Ce travail a consisté à préparer des matériaux silicatés poreux à caractère stimuli-sensible à base de nanoparticules lipidiques solides (SLN) et de tensioactifs magnétiques. Plusieurs systèmes à base de tensioactifs ont été utilisés afin de synthétiser des matériaux silicatés à porosité contrôlée en utilisant des méthodes décrites dans la littérature ou mises au point au laboratoire. De différents caractères stimuli-sensible ont été introduits dans les matériaux silicatés poreux en fonction de système utilisé: les nanoparticules lipidiques solides (SLN) pour les matériaux sensible au pH et les tensioactifs magnétiques pour les matériaux sensible au champ magnétique. Premièrement, les matériaux à base de nanoparticules lipidiques solides (SLN) ont été utilisés pour la vectorisation d’un principe actif, la curcumine. La libération de la curcumine a été contrôlée en fonction de pH. Un revêtement sur la surface silice a été également employé pour mieux contrôler la libération de la curcumine. D’autre part, la sensibilité au champ magnétique a été introduite dans des silices mésoporeuses en utilisant des tensioactifs magnétiques. Leurs propriétés d’auto-assemblage (i.e. micelles, vésicules) ont été mise en évidence. Ainsi, la synthèse de matériaux silicatés poreux à caractère magnétique-sensible a été effectuées en utilisant ces tensioactifs. Enfin, les SLN magnétiques ont été préparés en combinant les SLN avec un tensioactif magnétique, qui ont été servi pour la synthèse de catalyseur à base de la silice méso-macroporeuse dopée en nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer / This work is to prepare stimuli-responsive porous silica materials based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and magnetic surfactants. To develop this study, several surfactants systems were used to synthesize silica materials with controlled porosity via protocols described in the literature or developed in the laboratory. Different stimuli-responsive characters were introduced in porous silica materials as a function of system used: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for pH-sensitive and magnetic-sensitive surfactants for magnetic silica materials. First, the materials synthesized with solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were used for the delivery of an anti-carcinogenic drug, curcumin. A coating method on silica surface was also used to better control the release of curcumin. Secondly, the responsiveness to the magnetic field was introduced in silica materials using the magnetic surfactants. Their self-assembly properties (i.e. micelles, vesicles) were studied and their applications in the synthesis of magnetic porous silica materials were investigated. Finally, the magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles have been prepared by combining SLN with magnetic surfactants, which have been used for the synthesis of meso-macroporous silica catalyst encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório (SDR) é uma das principais causas de morbi-mortalidade no período neonatal, acometendo predominantemente os recém-nascidos prematuros, devido a uma está deficiência de surfactante pulmonar. O Instituto Butantan desenvolveu um surfactante de origem porcina com objetivo de torná-lo disponível a todo Sistema Único de Saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, em um modelo experimental de SDR (coelho), a estabilidade do Surfactante Butantan (SB) um ano após sua produção e armazenamento a 2 a 8ºC.. MÉTODOS: 94 coelhos prematuros foram randomizados em dois grupos de tratamento: grupo Butantan e grupo Curosurf (controle), e foram analisados em seis momentos de avaliação: momento zero (imediatamente após a retirada do refrigerador ao final de 1 ano de armazenamento), momento 1 (24 horas após ter sido mantido a 24ºC), momento 2 (após 30 dias de armazenamento a 20º C), momento 3 (após 60 dias de armazenamento a 20º C), momento 4 (após 90 dias de armazenamento a 20º C) e momento 5 (após 180 dias de armazenamento a 20º C). Após receberem o surfactante, os animais foram ventilados por 15 minutos para avaliação da pressão ventilatória e complacência pulmonar dinâmica e curva pressão-volume pulmonar, seguindo-se à avaliação histopatológica dos pulmões. RESULTADOS: A eficácia do SB foi semelhante à do Curosurf, um ano após a sua produção e armazenamento a 2 a 8ºC. Neste momento de avaliação, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos de estudo quanto a: pressão ventilatória, complacência pulmonar dinâmica e curva pressão-volume pulmonar. Ao longo dos seis meses de armazenamento inadequado do SB, demonstrou-se a redução de sua eficácia durante a fase expiratória da curva pressão-volume pulmonar. No entanto, a análise histopatológica, demonstrou não haver diferença significante entre os dois grupos de estudo em nenhum dos momentos de avaliação. CONCLUSÕES: As propriedades bioquímicas do SB foram preservadas após um ano de sua produção e armazenamento em refrigeração de 2 a 8ºC. Condições inadequadas de armazenamento resultam em alterações das propriedades bioquímicas do SB e, conseqüentemente, de sua função, o que foi demonstrado por parâmetros de mecânica ventilatória, mas não pela análise histopatológica dos pulmões / INTRODUCTION: Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is one of the major causes of death among premature newborns, and its development results from surfactant deficiency. The Butantan Institute has recently produced a porcine-derived surfactant preparation in order to make it available nationwide for RDS treatment in the near future. