micas como: tens?o superficial, c.m.c. , excesso de tensoativo na interface e energia livre de Gibbs de miceliza??o a fim de se entender o comportamento das intera??es dessas mol?culas com meio aquoso. Foram elaborados diagramas de fase pseudotern?rios com o intuito de realizar as delimita??es do equil?brio de Winsor para compreender como o tamanho da cadeia carb?nica dos tensoativos contribui com a regi?o de microemuls?o. Preparou-se solu??es com concentra??es conhecidas para se estudar como os tensoativos podem influenciar a espectroscopia de espalhamento din?mico de luz (Dynamic Ligth Scattering - DLS) e como o coeficiente de difus?o ? influenciado quando a concentra??o do meio ? alterada. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento ou diminui??o do tamanho da cadeia da parte lipof?lica dos tensoativos estudados permite conceber tensoativos com propriedades interfaciais similares, mas tamb?m dependente do tamanho da parte lipof?lica do tensoativo. Esta varia??o deixa o tensoativo com menor tend?ncia a microemulsionar ?leo em ?gua. Outro resultado observado ? que o tamanho das mol?culas de n-alcanos promoveu uma redu??o da regi?o de microemuls?o dos diagramas de fases obtidos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LourenaMV.pdf: 713655 bytes, checksum: d2c61219ecefc4633620bb6eebd45325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Broadly speaking, the concept of gene therapy involves the transfer of a genetic material into a cell, tissue, or organ in order to cure a disease or at least improve the clinical status of a patient. Making it simple, gene therapy consists in the insertion of functional genes into cells containing defective genes by substituting, complementing or inhibiting them. The achievement of a foreigner DNA expression into a population of cells requires its transfer to the target. Therefore, it is a key issue to create systems able to transfer and protect the DNA until it reaches the target, the vectors. The disadvantages related to the use of viral vectors have encouraged efforts to develop emulsions as non-viral vectors. In fact, they are easily produced, present controllable stability and enable transfection. The aim of this work was to develop an emulsion for gene therapy and evaluate its ability to compact nucleic acids by the development of a complex with the plasmid pIRES2-EGFP. The first step was to determine the Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) of the Captex? 355 (oily internal phase of the emulsion) through long and short term stability assays. Based on the results, emulsions composed of Captex? 355, Tween 20? and Span 60? with 10.7 HLB were produced by three different methods: phase inversion, spontaneous emulsification and sonication. The results showed that the lowest diameter and best stability of the emulsions were achieved by the sonication method. The cationic emulsions were made by adding DOTAP to the basic emulsion. Its association with pIRES2-EGFP was evaluated by electrophoresis. Several rates of emulsion and DNA were evaluated and the results showed that 100% of the complex was formed when the rate DOTAP/DNA(nmol/?g) was 130. In conclusion, the overall results show the ability of the proposed emulsion to compact pIRES2-EGFP, which is a requirement to a successful transfection. Therefore, such formulation may be considered a promising candidate for gene therapy / Terapia g?nica, em uma ampla defini??o, ? o tratamento de doen?as baseado na transfer?ncia de material gen?tico a uma c?lula, tecido ou ?rg?o com o intuito de curar ou melhorar o estado cl?nico do paciente. Em sua forma mais simples, a terapia g?nica consiste na inser??o de genes funcionais em c?lulas com genes defeituosos objetivando substituir, complementar ou inibir esses genes causadores de doen?as. Para que o DNA ex?geno seja expresso em uma popula??o celular faz-se necess?ria a sua transfer?ncia at? o local. Assim, ? necess?rio criar ve?culos, os vetores, que transportem e protejam o DNA at? que este chegue a uma popula??o celular alvo. Os obst?culos encontrados com a utiliza??o de vetores virais t?m proporcionado o interesse no desenvolvimento de emuls?es cati?nicas como vetores n?o-virais, por serem f?ceis de produzir, apresentarem estabilidade control?vel e facilitarem a transfec??o g?nica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema emulsionado para terapia g?nica e avaliar sua capacidade de compacta??o de ?cidos nucl?icos atrav?s da sua associa??o com o plasm?deo pIRES2-EGFP. Primeiramente o EHLc do TCM utilizado, o Captex? 355, foi determinado atrav?s de ensaios de estabilidade acelerada e a longo termo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, emuls?es de EHL 10,7 compostas de Captex? 355, Tween 20? e Span 60? foram preparadas pelos m?todos de invers?o de fases, emulsifica??o espont?nea e sonica??o e elegeu-se o melhor m?todo para o preparo das emuls?es cati?nicas. As emuls?es de menor granulometria e maior estabilidade foram obtidas atrav?s do m?todo de sonica??o. As emuls?es cati?nicas foram preparadas acrescendo-se ? emuls?o base o DOTAP e a sua associa??o com o pIRES2-EGFP foi avaliada atrav?s da t?cnica de eletroforese em gel de agarose. V?rias propor??es de emuls?o e DNA foram testadas e os resultados demonstraram que houve forma??o de 100% dos complexos quando a propor??o DOTAP/DNA(nmol/?g) foi igual a 130. Em conclus?o, o conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra a capacidade da emuls?o proposta neste trabalho de compactar o DNA, requisito necess?rio para uma boa transfec??o, tornando a formula??o uma forte candidata ? utiliza??o em terapia g?nica

Lors de la production d’hydrocarbures, les conditions de pression et température dans les conduites peuvent être favorables à la formation d’hydrates de gaz (composés cristallins formés par l’association de molécules d’eau et de gaz). Leur formation peut entraîner le bouchage des conduites et mener à l’arrêt de la production, entraînant d’importantes pertes économiques. Pour remédier au risque « hydrate », les pétroliers disposent de diverses méthodes dont l’utilisation d’additifs antiagglomérants. Les antiagglomérants sont des tensioactifs capables de s’adsorber à la surface des cristaux d’hydrate et de les maintenir dispersés dans la phase hydrocarbonée, qui est généralement majoritaire. L’objectif de cette thèse est de progresser dans la compréhension des mécanismes d’action de tensioactifs ioniques pour la prévention de l’agglomération d’hydrates de gaz. Plusieurs tensioactifs cationiques ont été étudiés sur un hydrate de cyclopentane (CP) (qui se forme à pression atmosphérique) et sur un hydrate de méthane/propane (qui se forme sous pression).Pour les deux hydrates, l’effet des tensioactifs sur la morphologie des cristaux et sur leur mouillabilité a été étudié, et leur performance antiagglomérante (AA) a été évaluée en réacteur agité pour différentes conditions et compositions des systèmes. Les tensioactifs conduisant à la formation de cristaux individuels présentent les meilleures performances AA. Les observations montrent qu’il n’est pas indispensable que les tensioactifs rendent les cristaux mouillables à l’huile pour qu’ils procurent une bonne protection contre l’agglomération dans un système agité où l’huile est la phase majoritaire. Nous avons vu que la modification (par ajout de sel par exemple) de l’environnement physicochimique des molécules tensioactives peut jouer un rôle déterminant sur leurs propriétés AA. De même, la modification de la structure des molécules (nature du contre-ion, longueur des chaînes hydrocarbonées) impacte leur adsorption sur l’hydrate, la morphologie et la mouillabilité des cristaux, et par suite leur performance AA. Les principaux facteurs identifiés pour la bonne performance d’une molécule tensioactive sont sa capacité à se fixer efficacement et en quantité suffisante à la surface de l’hydrate, et à rendre les cristaux d’hydrate hydrophobes, ou dans le cas où il les rend hydrophiles d’abaisser fortement la tension interfaciale entre les phases aqueuse et huileuse de manière à réduire l’intensité des forces capillaires entre les particules. Enfin, nous avons pu établir une corrélation entre les observations faites à l’échelle microscopique et la performance AA des tensioactifs évaluée à l’échelle macroscopique. Ce travail confirme que l’hydrate de CP est globalement un bon modèle pour des évaluations simples de la performance de molécules tensioactives. L’utilisation de l’hydrate de CP présente néanmoins des limitations pour mener des études à forts sous-refroidissements et avec de grandes fractions volumiques d’eau. / Pressure and temperature conditions encountered in the pipelines of hydrocarbons production may be favorable to the formation of gas hydrates (crystalline compounds formed by the association of molecules of gas and water). Their agglomeration in pipelines may form plugs and lead to production shutdowns and cause significant economic losses. To prevent it, oil and gas companies use various methods and more particularly anti-agglomerant additives. Anti-agglomerants are surfactants that can adsorb at the hydrate crystals surface and keep them dispersed in a hydrocarbon phase. The objective of this thesis is to progress in the understanding of mechanisms of action of ionic surfactant to prevent the gas hydrates agglomeration. Several cationic surfactants were studied on a cyclopentane (CP) hydrate (formed at atmospheric pressure) and on a methane/propane hydrate (formed under pressure). For both hydrates, the effect of surfactants on the crystals morphology and on their wettability was investigated, and their anti-agglomerant (AA) performance was evaluated in an agitated reactor for systems at different conditions and compositions. The surfactants leading to the formation of individual crystals had the best AA performances. In order to have a good protection against the agglomeration, it is not necessary that the surfactants make the crystals oil wettable in a system where the oil phase is in excess. We showed that the modification (by the addition of salt for example) of the physicochemical environment of surfactant molecules plays an important role on their AA properties. Similarly, the modification of the structure of molecules (counter-ion nature, length of the hydrocarbon chains) affects their adsorption on the hydrate, the morphology and wettability of crystals and consequently their AA performance. The main factors identified for a good performance of a surfactant molecule are its capacity to be efficiently fixed and in a sufficient amount on the hydrate surface in order to make the hydrate crystals hydrophobic. In the case where it makes the hydrate hydrophilic, the surfactant has to strongly reduce the interfacial tension between the aqueous and oil phases and then reduce the intensity of capillary forces between hydrate particles. Lastly, we set a correlation between the observations done at the microscopic scale and the AA performance of surfactants evaluated at the macroscopic scale. This work confirms that the CP-hydrate is overall a good model for a simple evaluation of the surfactant molecules performance. However, the use of the CP-hydrate has some limitations to conduct studies at high subcooling and watercut.