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an animal model of surfactant deficiency (premature rabbits), the stability of the Butantan Surfactant (SB) one year after its production and storage in the refrigerator, at 2 to 8ºC. METHODS: 94 premature newborn rabbits were randomized into two treatment groups: SB or Curosurf®(control surfactant), and were assessed in six different time-points: time-point zero (immediately after removal of surfactant from the refrigerator after one year of storage); time-point 1 (after 24h of storage at 24ºC), time-point 2 (after 30 days of storage at 20ºC), time-point 3 (after 60 days of storage at 20ºC), time-point 4 (after 90 days of storage at 20ºC) and time-point 5 (after 180 days of storage at 20ºC). The animals were artificially ventilated for 15 minutes for lung mechanics assessment (ventilatory pressure, dynamic lung compliance and pressure-lung volume curve), followed by removal of the lungs for histopathologic analysis. RESULTS: After one year of its production and storage at 2 to 8ºC, SB was as efficient as Curosurf. At this time-point, The Butantan Surfactant showed no significant differences with Curosurf® regarding the ventilatory pressure, dynamic lung compliance and pressure-lung volume curve. Throughout the six month period of warming, SB showed a decreasing efficiency, as revealed by the expiratory phase of the pressure-lung volume curve. However, the histopathologic analysis revealed no significant differences between the two groups, in any of the study time-points. CONCLUSIONS: The Butantan Surfactant preserved its biochemical properties one year after its production and storage at 2 to 8ºC. On the other hand, adverse storing conditions can lead to alterations in the SB biochemical properties that result in deterioration of its function, which was demonstrated in this study by changes in lung mechanics, but not in the histopathologic analysis

Foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico de interfases Cu/H2SO4 0,5 mol L-1 na ausência e presença de compostos triazólicos - benzotriazol (BTAH) e tolitriazol (TTAH) e de surfactantes: dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS aniônico) e cloreto de dodecilamônio (DAC catiônico) a 25ºC, empregando eletrodo parado e de disco rotativo (EDR). Foram empregadas como técnicas medidas de potencial de circuito aberto, polarização potenciostática e potenciodinâmica, cronoamperometria, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica e microscopia óptica. As características inibidoras do filme formado dependem da natureza dos aditivos e das condições hidrodinâmicas. As interfases contendo BTAH, TTAH, BTAH + TTAH, BTAH + SDS e TTAH + SDS apresentaram uma faixa ampla de potencial em que o cobre se mostrou passivado, chegando a 200 mV para a mistura BTAH + SDS empregando EDR. Densidades de corrente de passivação tão baixas quanto 2µA cm-2 foram observadas com EDR na presença de BTAH + TTAH. As misturas composto triazólico - surfactante mostraram filmes menos resistentes. Os surfactantes isolados não produzem faixa passiva e antecipam o potencial de oxidação do cobre com eletrodo parado. As misturas triazol - DAC só produzem faixa passiva com EDR. Todos os aditivos se mostraram inibidores para a reação H+/H2, destacando-se, com eletrodo parado, BTAH, TTAH e BTAH + TTAH. / The electrochemical behavior of 0.5 mol.L-1 Cu/H2SO4 interphases has been studied in the presence and in the absence of triazolic compounds-benzotriazole (BTAH) and tolitriazole (TTAH) and of surfactants - sodium dodecylsulphate (anionic, SDS) and dodecylammonium chloride (cationic, DAC) at 25ºC, using non-stirred electrode and rotating disc electrode (RDE). Open circuit potential, potentiostatic and potenctiodinamic polarization, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and optical microscopy were used as techniques. The inhibitive features of the formed film depend on both the nature of the additives and on the hydrodynamic conditions. The interphases containing BTAH, TTAH, BTAH + TTAH, BTAH + SDS e TTAH + SDS presented a wide potential range where the copper is passivated, reaching to 200 mV for BTAH + SDS mixture using RDE. Low passivating current densities (2µA cm-2) were observed with RDE in the presence of BTAH + TTAH. Triazolic compound?surfactant mixtures have originated less resistant films. Isolated surfactants do not originate passive ranges and anticipate the oxidation potential of copper under non stationary conditions. The mixtures triazole-DAC only produce passive range at stationary conditions. All the additives have shown to be inhibitors for the H+/H2 reaction, specially BTAH, TTAH e BTAH + TTAH using non stirred conditions.

Les travaux de recherche décrits dans ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la chimie verte et du développement durable qui visent notamment l'emploi de matières premières issues de ressources renouvelables et la mise au point de procédés éco-compatibles pour la préparation de nouveaux produits à visées alimentaire, domestique ou thérapeutique. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle voie d'accès aux acétals et éthers de monosaccharides (sorbitane et glucopyranoside de méthyle) a été développée. La synthèse se divise en deux étapes avec une première réaction d'acétalisation ou de transacétalisation qui a permis de synthétiser une nouvelle gamme d'acétals de monosaccharide. Puis, une seconde étape d'hydrogénolyse des acétals en présence de palladium sur charbon et sous pression d'hydrogène a permis d'accéder aux monoéthers de sorbitane et glucopyranoside de méthyle. Par la suite, un procédé en une étape et l'utilisation d'un intermédiaire acétal à courte chaîne comme solubilisant des réactifs a permis d'améliorer les rendements et d'envisager un développement à l'échelle industrielle. Enfin, ces nouvelles molécules ont été évaluées en tant que tensioactifs, cristaux liquides et antimicrobiens et certaines ont montré des propriétés très intéressantes qui permettraient d'envisager des applications potentielles dans ces domaines / The research work described in this manuscript is based on the green chemistry concept and within the frame of sustainable development which involve the use of raw materials from renewable resources and the development of eco-compatible process for the preparation of new products for food-processing, domestic or therapeutic applications. In this context, a new access to monosaccharide acetals and ethers (sorbitan and methyl glucoside) has been developed. The synthetic process is divided in two steps with an acetalisation or a transacetalisation as first reaction which allows to synthesize a new class of monosaccharide acetals. Then, a second step of acetal hydrogenolysis with palladium on charcoal and under hydrogen pressure has permitted access to sorbitan and methyl glucoside monoethers. Then, a one-step process and the use of intermediary short alkyl chain acetal as solubilizing agent has permitted to increase the yield and to consider an industrial development. Finally, these new molecules have been evaluated as surfactants, liquid crystals and antimicrobials and some of them have exhibited very attractive properties which could lead to potential applications in these fields

Le détachement d'une goutte est un phénomène que nous observons quotidiennement. Il résulte de la rupture de l'interface entre le fluide dispersé en goutte et le fluide environnant. Cette rupture a fait l'objet de nombreuses études. Il est bien établi que sa dynamique est régie par une compétition entre la capillarité, l'inertie, et la viscosité du fluide. Ce manuscrit décrit l'influence sur la dynamique de rupture d'une modification des propriétés de l'interface entre deux fluides à l'aide d'agents de surface. Lorsque l'agent de surface est un surfactant (SDS), la dynamique d'amincissement peut se faire selon deux modes. Deux régimes linéaires en temps constituent le premier mode. Le second mode comporte trois régimes linéaires. Dans les deux cas, l'amincissement commence par un premier régime, suivi d'un deuxième régime de pente plus forte. Lorsque le troisième régime existe, sa pente est inférieure à celle du second régime. La variation des pentes des régimes linéaires témoigne du comportement dynamique du surfactant à l'interface. La valeur de la tension interfaciale extraite du premier régime linéaire correspond à la valeur à l'équilibre de la tension interfaciale du système, gamma_eq. La vitesse d'amincissement plus élevée au cours du second régime est reliée à une dépletion partielle en surfactant de la zone d'amincissement maximal. Le ralentissement constaté pendant le troisième régime est lié au déplacement de cette zone vers une région plus riche en surfactant, où la tension est plus faible. La dynamique d'amincissement du cou est très différente lorsque des polymères de poids moléculaire intermédiaire (env. 100 kDa) sont présents simultanément avec du SDS dans la phase continue. Lorsque [SDS] est supérieure à 0,15 fois la concentration micellaire critique (CMC), le comportement est identique à celui observé en présence de surfactant seul. En dessous de 0,15 CMC, l'amincissement ralentit exponentiellement à l'approche de la rupture, et un phénomène de beads-on-a-string apparaît. Ces constatations sont analogues à celles faites lorsqu'une solution de polymères est menée à la rupture. Dans notre cas, les polymères sont uniquement à la surface du jet et non dans son volume ! Une analyse des profils du cou au cours du temps démontre l'existence d'une auto-similarité à l'approche de la rupture. Bien que les systèmes étudiés soient plus complexes, ils présentent des caractéristiques qualitativement analogues à celles observées dans des systèmes de fluides simples. Toutefois, il existe une grande différence quantitative.

La première partie de ce travail a consisté en l'étude des effets prétransitionnels qui apparaissent en chauffant dans les phases ordonnées du mélange binaire lyotrope C12EO6/H2O à l'approche de la transition vers la phase isotrope. En employant une technique de photoblanchiment, nous avons déterminé les coefficients de diffusion de sondes fluorescentes en fonction de la température. Nous avons montré que des défauts structuraux connectant les agrégats de surfactant apparaissent dans les phases lamellaire et hexagonale et nous avons déterminé leur structure et leur densité. Nous en avons déduit que la phase isotrope est fortement connectée au voisinage des mésophases. Cette conclusion est confirmée par le fait que le coefficient de diffusion ne varie pas à la transition entre la phase isotrope et la phase cubique, elle-même fortement connectée.<br /><br />Nous avons ensuite exploré les propriétés dynamiques de la phase isotrope à haute concentration en combinant la diffusion dynamique de la lumière avec des expériences de rhéologie à haute fréquence. Nous avons mis en évidence un temps de relaxation terminale extrêmement court (de l'ordre de la microseconde) et avons expliqué ce comportement dans le cadre de théories déjà existantes sur la rhéologie des micelles connectées en incluant l'effet de l'ordre local.

<p>The elastic properties of oil/water/surfactant interfaces play an important role in the phase behaviour of microemulsions and for the stability of macroemulsions. The aim of this thesis is to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the structure of the surfactant molecules, the structure of the interface, and macroscopic interfacial properties. To achieve this aim, we performed molecular simulations of oil/water/surfactant systems. We made a quantitative comparison of various model surfactants to determine how structural changes affect interfacial properties and film rupture. The model consists of water, oil, head, and tail beads, and surfactants are constructed by coupling head and tail beads with harmonic springs. We used a hybrid dissipative particle dynamics-Monte Carlo scheme. The former was used to simulate particle trajectories and the Monte Carlo scheme was used to mimic experimental conditions: bulk-interface phase equilibrium, tensionless interfaces in microemulsions, and the surface force apparatus.</p><p>A detailed comparison of various non-ionic model surfactants showed how structural changes affect interfacial properties:</p><p>Comparison between linear and branched surfactants showed that the efficiency of adsorption is higher for linear surfactants, although branched surfactants are more efficient at a given surface density. Linear surfactants can be more efficient also at the same surface density if the head group is sufficiently soluble in oil, because low head-oil repulsion makes the branched isomers stagger at the interface. The bending rigidity is higher for linear surfactants. Furthermore, branched surfactants make oil droplets coalesce more easily than linear surfactants do, but linear and branched surfactants have roughly the same effect on water droplet coalescence. </p><p>Comparison of linear surfactants with varying chain lengths showed that longer surfactants have a lower surface tension and higher bending rigidity. The increase in rigidity with chain length follows a power law, but the exponent is higher for surfactant monolayers at a fixed density than at a fixed tension. Longer tails and/or denser monolayers influence the stability of water droplets in a positive direction, and the stability of oil droplets in a negative direction. </p><p>Addition of cosurfactant showed that mixed monolayers have a lower bending rigidity than pure monolayers at the same average chain length and tension. Cosurfactants have a negative effect on the stability of water droplets, and a positive effect on the stability of oil droplets.</p> / Paper I reprinted with kind permission of EDP Sciences. Paper III reprinted with kind permission of the American Institute of Physics. Paper IV reprinted with kind permission of the American Physics Society.

<p>The focus of this thesis has been on the effects of segregation in mixtures of amphiphilic molecules. Two different systems were investigated: fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures and lipid-surfactant mixtures.</p><p>In fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures the repulsive interactions between the chains can lead to a demixing into different types of coexisting micelles, fluorocarbon rich and hydrocarbon rich. From NMR self-diffusion measurements such a demixing was found to occur in the mixture of the partially fluorinated surfactant HFDePC and C₁₆TAC. We furthermore suggested a demixing also within the micelles to explain ¹⁹F-NMR line width data and results from neutron scattering.</p><p>In lipid-surfactant mixtures, a segregation of the molecules may instead be caused by a difference in the preferred curvature of the lipid and the surfactant residing within the same aggregate. Using a surfactant selective electrode, binding isoterms of four different cationic surfactants (C₁₂TAC, C₁₄TAC, C₁₆TAC and HFDePC) to preformed lipid (GMO) vesicles were determined. Perforated vesicles were observed by cryo-TEM in the mixture with C₁₆TAC. To explain the results from the binding isoterms, the formation of pores in the bilayer was regarded as a cooperative process, similar to micelle formation. The surfactant accumulates at the edges of the pores, and increasing the surfactant concentration results in an increased number of pores with a constant surfactant/lipid ratio at the edges.</p><p>The lipid-surfactant mixtures were also studied at the solid/solution interface using AFM. An adsorbed mesh structure, a counterpart to the bulk perforated lamellar phase, was observed for the first time.</p>

The focus of this thesis has been on the effects of segregation in mixtures of amphiphilic molecules. Two different systems were investigated: fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures and lipid-surfactant mixtures. In fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures the repulsive interactions between the chains can lead to a demixing into different types of coexisting micelles, fluorocarbon rich and hydrocarbon rich. From NMR self-diffusion measurements such a demixing was found to occur in the mixture of the partially fluorinated surfactant HFDePC and C16TAC. We furthermore suggested a demixing also within the micelles to explain 19F-NMR line width data and results from neutron scattering. In lipid-surfactant mixtures, a segregation of the molecules may instead be caused by a difference in the preferred curvature of the lipid and the surfactant residing within the same aggregate. Using a surfactant selective electrode, binding isoterms of four different cationic surfactants (C12TAC, C14TAC, C16TAC and HFDePC) to preformed lipid (GMO) vesicles were determined. Perforated vesicles were observed by cryo-TEM in the mixture with C16TAC. To explain the results from the binding isoterms, the formation of pores in the bilayer was regarded as a cooperative process, similar to micelle formation. The surfactant accumulates at the edges of the pores, and increasing the surfactant concentration results in an increased number of pores with a constant surfactant/lipid ratio at the edges. The lipid-surfactant mixtures were also studied at the solid/solution interface using AFM. An adsorbed mesh structure, a counterpart to the bulk perforated lamellar phase, was observed for the first time.

The elastic properties of oil/water/surfactant interfaces play an important role in the phase behaviour of microemulsions and for the stability of macroemulsions. The aim of this thesis is to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the structure of the surfactant molecules, the structure of the interface, and macroscopic interfacial properties. To achieve this aim, we performed molecular simulations of oil/water/surfactant systems. We made a quantitative comparison of various model surfactants to determine how structural changes affect interfacial properties and film rupture. The model consists of water, oil, head, and tail beads, and surfactants are constructed by coupling head and tail beads with harmonic springs. We used a hybrid dissipative particle dynamics-Monte Carlo scheme. The former was used to simulate particle trajectories and the Monte Carlo scheme was used to mimic experimental conditions: bulk-interface phase equilibrium, tensionless interfaces in microemulsions, and the surface force apparatus. A detailed comparison of various non-ionic model surfactants showed how structural changes affect interfacial properties: Comparison between linear and branched surfactants showed that the efficiency of adsorption is higher for linear surfactants, although branched surfactants are more efficient at a given surface density. Linear surfactants can be more efficient also at the same surface density if the head group is sufficiently soluble in oil, because low head-oil repulsion makes the branched isomers stagger at the interface. The bending rigidity is higher for linear surfactants. Furthermore, branched surfactants make oil droplets coalesce more easily than linear surfactants do, but linear and branched surfactants have roughly the same effect on water droplet coalescence. Comparison of linear surfactants with varying chain lengths showed that longer surfactants have a lower surface tension and higher bending rigidity. The increase in rigidity with chain length follows a power law, but the exponent is higher for surfactant monolayers at a fixed density than at a fixed tension. Longer tails and/or denser monolayers influence the stability of water droplets in a positive direction, and the stability of oil droplets in a negative direction. Addition of cosurfactant showed that mixed monolayers have a lower bending rigidity than pure monolayers at the same average chain length and tension. Cosurfactants have a negative effect on the stability of water droplets, and a positive effect on the stability of oil droplets. / Paper I reprinted with kind permission of EDP Sciences. Paper III reprinted with kind permission of the American Institute of Physics. Paper IV reprinted with kind permission of the American Physics Society.